Umweo
Ubulondoloshi: Mu Babiolo, “umweo” lyapilibulwo kufuma kuli neʹphesh wa ciHebere na psy·kheʹ wa ciGreek. Ukubomfya kwa Baibolo kulango mweo ukubo muntu nelyo icinama nangu ubumi ubo umuntu nelyo icinama ciipakisha. Ku bantu abengi, nangu cibe fyo, “umweo upilibula icishingekatwa nelyo ulubali lwa mupashi lwa muntunse ulupusunsuke mfwa ya mubili. Bambi balyumfwo kube cishinte ca bumi. Lelo iyi mimwene ya pa numa taili fisambilisho fya Baibolo.
Cinshi cintu Baibolo isosa icafwilisha ifwe ukwiluka cintu umweo waba?
Ukute. 2:7: “Yehova Lesa abumbile umuntu ku lukungu lwa mushili, na mu myona yakwe apuutilemo umupu wa [bumi]; no yo muntu abele [umweo uumi].” (Ishibo kuti ici tacilesoso kuti umuntu apeelwe umweo kano ukuti abele umweo, umuntu umumi.) (Ulubali lwe shiwi lya ciHebere pano lyapilibulwa “umweo” ni neʹphesh. KJ, AS, na Dy yasuminisho ko kwalula. RS, JB, NAB yabelengwa “ukubako.” NE asose “cibumbwa.” Kx abelengwa “umuntu.”)
1 Kor. 15:45: “Kabili e fyo calembwa, aciti, Umuntunse wa ntanshi, Adamu, aishilebo [mweo uumi], Adamu wa kupelelekesha aishilebo mupashi uupeelo [bumi].” (E co Amalembo ya bwina Kristu aya ciGreek yasuminishanya na Malembo ya ciHebere ukukuma ku co umweo waba.) (Ishiwi lya ciGreek pano lyapilibulwa “umweo” lishiwi lya kupyanikapo lisontwako na verbu ilya psy·kheʹ. KJ, AS, Dy, JB, NAB, na Kx na yo yabelengwa “umweo.” RS, NE, na TEV yatila “ukubako.”)
1 Pet. 3:20: “Mu nshiku sha kwa Noa . . . aba mweo banono, e kutila cinekonsekonse, bapuswike ku menshi. (Ishiwi lya ciGreek pano lyapilibulwa “imyeo” ni psy·khaiʹ umusango wa bwingi uwa psy·kheʹ. KJ, AS, Dy, yabelengwa “imyeo.” JB, na TEV yatila “abantu”; RS, NE, na NAB yabomfya “abantu.”)
UKute. 9:5: “Na kabili, umulopa wenu uwa myeo yenu [nelyo, “ubumi”; iciHebere, ukufuma kuli neʹphesh] nkalandula.” (Pano umweo wasoswa ukukwato mulopa.)
Yosh. 11:11: “Baipeye [umweo] [iciHebere, neʹphesh] [onse uwalimo] ku kanwa ka lupanga.” (Umweo pano walangwa ukube cintu icingepaiwa ku lupanga, e co iyi myeo tayali no kube mipashi.)
Ni kwi kuntu Baibolo isoso kuti ifinama myeo?
Ukute. 1:20, 21, 24, 25, NW: “Lesa atwalilile ukusoso kuti: ‘Lekeni amenshi yasenyemo imyeo* . . .’ Kabili Lesa atwalilile ukubumba fishimweshimwe fikalamba ifya mu menshi no mweo onse uumi uwenda, kabili amenshi yaiswilemo ukulingana ne misango ya fiko, ne cibumbwa conse icipupuka mu musango wa ciko. . . . Kabili Lesa atwalilile ukusoso kuti: ‘Lekeni isonde lifumye imyeo iyumi mu misango ya iko . . .’ Kabili Lesa acitile inama ya mu mpanga iya pe sonde mu musango wa iko ne citekwa mu musango wa ciko ne nama yonse iikulika iya mu mushili mu musango wa iko.” (*mu ciHebere ishiwi pano ni neʹphesh. Ro ibelengwa ukuti “umweo.” Amabupilibulo yamo yabomfya ukupilibula kwa “icibumbwa [ifibumbwa].”)
Lebi 24:17, 18: “Kabili umuntu nga aumo [mweo‚ wa mutundu wa muntu, NW] [iciHebere, neʹphesh inka, ukwipaiwa akepaiwe. No waumine mfwila [umweo] [ciHebere, neʹphesh] [wa] citekwa akapyanishepo cimbi, umweo pe punda lya mweo.” (Mono kuti ishiwi limo line ilya ciHebere ilya mweo lyabomfiwa kuli fyonse fibili umutundu wa muntu ne nama.)
Ukus. 16:3: “Aisabo mulopa ngo wa wafwa, kabili conse ca mweo* ica muli bemba, califwile.” (Muli ifyo Amalembo ya bwina Kristu aya ciGreek na yo yalange ifinama ukube myeo.) (*Mu ciGreek ishiwi pano ni psy·kheʹ. KJ, AS, na Dy yapilibula “umweo.” Bakapilibula bamo babomfye shiwi “icibumbwa” nelyo “icintu.”)
Bushe abasambi abashili Nte sha kwa Yehova balisumino kuti ici e cintu Baibolo isosa umweo waba?
“Tamwaba kulekanya kwa mubili no mweo mu Cipingo ca Kale. UmuIsraele alemona ifintu mu fituntulu, mu kupwililika kwa fiko, kabili muli ifyo alelanguluka abantunse nga bantu te pamo nga balekana. Ishiwi nepeš [neʹphesh]‚ ngangu cingati lyapilibulwa kwi shiwi lyesu umweo‚ talipilibula umweo nge capatukako ku mubili nelyo umuntu umo . . . Ishi [psy·kheʹ] lishiwi lya Cipingo Cipya ilyapalana na nepeš. Kuti lyapilibula icishinte ca bumi, ubumi ubwine bweka, icabako ica bumi.”—New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), Vol. XIII, ibu. 449, 450.
“Ishiwi lya ciHebere ilya ‘mweo’ (nefesh, icipema) lyabomfiwe na Mose . . ., ukulangilila ‘icabako ca bumi’ kabili mu kulingana ukubomba na ku fishili bantunse. . . . Ukubomfya kwa Cipingo Cipya psychē (‘umweo’) kwalinganishiwe kuli nefesh.”—The New Encyclopædia Britannica (1976), Macropædia, Vol. 15, ibu. 152.
“Icisumino ca kuti umweo ulatwalilila ukubako kwa uko pa numa ya mfwa ya mubili kubebeta kwa mutunganya ukwa maele nelyo ukwa basambilile fya bulesa ukucila icitetekelo cayanguka, kabili mu kulingana tacasambilishiwa ukuli konse mu kulungatika mu Malembo ya Mushilo.”—The Jewish Encyclopedia (1910), Vol. VI, ibu. 564.
Bushe umweo wa muntu kuti wafwa?
Esek. 18:4: “Moneni, imyeo yonse yandi; ifyo umweo wa kwa wishi wandi e fyo no mweo wa mwana mwaume wandi; [umweo,* NW] uubembuka e ukafwa.” (*IciHebere cibelenga “neʹphesh.” KJ, AS, RS, NE, na Dy lyapilibula lyene ngo “mweo.” Amabupilibulo yamo yasoso kuti “umuntunse” nelyo “umuntu.”)
Mat. 10:28: “Mwilatiina abepayo mubili, lelo abashingepayo [mweo] [nelyo, “ubumi”]; lelo ukucila muletiina uwingonaula fyonse [umweo]* no mubili mu Gehena.” (*IciGreek cakwata ishiwi lya kupyanikapo ilisontwako na verbu ilya psy·kheʹ. KJ, AS, RS, NE, TEV, Dy, JB, na NAB yonse yapilibula “umweo.”)
Imil. 3:23: “[Umweo] onse [iciGreek, psy·kheʹ] uushakomfwe kasesema ulya, akasukulwa ku Bantu.”
Bushe cingacitika ku myeo ya bantunse (abantu) ukwikala kuli pe na pe?
Mona amabula 264-268, pe samba lya mutwe “Ubumi.”
Bushe umweo cimo cine no mupashi?
Luk. Mil. 12:7: “No lukungu lwabwelela pa nshi ifyo lwali, no mupashi [nelyo, amaka ya bumi; iciHebere, ruʹach] wabwelela kuli Lesa uwaupeele.” (Mono kuti ishiwi lya ciHebere ilya mupashi ni ruʹach, lelo ishiwi lyapilibulwa umweo ni neʹphesh. Ilembo talilepilibulo kuti pa mfwa umupashi ulenda inshila yonse ukuya ku kubapo kwine ukwa kwa Lesa; ukucila, icilolelo icili conse ica muntu ukwikalo mumi kabinge ciba na Lesa. Mu kubomfya kwapalako, kuti twatila, nga ca kuti amalipilo yafwaikwa tayacitilwe kuli kashita ukwa uwa cikwata cimo, icikwatwa “cibwelela” ku mwine wine wa ciko.) (KJ, AS, RS, NE, na Dy yonse yaalula pano ruʹach ngo “mupashi.” NAB abelenga “umupu wa bumi.”)
Luk. Mil. 3:19: “Iciponena abana ba bantu e ciponena ne nama; cimo cine ciponena fyonse fibili. Ifyo yabe mfwa ya aba, e fyo yabe mfwa ya isho, kwabo [mupashi] umo kuli fyonse fibili [iciHebere, ruʹach].” (Muli ifyo fyonse fibili umutundu wa muntu ne nama fyalangwa ukukwata ruʹach umo wine nelyo umupashi. Ku kulandapo pa Luk. Mil 3 ifikomo 20, 21, mona ibula 403.)
Heb. 4:12: “Icebo ca kwa Lesa ca mweo, kabili caliluma no kutwo kucilo lupanga lonse ulwatwila kubili kubili, kabili cilatula na ku kulekanyo [mweo] [iciGreek, psy·khesʹ; “ubumi,” NE] no mupashi, [iciGreek, pneuʹma·tos], ne mfyufyu no bufyompo, cilingulula amatontonkanyo na mapange ya mutima.” (Mona ukuti ishiwi lya ciGreek ilya “mupashi” talili cimo cine nge shiwi lya “umweo.”)
Bushe ubumi ubutuntulu ubwa muntu bulatwalilila pa numa umupashi naufumamo mu mubili?
Amalu. 146:4: “Wafumo [mupashi] [ciHebere, ukufuma kuli ruʹach] wakwe, abwelela ku mushili wakwe, ubushiku bulya bwine yaloba amatontonkanyo yakwe.” NAB, Ro, Yg, na Dy [145:4] pano yapilibula ruʹach pamo ngo “mupashi.” Amabupilibulo yamo yasoso “mupu.”) (Na kabili Ilumbo 104:29)
Ni ntulo nshi iya cisumino ca Kristendomu mu mweo uushingekatwa, umunshifwa?
“Imfundo ya bwina Kristu iya mweo wa bumupashi uwabumbilwe kuli Lesa no kwingishiwa mu mubili pa kutendeko kupango muntu uwa mweo umutuntulu cisabo ca kulunduluka kwalepa mu maele ya bwina Kristu. Ni mu kuba fye na Origen [uwafwile mupepi na 254 C.E.] mu Kabanga no Mutakatifu Augustine [uwafwile mu 430 C.E.] mu Masamba e ko umweo waimikwe nge cintu ica mupashi ne mfundo ya maele yapangilwe ku cifyalilwa ca iko. . . . Icisambilisho cakwe [Augustine] . . . capokele ifingi (ukusanshako ifilubo fimo) ku kulundululwa kwa Fisumino fya kwa Plato.”—New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), Vol. XIII, ibu. 452, 454.
“Imfundo ya bumunshifwa cisabo ca kutontonkanya kwa ciGreek, ilintu isubilo lya kubuuka lyaba kwi tontonkanyo lya ciYuda. . . . Ukukonka ukucimfya kwa kwa Alexander ubuYuda panono panono bwaingishe imfundo sha ciGreek.—Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la Bible (Valence, France; 1935), alembelwe kuli Alexandre Westphal, Vol. 2, ibu. 557.
“Bumunshifwa bwa mweo kwelenganya kwa ciGreek ukwapangilwe mu nkama sha pa kale sha kupepa kabili bwalundulwilwe no wa maele Plato.”—Presbyterian Life, May 1, 1970, ibu. 35.
“Bushe twalisumina ukuti kwalibako icintu ca musango uyo pamo nge mfwa? . . . Bushe tacili kupaatuka kwa mweo no mubili? Kabili ukubo uwafwa kupwa kwa ici; ilyo umweo uibela, kabili wafumishiwa mu mubili kabili umubili wafumishiwa ku mweo, cinshi ici lelo imfwa? . . . Kabili bushe umweo ulapokelela imfwa? Iyo. Lyene umweo ni umunshifwa? Ee.”—“Phaedo” ya kwa Plato, Secs. 64, 105, nga fintu fyabilishiwe muli Great Books of the Western World (1952), lyalembelwe kuli R. M. Hutchins, Vol. 7, ibu. 223, 245, 246.
“Impika ya bumunshifwa, tumwene, yasendele kusakamana kwakakala ukwa basambilile fya bulesa aba cina Babiloni. . . . Te bantu atemwa intungulushi sha butotelo abatontonkenye ukulolenkana no kucitikako kwa kulofiwa kwa mupwilapo ukwa cintu cimo icaliko. Imfwa yali mwa kupita ukuya ku mutundu umbi uwa bumi.”—The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898), M. Jastrow, Jr., ibu. 556.
Mona na kabili amabula 141-142, pe samba lya mutwe “Imfwa.”