Baibolo Citabo Mwingacetekela—Ulubali 1

Ifyo Baibolo Ilandapo pa Calo ca Egupti

Baibolo yonse yalembelwe pa myaka 1,600. Ilyashi lya kale ilyabamo pamo no kusesema fyalikatana ne lyashi lya fyalo fyakwatishe amaka 7. Ifi fyalo ni: Egupti, Asiria, Babiloni, Madai na Persia, Grisi, Roma, na Anglo-America. Ifi fyalo fyonse, tukafilandapo cimo cimo mu fipande 7 ifili no kukonkana. Mulandu nshi ifi fipande filembelwe? Kutulanga ukuti Baibolo citabo ico twingacetekela kabili cafuma kuli Lesa kabili amashiwi yabamo yalalenga abantu ukuba ne subilo lya kuti amacushi ayo imitekele yabipa yaleta pa bantu yali no kupwa.

ICALO ca Egupti, calishibikwa sana pa mulandu wa fikuulwa fikalamba ifyasongoka ku muulu ifyo beta ati ama pyramids e lyo no Mumana wa Naelo, e cali icalo cakwatishe amaka ica kubalilapo icalembwa mu lyashi lya kale ilyaba mu Baibolo. Uluko lwa bena Israele lwatendeke ilyo lwaletekwa ne calo ca Egupti. Mose, uwalembele amabuuku ya kubalilapo yasano ayaba mu Baibolo, afyalilwe no kusambilila mu calo ca Egupti. Bushe ilyashi lya kale pamo ne fyo bashula mu mushili filomfwana ne fyo Mose alembele pa fyo ici calo cali kale? Tontonkanyeni pa fya kumwenako fimo fimo.

Ilyashi lya Kale Ilyo Mwingacetekela

Amalumbo na mashiwi. Ilyashi lya kale ilya cine cine, ilingi line lishibikilwa ku fishinka ifyabapo, pamo nga intambi, amafunde, amashina na malumbo ya bashimucindikwa, e lyo ne fintu fimbi. Bushe amabuuku yabili aya kubalilapo mu Baibolo aya Ukutendeka no Ukufuma yalanga shani ukuti ifyalembwamo fya cine cine? J. Garrow Duncan alembele mu citabo cakwe icitila New Light on Hebrew Origins pa lyashi lyaba mwi buuku lya Ukutendeka ililanda pali Yosefe, umwana wa kwa Yakobo, e lyo na pe buuku lya mu Baibolo ilya Ukufuma ukutila: “[Uwalembele Baibolo] alishibe bwino bwino ululimi lwa bena Egupti, intambi, ifisumino, ifyalecitika mu filye fya milandu, na mafunde e lyo na mano ya bakwete ififulo fikalamba mu buteko.” Alundapo no kutila: “[Uwalembele] alebomfya ilumbo balebomfya pali ilya nshita, alilembele filya fine balelibomfya pali ilya nshita. . . . Na kuba, icilenga twasumina ukutila cine cine abalembele amabuuku ya mu Cipingo ca Kale balishibe bwino bwino ifyalecitika mu Egupti kabili kuti twabacetekela, ca kuti balebomfya ishiwi lya kuti Farao mu nshita ishapusanapusana.” E lyo, Duncan alandile no kuti, “[Uwalembele] nga alelanda pa bantu abalelanshanya na Farao, alelondolola ne fyo balekonka bwino bwino amafunde ya mu cilye kabili alebomfya no lulimi ulo balebomfya pali ilya nshita.”

Ukutama Injelwa. Ilyo abena Israele bali abasha mu Egupti, baletama injelwa ukubomfya iloba lye bumba ilyo balekandila no kusankanya ne cani, icaleikatanya iloba. (Ukufuma 1:14; 5:6-18)a Imyaka imo iyapita, icitabo cimo icitila, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries calandile ukuti: “Kale kwali incende ishalekanalekana umo [baletama injelwa] lelo ku Egupti eko baletama sana injelwa no kushikanika pa kasuba, kabili na ino ine nshita bacili balabomfya injelwa pa kukuula ifikuulwa mu calo.” Ici citabo calandile ne fyo “abena Egupti balebomfya icani pa kutama injelwa,” kabili aya mashiwi yalomfwana ne cishinka icaba mu Baibolo.

Ukubeya. Abaume AbaHebere aba ku kale baleteeka imyefu. Lelo Baibolo itweba ati Yosefe alibeyele ilyo ashilaya mu kumonana na Farao. (Ukutendeka 41:14) Mulandu nshi abeyele? Pa kuti akonke ulutambi na mafunde ya bena Egupti, aya kuti umuntu uukwete umushishi ku mutwe na ku cilefulefu ninshi musali icine cine. Icitabo ca Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt citila “[Abena Egupti] baleumfwa icilumba pa kubeya umushishi onse,”. Na kuba balisangileko inshishi shimo umwali amafuta ayalekanalekana aya kubeyela umushishi, utunesala no twakubeyela nkopyo ne filolani, pamo no mo balesungila ifi fintu. Ukwabula no kutwishika, Mose ali ni kalemba uwapooseleko sana amano pa kulemba aya mabuuku kabili alembele fye filya fine ifintu fyali. E fyali na bakalemba bambi aba Baibolo abalembele ifyebo fimo pa fyo icalo ca Egupti cali kale.

Amakwebo. Yeremia, uwalembele amabuuku yabili aya Ishamfumu, alilandile ifishinka fimo ifya kulungatika pa Mfumu Solomone iyacitile ubukwebo bwa bakabalwe na maceleta na bena Egupti e lyo na bena Hiti. Iceleta lyaleshitwa pa ndalama “600 isha silfere, e lyo kabalwe umo aleshitwa pali . . . 150 isha silfere,” e kutila umutengo wa kwa kabalwe waleingilamo imiku ine mu mutengo we celeta, nga fintu Baibolo ilanda.—1 Ishamfumu 10:29.

Icitabo ca Archaeology and the Religion of Israel, calandile pali Herodotus umu Griki umo uwasambilile sana ilyashi lya kale e lyo ne fyo abashula ifintu mu mushili basanga fyonse filenga twasumina ukuti cine cine kwali ubukwebo bwa maka ubwa bakabalwe na maceleta ilyo Solomone aleteeka. Na kuba ici citabo citila, “babikile icipimo ca kuti bakabalwe . . . bane ebo balekabushanya ne celeta limo ilya bena Egupti,” kabili aya mashiwi yalomfwana ne cipendo ico Baibolo yalandapo.

Inkondo. Yeremia na Esra nabo balilandilepo pa fyo Farao Shishaki asanshile icalo ca Yuda ukulanda mu kulungatika ukuti uku kusansa kwacitike “mu mwaka walenga busano ukutula apo Rehoboamu [Imfumu ya baYuda] atendekele ukuteka,” nelyo mu 993 B.C.E. (1 Ishamfumu 14:25-28; 2 Imilandu 12:1-12) Pa nshita ntali, Baibolo yeka fye e yalelanda pali uku kusansa. Lyena baishilesanga icibumba ca mwi tempele lya bena Egupti mu musumba wa Karnak (uo baleita kale ati Thebes) ico balembapo ili lyashi lya kusansa.

Pali ici cibumba paba Shishaki naiminina pa ntanshi ya kwa lesa Amoni, Shishaki naimya ukuboko ninshi alepuma abo asendele bunkole. Pali ici cibumba paliba na mashina ya misumba ya bena Israele iyo asanshile, kabili iingi pali iyi misumba na mu Baibolo emo yaba. Ukulunda pali ifi, ici cibumba cakwete na mashiwi ya kuti “Ibala lya kwa Abramu,” ifi e fyebo fyakokwesha ifya bena Egupti ifyalanda pali Abarahamu icikolwe ico na Baibolo yalandapo.—Ukutendeka 25:7-10.

Ukwabula no kutwishika abalembele Baibolo tabalelemba ifya kwelenganya fye. Apo bakalemba balishibe ukuti bali no kuba no mulandu kuli Lesa, balembele icine, nangu ca kuti limo ukulemba ifishinka kwali no kulenga bamo ukumoneka kwati baseebana, nga filya cali lintu Shishaki acimfishe abaYuda. Bakalemba ba Baibolo aba cishinka balipusana sana na bakalemba abena Egupti abalembele malyashi ayo bawaminishe no kukukumya, kabili abashalefwaya ukulemba ifili fyonse ifingalenga bakateka nelyo abantu babo ukumoneka kwati baliseebene.

Ubusesemo Mwingacetekela

Ni Yehova Lesa fye eka, Katendeka wa Baibolo, e wingasobela ifikacitika ku ntanshi ukwabula ukupusa. Ku ca kumwenako, moneni ifyo abikile umupashi pali Yeremia uwasobele fimo pa misumba ibili iya Bena Egupti iya Memphis na Thebes. Memphis, nelyo Nofu, wali musumba waishibikwa ku makwebo, mu fikansa fya calo, kabili e wali umusumba uukalamba mu fya mapepo. Lelo, Lesa atile: “Nofu akaba ica kutulumusha kabili akapya ku mulilo, kabili tamwakabe umwikashi nakalya.” (Yeremia 46:19) Ifi fine e fyo caishileba. Icitabo ca In the Steps of Moses the Lawgiver cisosa ukuti, balungwana balishile no kutunta “fintu ifingi ifyaonaika ifyali umusumba wa Memphis” kabili apa pene pali umusumba epo baleimba na mabwe ya kubomfya. Ici citabo cilundapo no kutila pali ino nshita “ukushinguluka incende yonse apali uyu musumba, tapaba ilibwe ili lyonse ilimoneka pa mulu wa mushili.”

Umusumba wa Thebes, uo kale baleita ati No-amone nelyo ati umusumba wa No, na o wine walisanshilwe mu nshila imo ine, pamo pene na tulesa twauko utushakwete na maka. Ukulosha kuli uyu musumba uwali kale umusumba uukalamba uwa Egupti kabili umwali icifulo cikalamba umo balepepela kalesa baleita ati Amone, Yehova atile: “Moneni, ndi no kukanda Amone . . . kabili ndi no kukanda Farao na Egupti na balesa bakwe. . . Kabili nkabapeela . . . mu minwe ya kwa Nebukadresari imfumu ya ku Babiloni.” (Yeremia 46:25, 26) Filya fine ubusesemo bwali, imfumu ya ku Babiloni yasanshile icalo ca Egupti pamo no musumba waishibikwe sana uwa No-amone. Lyena, pa numa Cambyses II, imfumu ya bena Persia nayo yasanshile uyu musumba mu 525 B.C.E., panono panono uyu musumba watendeke ukonaika, kabili mu kulekelesha umusumba onse waishileonaulwa umupwilapo ku bena Roma. Cine cine, takwaba icitabo icingalingana na Baibolo pantu ubusesemo bwabamo bwa cishinka, kabili ifi filenga tulecetekela ifyo itweba ukuti e fikacitika ku ntanshi.

Ubulayo Mwingacetekela

Mose, e walembele ubusesemo bwa kubalilapo fye ubwaba mu Baibolo kabili pali ilya nshita Egupti yali calo icakwatishe amaka mwi sonde lyonse.b Ubu busesemo busangwa pa Ukutendeka 3:15, kabili butila Lesa akaleta ubufyashi nelyo “umwana,” uukashonaula Satana no “bufyashi” bwakwe, e kutila abakonkelela inshila shabipa isha kwa Satana. (Yohane 8:44; 1 Yohane 3:8) Umukalamba muli ubu “bufyashi” bwa kwa Lesa ali ni Mesia, Yesu Kristu.—Luka 2:9-14.

Ukuteka kwa kwa Kristu kukakumana fye isonde lyonse, kabili akafumyapo ifyabipa fyonse na mabuteko ayatitikisha abantunse. Takwakabe ‘umuntu uwa kulateka umunankwe no kumucusha.’ (Lukala Milandu 8:9) Nga filya fine Yoshua uwaletungulula abena Israele kale ailebengisha mu Calo ca Bulayo, Yesu na o wine akatungulula bwino bwino “ibumba likalamba” ilya bantu abatiina Lesa no kubengisha mu “Calo ca Bulayo” icacilanapo ukuwama, e kutila icalo ica busaka icikaba paradaise.—Ukusokolola 7:9, 10, 14, 17; Luka 23:43.

Isubilo lya musango yu ilyacindama lilenga twaibukisha ubusesemo na bumbi ubwalembelwe kale sana ilyo icalo ca Egupti cali na maka. Ubu busesemo bwaba pali Yobo 33:24, 25, kabili busosa ukuti Lesa akapususha abantu ku “nindi,” nelyo ku nshishi, e kutila akababuusha. Cine cine, ukulunda pali balya abakapusuka ilyo Lesa akonaula ababipa, abantu amamilioni ayengi abafwa bakabuuka no kuba no mweo wa muyayaya mu Paradaise pano isonde. (Imilimo 24:15) Pa Ukusokolola 21:3, 4 patila, “Itenti lya kwa Lesa lili pamo na bantunse, . . . Kabili akafuuta ifilamba fyonse ku menso yabo, ne mfwa tayakabeko na kabili, takwakabe no kuloosha nangu ukuteta nangu ukukalipwa na kabili.”

Ilyashi lya kale ilya mu Baibolo pamo no busesemo ifyo twingacetekela nalitwalilila mu cipande cimbi, nomba lyena lilelanda pa calo icakwatishe amaka ica Asiria icaishilekonka pali Egupti.

[Amafutunoti]

[Akabokoshi ne Cikope pe bula 18]

ILIBWE APALEMBWA IFYEBO FYA MFUMU MERNEPTAH

Mu 1896 mwi tempele lya kulooseshamo ilya bena Egupti, abashula ifya kushula basangile Ilibwe apalembwa ifyebo fya Mfumu Merneptah. Pali ili libwe lyafiita paba ifyebo fya kuitakisha ifya mfumu ya bena Egupti, Merneptah iyo batila yatekele ku mpela ya myaka ya 1200 B.C.E. Pali ili libwe paba ulwimbo ulutila: “Icalo ca Israele cashala umwabula abantu, ulubuto lwabo naluloba.” Takwaba icalembwa cimbi ica kale sana icaishibikwa ica bena Egupti icilanda pa bena Israele, ni ci cine fye epela, kabili e calembwa ca kale sana icalanda pa bena Israele icishaba muli Baibolo.

Ili libwe lyapangilwe pa nshita kwali abapingushi mu Israele abalembwa muli Baibolo, kabili ifyalecitika ilya nshita e fyo balemba na mwi buuku lya mu Baibolo ilyo bainika ati Abapingushi. Nangu cibe fyo, amalyashi ya kuitakisha aya ba Farao yalipusana nayalembwa mwi buku lya Abapingushi pantu lyena lilalondolola ifyo Abena Israele balebasunga bubi bubi ne filubo balecita. Ilembo lya Abapingushi 2:11, 12 lilanda pa filubo fya bena Israele ukuti: “Abana ba kwa Israele batendeke ukucita ifyabipa mu menso ya kwa Yehova no kulabombela baBaali [balesa ba bena Kanaani]. E ico bapondokele Yehova . . . , uwabafumishe mu calo ca Egupti.” Abalembele Baibolo bonse tabapitile mu mbali, balilembele ne filubo fyabo ne fyalufyenye abena Israele.

[Abatusuminishe]

Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com.

[Ifikope pe bula 16]

Injelwa isha kukanika pa kasuba isho bakandila iloba lye bumba ne cani na nomba balashibomfya mu calo ca Egupti

[Icikope pe bula 16]

Fimo fimo ifyo abena Egupti balebomfya pa kubeya, akanesala ne cilolani

[Icikope pe bula 16]

Amashina ya misumba imo imo iya bena Israele iyacimfiwe yalilembwa pali ici cibumba icaba mu Karnak

[Icikope pe bula 16, 17]

Ici cilubi cikalamba icawa icaba mupepi na ku Memphis kale calepele amamita 12

[Abatusuminishe Ukubomfya Ifikope pe bula 15]

Egypt, Pharaoh; na Rome, Nero: Abakopele ici cikope ni ba British Museum; Medo-Persia, wall relief: Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Abatusuminishe Ukubomfya Ifikope pe bula 16]

Ifya kubomfya pa kubeya: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY; Karnak relief: Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.; Memphis statue: Courtesy Daniel Mayer/Creative Commons