Icipandwa 9

Nani Akateke Calo?

1-3. Londololeni iciloto ne fimonwa ifyo Daniele akwete mu mwaka wa ntanshi uwa kuteka kwa kwa Belshasari.

UKUSESEMA kwa kucebusha ukwa kwa Daniele nomba kwatubwesha ku mwaka wa ntanshi uwa kwa Belshasari Imfumu ya Babele. Napapite nshita apo Daniele abela nkole mu Babele, lelo tabala anashako bumpomfu bwakwe kuli Yehova. Nomba ilyo ali mu myaka ya ba 70, uyu kasesema wa busumino amona “iciloto ne fimonwa fya mu mutwe wakwe pa ca kusendamapo cakwe.” Fintu ifyo fimonwa fyamutiinya!—Daniele 7:1, 15.

² Daniele abilikishe ati: “Moneni, imyela ine ya mu muulu ilelompokela kuli bemba mukalamba. Kabili ifinama fine ifyakulisha filenina ukufuma muli bemba, fyonse ifyacilana.” Mwandi finama fyaibela! Ica ntanshi ni nkalamo ya mapindo, kabili ica cibili capala bere. Lyene kwaisa imbwili ya mapindo yane ne mitwe ine! Icinama calenga fine ica maka yakalamba cikwete ameno ya cela ayakulisha ne nsengo 10. Pa nsengo sha ciko 10 pamena ulusengo “lunono” ulukwete “amenso ya muntu, na kanwa akalelande fyakulisha.”—Daniele 7:2-8.

³ Daniele nomba amona ifya ku muulu. Umukote wa Nshiku ne nshiku aikala pa cipuna ca bufumu mu bukata ngo Mupingushi mu Cilye ca ku muulu. “Bamalaika amakana ikana balemupyungila, na makana ikumi ukufushiwa ku makana ikumi nabeminina pa cinso cakwe.” Pa numa ya kupingule finama ubupingushi bwabipisha, afipoka ukuteka no konaule cinama calenga fine. Ukuteka kwa muyayaya pa “bantu na bantu bonse, na bantu ba nko, ne ndimi” kwapeelwa ku “waba ngo mwana wa muntu.”—Daniele 7:9-14.

 4. (a) Ni ani Daniele aipwishe ku kumweba icebo ca cine? (b) Mulandu nshi ifyo Daniele amwene no kumfwa bulya bushiku fyacindamina kuli ifwe?

⁴ Daniele asosa ukuti: “Umutima wandi wasakamene pa mulandu wa ici, ne fimonwa fya mu mutwe wandi fyalinsuswile.” E co aipusha malaika ukumweba “icine ca conse ici umo cingabela,” kabili malaika amweba “ukushimbulwa kwa ciko.” (Daniele 7:15-28) Ifyo Daniele amwene no kumfwa bulya bushiku filingilwe ukupooswako amano pantu fyalangilile ifyali no kucitika ukufika ku nshita shesu lintu “umo uwaba ngo mwana wa muntu” apeelwa ukuteka pa “bantu na bantu bonse, na bantu ba nko, ne ndimi.” Na ifwe bene kuti twaumfwikisha ubupilibulo bwa ifi fimonwa fya uku kusesema ukupitila mu Cebo ca kwa Lesa no mupashi.a

IFINAMA FINE FYAFUMA MULI BEMBA

 5. Bushe bemba walesunkaniwa emininako cinshi?

⁵ Daniele atile: “Namwene . . . finama fine ifyakulisha filenina ukufuma muli bemba.” (Daniele 7:2, 3) Bushe bemba walesunkaniwa aleimininako cinshi? Pa numa ya myaka iingi, umutumwa Yohane amwene iciswango ca mitwe 7 cilefuma muli “bemba.” Uyo bemba aleimininako “imisango ya bantu, na mabumba, ne nko, na ba ndimi,” iminshipendwa ya bantunse abanunuka kuli Lesa. E co bemba cimpashanya calinga ica minshipendwa ya bantunse banunuka kuli Lesa.—Ukusokolola 13:1, 2; 17:15; Esaya 57:20.

 6. Ifi finama fine fimininako cinshi?

⁶ Malaika wa kwa Lesa atile: “Ifi finama ifyakulisha, ifili fine, shamfumu shine ishikema ukufuma pano isonde.” (Daniele 7:17) Malaika alondolwele bwino ifinama fine ifyo Daniele amwene ukuti “shamfumu shine.” E co, ifi finama fimininako ifyalo fyakwatishe amaka. Lelo fyalo nshi?

 7. (a) Finshi bamo abasoma Baibolo basosa pa lwa cimonwa ca mu ciloto ca kwa Daniele ica finama fine ne ciloto ca Mfumu Nebukadnesari ica cimpashanya calulubala? (b) Bushe ulubali lumo na lumo ulwa cela ulwa cimpashanya lwimininako cinshi?

⁷ Ilingi abasoma Baibolo basuntinkanya icimonwa ca mu ciloto ca kwa Daniele ica finama fine ne ciloto ca kwa Nebukadnesari ica cimpashanya calulubala. Ku ca kumwenako, icitabo ca The Expositor’s Bible Commentary cisosa ukuti: “Icipandwa 7 ica kwa [Daniele] cumfwana ne cipandwa 2.” Icitabo ca The Wycliffe Bible Commentary cisosa ukuti: “Icinabwingi caishiba ukuti ukukonkana kwa mabuteko yane aya Bena fyalo . . . pano [muli Daniele icipandwa 7] kwapalana no kwalandwapo [muli Daniele] icipandwa 2.” Ifyalo fyakwatishe amaka fine ifyaleimininwako ne misango ine iya nshimbi sha ciloto ca kwa Nebukadnesari fyali Buteko bwa Babele (umutwe wa golde), Madai na Persia (icifuba na maboko ifya silfere), Greece (ifumo na matanta ifya mukuba), no Buteko bwa ciRoma (amolu ya cela).b (Daniele 2:32, 33) Natumone ifyo aya mabufumu yomfwana ne finama fyakulisha fine ifyo Daniele amwene.

ICA BUKATU BWA NKALAMO, KABILI ICIPUPUKISHA NGA KAPUMPE

 8. (a) Daniele alondolwele shani imimonekele ya cinama ca ntanshi? (b) Icinama ca ntanshi caleimininako ubuteko nshi, kabili cali shani nge nkalamo?

⁸ We finama ubukalamba Daniele amwene! Ilyo alelondolola cimo atile: “Ica ntanshi cali nge nkalamo, cali na mapindo ya kapumpe; nalimwene yasuka yakobolwa amapindo, caimiwa pa nshi, no kulengwo kwiminina ku makasa yabili ngo muntu; kabili capeelwo mutima wa buntu.” (Daniele 7:4) Ici cinama caleimininako ubuteko bumo bwine ubo umutwe wa golde uwa cimpashanya calulubala waleimininako, Icalo Cakwatishe Amaka ica Babele (ukufuma mu 607 ukufika ku 539 B.C.E.). Ukupale “nkalamo” iilye nama mbiye, Babele alelye fyalo bukatu bukatu, ukusanshako na bantu ba kwa Lesa. (Yeremia 4:5-7; 50:17) Iyi “nkalamo” yalecimfya lubilo lubilo kwati yakwete amapindo ya kapumpe.—Inyimbo sha Bulanda 4:19; Habakuki 1:6-8.

 9. Kwaluka nshi kwacitike ku cinama capale nkalamo, kabili cayambukilwe shani?

⁹ Mu kuya kwa nshita, amapindo ya nkalamo ‘yalikobelwe.’ Mupepi na ku mpela ya kuteka kwa Mfumu Belshasari, Babele alekele ukucimfya lubilo lubilo no kulufya amaka ya nkalamo ayo akwete pa fyalo fimbi. Atendeke fye ukukolonteka ngo muntu uli pa makasa. Alinakile apo apeelwo “mutima wa buntu.” Pa kubulwa “umutima wa bunkalamo,” Babele alilekele ukuba imfumu “mu nama sha mu mutengo.” (Linganyeniko 2 Samwele 17:10; Mika 5:8.) Icinama cakulisha na cimbi calimucimfishe.

ICABUUKA NGA BERE

10. “Bere” aleimininako umutande nshi uwa bakateka?

¹⁰ Daniele atile: “Moneni, icinama cimbi ica cibili, icapala bere; lubali lumo icatundama; caikata ne mbafu shitatu mu kanwa ka ciko pa kati ka meno ya ciko; caebelwe, ukuti, Ima, kalye iminofu iingi.” (Daniele 7:5) Imfumu yaleimininwako no yu “bere” e ilya yaleimininwako ne cifuba na maboko ifya silfere ifya cimpashanya calulubala, ifyaleimininako umutande wa bakateka ba Madai na Persia (ukufuma mu 539 ukufika ku 331 B.C.E.) ukutendekela na Dariusi umwina Madai na Koreshe Mukalamba no kulekelesha na Dariusi III.

11. Bushe ukutundama lubali lumo ukwa bere wa cimpashanya no kukwate mbafu shitatu mu kanwa kakwe kwaleimininako cinshi?

¹¹ Uyu Bere wa cimpashanya ali ‘uwatundama lubali lumo,’ napamo ukuipekanishisha ku kusansa no kucimfye fyalo na muli fyo ukutwalilila ukuba icalo cakwatisha amaka. Napamo uku kutundama lubali lumo kwali kwa kufwaya ukulangilila ukuti umutande wa bakateka abena Persia wali no kupyana Dariusi, imfumu ya bena Madai yeka. Imbafu shitatu pa kati ka meno ya kwa bere nalimo shalelangilila intunga shitatu uko ici cinama cali no kucimfya. “Bere” wa bena Madai na bena Persia aile lwa ku kapinda ka kuso no kucandila Babele mu 539 B.C.E. Lyene aile lwa ku masamba ukupulinkana ku Asia Minor na Thrace. Mu kulekelesha, uyu “bere” aile ku kapinda ka kulyo ku kucimfya Egupti. Apantu limo limo inambala 3 imininako ukuluma, nalimo ishi mbafu shitatu shalelangilila ifyo uyu bere wa cimpashanya afunukile ukucimfya.

12. Cinshi cafuminemo lintu bere wa cimpashanya aumfwilile ikambisho lya kuti: “Ima, kalye iminofu iingi”?

¹² Uyu “bere” alesansa ifyalo mu kwankula ku mashiwi ya kuti: “Ima, kalye iminofu iingi.” Ukupitila mu kulya Babele ukulingana no kufwaya kwa bulesa, Ubuteko bwa Madai na Persia bwali na maka ya kubombela abantu ba kwa Yehova umulimo uwacindama. Kabili bwalibombele! (Moneni umutwe uleti “Imfumu Ishishimisha,” pe bula 149.) Ubuteko bwa Madai na Persia bwalubwile bankole ba mu Babele abaYuda no kubaafwa ukukuula cipya cipya itempele lya kwa Yehova no kuwamya amalinga ya Yerusalemu ukupitila muli Koreshe Mukalamba, Dariusi I (Dariusi Mukalamba) na Artakishashete I. Ubuteko bwa Madai na Persia bwasukile bwalateka ifyalo fya bulashi 127, kabili Ahasuerusi (Xerxes I), wiba wa kwa Estere Namfumu ali “ni mfumu ukutula pa India ukufika na ku Kushi [Etiopia].” (Estere 1:1) Lelo, icinama na cimbi cali no kwima mu kwangufyanya.

IMPALALUBILO NGE MBWILI YA MAPINDO!

13. (a) Icinama ca butatu caleimininako cinshi? (b) Cinshi cingalandwa pali bumpalalubilo bwa cinama ca butatu ne fyalo caleteka?

¹³ Icinama ca butatu cali “nge mbwili, cali na mapindo yane ya cuni pa mbafu sha ciko, ne cinama ici cali ne mitwe ine; ukuteka kwapeelwa kuli cene.” (Daniele 7:6) Ukupale fumo na matanta ifya mukuba ifya cimpashanya Nebukadnesari alotele, iyi mbwili ya mapindo yane ne mitwe ine yaleimininako umutande wa bakateka ba ku Makedonia, nelyo Greece ukutendekela na Alekesandere Mukalamba. Ukuba no kwangufyanya kwa mbwili, Alekesandere acimfishe mu Asia Minor, ukulola ku kapinda ka kulyo ku Egupti, no kupulinkana ukufika ku mupaka wa ku masamba ya India. (Linganyeniko Habakuki 1:8.) Ubuteko bwakwe bwacilile ubwa “bere,” pantu bwasanshishemo Makedonia, Greece, no Buteko bwa Persia.—Moneni umutwe uleti “Imfumu Yacaice Yacimfye Calo,” pe bula 153.

14. Bushe iyi “mbwili” yaishilekwata shani imitwe ine?

¹⁴ Iyi “mbwili” yaishilekwate mitwe ine ilyo Alekesandere afwile mu 323 B.C.E. Bane aba muli bamushika bakwe basukile bamupyana mu ncende shapusanapusana isha buteko bwakwe. Seleucus atekele Mesopotamia na Aramu [Suria]. Ptolemy atekele Egupti na Palestine, Lysimachus atekele Asia Minor na Thrace, na Cassander atekele Makedonia na Greece. (Moneni umutwe uleti “Ubufumu Bukalamba Bwaakaniwa,” pe bula 162.) Lyene kwaishileima umonaushi umupya.

ICINAMA CA KUTIINYA CAPUSANAKO

15. (a) Londololeni icinama calenga fine. (b) Icinama calenga fine caleimininako cinshi, kabili ni shani fintu cashonawile no kulya fyonse mu nshila ya ciko?

¹⁵ Daniele alondolwele icinama calenga fine nge “ca kutiinya kabili ica kusakamika, kabili ica maka yakalamba.” Akonkenyepo ukuti: “Kabili cali na meno ya cela ayakulisha; cilelya no kukokotaula, cilenyantaula ne fyashalapo ku makasa ya ciko; cacilene ne finama fyonse ifyabalilepo, kabili cali ne nsengo [10].” (Daniele 7:7) Ici cinama ca kutiinya catendeke nge calo ca Roma icateyanishiwe bwino mu fya mapolitiki ne fya bushilika. Panono panono caishiletendeka ukuteka ifitungu fine ifya Buteko bwa Greece kabili ilyo umwaka wa 30 B.C.E. walefika, Roma e calo cakonkelepo ukukwatisha amaka cebo ca kusesema ica mu Baibolo. Apo calecimfya fyonse ifyalecicilikila ukupitila mu kubomfya abashilika, Ubuteko bwa ciRoma bwasukile bwaandatila icifulo ukufuma ku Britain ne fishi fyashingulukako ukupulinkana ku Bulaya, ku Mediterranean, no kucila Babele ukufika ku Cofi ca Persia.

16. Fyebo nshi malaika asosele pa lwa cinama calenga fine?

¹⁶ Apo alefwaya ukwishiba ico ici cinama “ca kutiinya apakalamba” calepilibula, Daniele alekutikisha ilyo malaika alelondolola ukuti: “Insengo [10] isha mu bufumu ubu, shamfumu [10] ishikema; na imbi ikema ikakonkapo, kabili yene ikacilana ne shabalilepo, ikawisha ne mfumu shitatu.” (Daniele 7:19, 20, 24) Bushe ishi “nsengo [10],” nelyo “ishamfumu [10]” fyali ni finshi?

17. “Insengo 10” isha cinama calenga fine ica cimpashanya shimininako nshi?

¹⁷ Ilyo icalo ca Roma calelola ku busambashi no kubotelela pa mulandu wa bucisenene bwa baleteka, calekele ukuba nge calo cakwatishe amaka mu fya bulwi. Mu kuya kwa nshita, ukupwa kwa maka ya Roma mu fya bulwi kwaishilemonekesha. Ubu buteko bwa maka bwasukile bwayakaniwa mu mabufumu ayengi. Apo ilingi Baibolo ibomfya inambala 10 ku kulangilila ukukumanina, ishi “nsengo [10]” isha cinama calenga fine shimininako amabufumu yonse ayafuminemo ilyo Roma yabongolweke.—Linganyeniko Amalango 4:13; Luka 15:8; 19:13, 16, 17.

18. Ni shani fintu icalo ca Roma catwalilile ukuteka Ubulaya pa myaka iingi ninshi kateka wa ciko uwa kulekelesha alifumishiwa kale pa bufumu?

¹⁸ Lelo, Icalo Cakwatishe Amaka ica Roma tacapeshiwe ilyo imfumu ya ciko iya kulekelesha yafumishiwe pa bufumu mu 476 C.E. Pa myake iingi, Roma waletekwa na paapa atungulwile Ubulaya mu fya bupolitiki na mu fya mipepele na kucilisha. Acitile ci ukupitila mu kuleka abatekwa ukunakila bashimucindikwa, lyene imfumu. Kabili ishamfumu shonse shalenakila paapa. E ico, Ubuteko bwa ciRoma Ubwashila ne Calici ca Roma Katolika pamo nge cakatamikwe fyatekele icalo pa nshita ntali mu nshita itwa Inkulo sha pa Kati.

19. Ukulingana na kalemba wa lyashi lya kale umo, Roma yalingene shani na mabuteko yambi ayafumineko?

¹⁹ Nani engakaana ukuti icinama calenga fine “cacilene na mabufumu yonse”? (Daniele 7:7, 19, 23) Pali ci, kalemba wa lyashi lya kale H. G. Wells alembele ukuti: “Ubu buteko bupya ubwa ciRoma . . . bwalipuseneko umwingi ku mitekele ya maka iyo yabako na nomba mu fyalo fyatumpuluka. . . . Bwaikatenye icinabwingi ca baGriki mu calo conse, kabili abatekwa ba buko abali Balungwana nelyo abaYuda bali banono nga kulinganya ku buteko ubuli bonse ubwafumineko . . . Cali cintu cipya mu lyashi lya kale . . . Ubuteko bwa ciRoma bwalelunduluka, uko kwali kulunduluka kwaibela uko bushapekanishishe; mu kukanaishiba, abena Roma baisangile baleeshaesha ifya kwangalila ubuteko.” Lelo ici cinama calenga fine cali no kukonkanyapo ukulunduluka.

ULUSENGO LUNONO LWATENDEKA UKUTEKA

20. Cinshi malaika alandile pa lwa kukula kwa lusengo lunono pa mutwe wa cinama calenga fine?

²⁰ Daniele atile: “Nafindamine insengo, e lyo, moneni, ulusengo lumbi lunono lwamena mu kati ka shiko, na shitatu sha mu nsengo sha ntanshi shanukulwa kuli lwene.” (Daniele 7:8) Ulwa uku kumena, malaika aebele Daniele ukuti: “Na imbi ikema ikakonkapo [pa shamfumu 10], kabili yene ikacilana ne shabalilepo, ikawisha ne mfumu shitatu.” (Daniele 7:24) Bushe iyi mfumu ni iyani, yaimine lilali, kabili ni mfumu nshi shitatu isho yawishishe?

21. Icalo ca Britain caishileba shani ulusengo lunono ulwa cimpashanya ca cinama calenga fine?

²¹ Tontonkanyeni pali ifi fyacitike. Mu 55 B.C.E., Mushika wa ciRoma Julius Caesar acandile Britannia lelo alifililwe ukwikalilila mulya. Mu 43 C.E., Kateka Claudius atendeke ukucandila Britain lwa ku kapinda ka kuso. Lyene, mu 122 C.E., Kateka Hadrian atendeke ukukuula ilinga ukufuma ku Mumana wa Tyne ukufika ku Mupaka wa Britain na Scotland ilyo lyaleishibisha ukwapelela Ubuteko bwa ciRoma ku kapinda ka kulyo. Ku ntendekelo ya mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 5, imilalo ya ciRoma yafumine pali cilya cishi. Kalemba wa lyashi lya kale umo alondolwele ukuti: “Mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 16, England tayali na maka sana. Ifyuma yakwete fyalicepelepo pa fyo icalo ca Netherlands cakwete. Abantu yakwete balicepeleko pa bo France yakwete. Imilalo ya ciko (ukusanshako ne ya pa menshi) fyalicepeleko ku fyo Spain yakwete.” Icalo ca Britain icali e lusengo lunono ulwa cimpashanya ulwa cinama calenga fine cifwile pali ilya nshita cali bufumu bwa cabe cabe. Lelo ico cali no kwaluka.

22. (a) Ni nsengo nshi shimbi shitatu isha cinama calenga fine isho ulusengo “lunono” lwawishishe? (b) Cinshi lyene Britain aishileba?

²² Mu 1588, Filipi II uwa ku Spain atumine amashitima yakwe aya pa menshi aya nkondo ku kulwisha Britain. Aya mashitima ya pa menshi 130 yasendele abaume ukucila pali 24,000 yafikile kuli bemba witwa English Channel, ku kuyacimfiwa fye ku fita fya pa menshi ifya bena Britain no kwipaiwa ku myela ne nkuuka sha bemba wa Atlantic. Kalemba wa lyashi lya kale umo atile ici cacitike “calangilile ukuti nomba icalo caishibishe ubulwi bwa pa menshi cali ni England te Spain iyo.” Mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 17, abena Netherlands baishilekwata amashitima ya pa menshi aya bukwebo ayengi ukucila icalo icili conse. Lelo apo ifyalo Britain aleteka fyaleya filefulilako, asukile acila bulya bufumu. Mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 18, Britain na France balilwile mu North America na India, iyo nkondo yalengele ukuti bapangane icipangano baleita Treaty of Paris mu 1763. Kalemba William B. Willcox atile ici cipangano “cali kusumina ukuti nomba Britain calo cakwatishe amaka mu Bulaya bonse na ku nse ya Bulaya.” Amaka ya calo ca Britain yashininkishiwe ilyo cacimfishe Napoléon wa ku France nakalya nakalya mu 1815 C.E. Kanshi “imfumu shitatu” isho Britain ‘awishishe’ shali ni Spain, Netherlands, na France. (Daniele 7:24) Icafuminemo ca kuti icalo ca Britain caishileba icalo caleteka ifyalo ifingi kabili icakwatishe sana ubukwebo. Cine cine ulusengo “lunono” lwaishilekula ku kuba icalo cakwatisha amaka!

23. Ni mu nshila nshi umo ulusengo lunono ulwa cimpashanya ‘lwapokele pano isonde ponse’?

²³ Malaika aebele Daniele ukuti icinama calenga fine, nelyo ubufumu bwalenga yane, ‘bukapoka pano isonde ponse.’ (Daniele 7:23) E cacitike ku citungu ca ciRoma ico inshita imo caleitwa Britannia. Casukile caba Ubuteko bwa Britain no “kupoka pano isonde ponse.” Inshita imo, ubu buteko bwaleteka 25 peresenti uwa fyalo fya pe sonde kabili umuntu umo pali bane aletekwa no bu buteko.

24. Cinshi kalemba wa lyashi lya kale asosele pa lwa kupusanako kwa Buteko bwa Britain?

²⁴ Apo Ubuteko bwa ciRoma bwacilene ne fyalo fyakwatishe amaka ifyafumineko, e fyo ne mfumu yaleimininwako no lusengo “lunono” yali no ‘kucilana ne shabalilepo.’ (Daniele 7:24) Pa lwa Buteko bwa Britain, kalemba wa lyashi lya kale H. G. Wells alembele ukuti: “Ica musango yu tacabala acibako. Ica ntanshi kabili icacindamishe kuli ubu buteko cali ‘calo cakwete imfumu’ ya Mabufumu Yaikatana aya Britain . . . Tapali bacilolo abali bonse nelyo abantu abaumfwikishe Ubuteko bwa Britain. Bwali kutobenkana kwa kulunduluka ukwapusaninineko fye ku buteko ubuli bonse ubwatangilileko.”

25. (a) Ilelo, ni bani baba ulu lusengo lunono ulwa cimpashanya? (b) Ni mu nshila nshi umo ulusengo “lunono” lwakwata “amenso nga menso ya muntu” na “kanwa [kalanda] ifyakulisha”?

²⁵ Ulusengo “lunono” talwapelele fye pa Buteko bwa Britain. Mu 1783, icalo ca Britain capeele ubuntungwa ku fyalo caleteka mu America ifyali 13. Icalo ca United States of America icaishileba icalo cakwatishe amaka ukufuma pa Nkondo ya Calo iya Cibili casukile caba cibusa ca Britain. Na nomba line cicili cilomfwana sana na Britain. Icafumamo icaba fyalo fyakwatisha amaka ifyaumana akapi ifya Britain na America e ‘lusengo lwakwata amenso.’ Cine cine, ifi fyalo fyakwatisha amaka ifyaumana akapi filalolekesha, kabili fyalicenjela! ‘Filanda ifyakulisha,’ ukweba ifyalo ifingi ifya kucita no kuba nge ca kulandilamo, nelyo “kasesema wa bufi.”—Daniele 7:8, 11, 20; Ukusokolola 16:13; 19:20.

ULUSENGO LUNONO LWALWISHA LESA NA BASHILA BAKWE

26. Cinshi malaika asobele pa lwa milandile ya ulu lusengo lwa cimpashanya ne fyo lwali no kucita kuli Yehova na babomfi bakwe?

²⁶ Daniele akonkenyepo ukulondolola icimonwa cakwe ati: “Ulusengo ulo namwene lulecito bulwi na bashila no kubanasha.” (Daniele 7:21) Ulwa ulu “lusengo,” nelyo imfumu, malaika wa kwa Lesa asobele ukuti: “Ikasose fyebo fya misuula pa Wapulamo, no kupomponta abashila ba Wapulamo; kabili ikapango kutelule nshita ishalingwa ne fipope, na bashila bakapeelwa mu kuboko kwa iko ukufika pa mwaka umo ne myaka ibili na hafu wa mwaka.” (Daniele 7:25) Ulu lubali lwa cebo ca kusesema lwafishiwepo lilali kabili lwafishiwepo shani?

27. (a) Bushe “abashila” abapakaswa ku lusengo “lunono” ni bani? (b) Ni shani fintu ulusengo lwa cimpashanya lwalefwaya “ukutelule nshita iyalingwa ne fipope”?

²⁷ “Abashila” abapakaswa ku lusengo “lunono,” ulwaba Fyalo Fyakwatisha Amaka Ifyaumana Akapi Ifya Britain na America baba bakonshi ba kwa Yesu pe sonde abasubwa no mupashi. (Abena Roma 1:7; 1 Petro 2:9) Pa myaka iingi ilyo Inkondo ya Calo iya Kubalilapo ishilatendeka, abashalapo pali aba basubwa basokele ukuti umwaka wa 1914 wali no kuba ni mpela ya “nshita ya bena fyalo.” (Luka 21:24) Lintu inkondo yatendeke muli ulya mwaka, calimoneke ukuti ulu lusengo “lunono” lwalisuulile uku kusoka, pantu lwatwalilile fye ukucusha “abashila” abasubwa. Ifyalo Fyakwatisha Amaka Ifyaumana Akapi Ifya Britain na America fyalwishishe fye no kwesha kwabo ukwa kubomba ifyo Yehova alefwaya (nelyo, “ifipope”) ifya kuti imbila nsuma iya Bufumu ibilwe mwi sonde lyonse ne nte shakwe. (Mateo 24:14) E co ulu lusengo “lunono” lwalefwayo “kutelule nshita ishalingwa ne fipope.”

28. Bushe iciputulwa ca nshita ica kusesema ica “mwaka umo, ne myaka ibili, na hafu wa mwaka” calepele shani?

²⁸ Malaika wa kwa Yehova alandile pa ciputulwa ca nshita ica mu kusesema ica “mwaka umo, ne myaka ibili, na hafu wa mwaka.” Abasoma Baibolo balasumina ukuti aya mashiwi yapilibula imyaka itatu na hafu wa mwaka, uko e kuti ukusansha umwaka umo ne myaka ibili, na hafu wa mwaka. (Daniele 4:16, 25) Ubupilibulo bwa kwa James Moffatt busosa mu kulungatika ukuti: “Pa myaka itatu na hafu wa mwaka.” E ciputulwa ca nshita cimo cine icalumbulwa pa Ukusokolola 11:2-7, apatila inte sha kwa Lesa shali no kushimikila mu nsamu pa myeshi 42, nelyo inshiku 1,260, no kwisaipaiwa. Bushe ici ciputulwa ca nshita catendeke no kupwa lilali?

29. Imyaka itatu na hafu iya mu cebo ca kusesema yatendeke lilali kabili yatendeke shani?

²⁹ Ku Bena Kristu basubwa, Inkondo ya Calo iya Kubalilapo yali ni nshita ya kweshiwa. Ilyo umwaka wa 1914 walepwa, baleenekela ukupakaswa. Na kuba, ilembo lya mwaka ilyasalilwe mu 1915 lyali cipusho Yesu aipwishe abasambi bakwe ica kuti: “Bushe kuti mwanwena mu lukombo lwandi?” Lyafumine pali Mateo 20:22, muli King James Version. E co ukutendeka mu December 1914, lilye bumba linono ilya nte lyashimikile mu “nsamu.”

30. Abena Kristu basubwa bacushiwe shani ku Fyalo Fyakwatisha Amaka Ifyaumana Akapi ifya Britain na America mu Nkondo ya Calo iya Kubalilapo?

³⁰ Ilyo ukululunkana kwa nkondo kwaandatile, Abena Kristu basubwa bapakeswe apakalamba. Bamo babikilwe mu fifungo. Bamo, pamo nga Frank Platt mu England na Robert Clegg mu Canada, balilungulushiwe ku balashi abakalushi. Pa February 12, 1918, akabungwe ka British Dominion of Canada kabindile volyumu walenga 7 uwa citabo ca Studies in the Scriptures, icaleti The Finished Mystery, pamo na matrakiti ayaleti The Bible Students Monthly. Umweshi wakonkelepo, icipani cilolekesha pa fya bupingushi ica U.S. Department of Justice casoselo kuti ukwananya volyumu walenga 7 uwa ici citabo kutobe funde. Cinshi cafuminemo? Batendeke ukupikita mu mayanda, ukupoka impapulo, no kukaka bakapepa ba kwa Yehova!

31. Bushe inshita ya “mwaka umo, ne myaka ibili na hafu wa mwaka” yapwile lilali kabili yapwile shani?

³¹ Ukucusha abasubwa ba kwa Lesa kwafikile pa kalume pa June 21, 1918, lintu presidenti, J. F. Rutherford, pamo na bambi abalumbuka aba Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society bakakilwe pa myaka iingi pa milandu ya bufi. Ukufwaya “ukutelule nshita ne fipope,” ulu lusengo “lunono” lwapeseshe umulimo wa kushimikila uwateyanishiwa. (Ukusokolola 11:7) E co inshita yasobelwe iya “mwaka umo ne myaka ibili na hafu wa mwaka” yapwile mu June 1918.

32. Mulandu nshi mwingasosela ukuti “abashila” tabafumishiwepo ku lusengo “lunono”?

³² Lelo aba “bashila” tabaonawilwe ku kucushiwa no lu lusengo “lunono.” Nga fintu casesemwe mwi buuku lya Ukusokolola, pa numa ya nshita inono iya kukanashimikila, Abena Kristu basubwa batendeke umulimo wa kushimikila na kabili. (Ukusokolola 11:11-13) Pa March 26, 1919, presidenti wa Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society pamo na bakabomba banankwe balikakwilwe mu cifungo, kabili imilandu bapeelwe yaishilefumishiwapo. Ilyo line fye, abashalapo abasubwa batendeke ukuipekanishisha ku mulimo walundwako. Lelo cinshi cali no kucitikila ulu lusengo “lunono”?

UMUKOTE WA NSHIKU NE NSHIKU ATEEKE CILYE

33. (a) Umukote wa Nshiku ne Nshiku ni ani? (b) ‘Mabuuku nshi yakupukwilwe’ ilyo Icilye ca ku muulu cateekelwe?

³³ Pa numa ya kulondolola ifinama fine, Daniele nomba alolesha ku filecitika ku muulu pa numa fye ya kumona icinama calenga bune. Amona Umukote wa Nshiku ne Nshiku aikala ngo Mupingushi pa cipuna cakwe ica bufumu ica lulumbi. Uyu Mukote wa Nshiku ne Nshiku ni Yehova Lesa. (Ilumbo 90:2) Ilyo Icilye ca mu muulu cateekwa, Daniele amona “amabuuku yakupukulwa.” (Daniele 7:9, 10) Apantu Yehova takwate ntendekelo, aishiba fyonse ifyacitikila abantunse kwati fye ni mwi buuku fyalembwa. Alimona fyonse ifinama fine ifya cimpashanya kabili kuti afipingula umwabele ifyo aimwena umwine.

34, 35. Cinshi cikacitika ku lusengo “lunono” ne fyalo fyakwatisha amaka fimbi ifya bunama?

³⁴ Daniele akonkanyapo ukuti: “E lyo naloleshe, pa mulandu wa ciunda ca fyebo ifyakulisha ifyalesoso lusengo ulo namwene, casuka icinama caipaiwa, no mubili wa ciko waonaulwa no kupeelwa ku kocewa ku mulilo. Ne finama ifyashelepo, kwafumiwepo ukuteka kwa fiko, lelo ukutantalila kwa myeo kwapeelwe kuli fyene ukufika ku nshita iyalingwa.” (Daniele 7:11, 12) Malaika aeba Daniele ukuti: “Abapingushi bakekala, no kuteka kwa iko kukafumiwa, ku konaulwa no kuloba ukufika ku mpela.”—Daniele 7:26.

³⁵ Ukupitila mu cipope ca kwa Yehova Lesa, Kapingula Mukalamba, ulu lusengo lwapontele Lesa no kucusha “abashila” bakwe lukacitwa cimo cine nge cacitilwe ku Buteko bwa ciRoma, ubwalepakasa Abena Kristu ba mu kubangilila. Ukuteka kwa luko pamo no kwa “shamfumu” shapale nsengo ishacepako ishafumine mu Buteko bwa ciRoma takwakatwalilile. Lelo, cili shani pa lwa mitekele yafumine mu fyalo fyakwatishe amaka ifya bunama? Nga fintu casobelwe yalitantalishiweko “ukufika ku nshita iyalingwa.” Ififulo fya iko fyalitwalilila ukwikalwamo ukufika lelo. Ku ca kumwenako, Iraq yaba mu cifulo mwali Babele kale. Ifyalo fya Persia (Iran) na Greece eko fyaba na lelo. Ifi fyalo fyashalako ku fyalo fyakwatishe amaka, fyaba mu kabungwe ka United Nations. Aya mabufumu nayo yakonawilwa pamo ne calo cakwatisha amaka ica kulekelesha. Imitekele ya bantunse yonse ikonaulwa pa “bushiku bukalamba bwa kwa Lesa wa maka yonse.” (Ukusokolola 16:14, 16) Lelo, nani akateke calo?

UBUTEKO BWA MUYAYAYA NABUPALAMA!

36, 37. (a) Bushe “umo uwaba ngo mwana wa muntu” nani? Ni lilali amoneka mu Cilye ca ku muulu kabili mulandu nshi amonekela? (b) Cinshi caimikwe mu 1914 C.E?

³⁶ Daniele asosele ukuti: “Namwene mu fimonwa fya bushiku, moneni, umo uwaba ngo mwana wa muntu aleisa na makumbi ya mu muulu, aisa afika na ku Mukote wa nshiku ne nshiku, e lyo apalamikwa pali wene.” (Daniele 7:13) Ilyo ali pe sonde, Yesu Kristu umwine aleita ati “umwana wa muntu” ukulangilila ukwampana kwakwe na bantunse. (Mateo 16:13; 25:31) Ku Sanhedrin, nelyo ku cilye cikalamba ica ciYuda, Yesu Kristu atile: “Mukamona Umwana wa muntu naikala ku kwa kulyo kwa maka, no kwisa pa makumbi ya mu muulu.” (Mateo 26:64) E co mu cimonwa ca kwa Daniele, uwaleisa, uushalemoneka ku bantu, no kufika kuli Yehova Lesa ali ni Yesu Kristu mu bukata, uwabuushiwe ku bafwa. Ni lilali ici cacitike?

³⁷ Lesa apinge cipingo ca Bufumu na Yesu Kristu, nga fintu fye apingile cipingo ne Mfumu Davidi. (2 Samwele 7:11-16; Luka 22:28-30) Lintu “inshita ya bena fyalo” yapwile mu 1914 C.E., Yesu Kristu, pamo nge mpyani ya cifumu iya kwa Davidi, alikwete insambu sha kupokelela Ubufumu. Icebo ca kusesema ica kwa Daniele cisosa ukuti: ‘Apeelwe ukuteka, no bukata, no bufumu, ukuti abantu na bantu bonse, na bantu ba nko, ne ndimi, bamupyungile; ukuteka kwakwe kuteka kwa muyayaya, ukushakapite, no bufumu bwakwe tabwakonaulwe.’ (Daniele 7:14) E co Ubufumu bwa buMesia bwaimikwe mu muulu mu 1914. Lelo ukuteka kupeelwako na kuli bambi.

38, 39. Ni bani bakapokelela ukuteka kwa muyayaya pa calo?

³⁸ Malaika atile “abashila ba Wapulamo bakapokelelo bufumu.” (Daniele 7:18, 22, 27) Yesu Kristu e mukalamba wa bashila. (Imilimo 3:14; 4:27, 30) Bambi “abashila” abakatekako ni ba 144,000, Abena Kristu ba busumino abasubwa no mupashi, ababa ni mpyani sha Bufumu pamo na Kristu. (Abena Roma 1:7; 8:17; 2 Abena Tesalonika 1:5; 1 Petro 2:9) Babuushiwa ku bafwa nge mipashi iishifwa ku kuteka na Kristu mu Lupili lwa Sione ulwa ku muulu. (Ukusokolola 2:10; 14:1; 20:6) E ico, Kristu Yesu na Bena Kristu basubwa ababuushiwa bakateka abantunse.

³⁹ Ulwa kuteka kwa Mwana wa muntu na “bashila” bambi ababuushiwa ku bafwa, malaika wa kwa Lesa atile: “Ubufumu no kuteka no bukalamba bwa mabufumu ya mwi samba lya muulu onse fikapeelwa ku bantu bashila ba Wapulamo, abo ubufumu bwabo bufumu bwa muyayaya, kabili fyalo fyonse fikabapyungila no kuumfwako.” (Daniele 7:27) We mapaalo abantunse ba cumfwila bakakwata muli bulya Bufumu!

40. Ni shani fintu twinganonkelamo mu kwangwako ku ciloto ne fimonwa ifya kwa Daniele?

⁴⁰ Daniele taishibe ulwa kufishiwapo kwawamisha ukwa fimonwa Lesa amupeele. Atile: “Pano e pa mpela ya mulandu. Na ine Daniele, amatontonkanyo yandi yalinsuswile; ukubeeka kwandi kwaaluka muli ine, lelo nalamine umulandu onse mu mutima wandi.” (Daniele 7:28) Lelo, ifwe tuleikala pa nshita ilyo twingomfwikisha ukufishiwapo kwa fyo Daniele amwene. Ukwangwako kuli uku kusesema kukakoshe citetekelo cesu no kusumbamo ukucetekela kwesu ukwa kuti Mesia, Imfumu ya kwa Yehova akateke calo.

[Amafutunoti]

FINSHI MWAILUKAMO?

• “Ifinama fine ifyakulisha ifilenina ukufuma muli bemba” fimininako cinshi?

• Ni bani baba ulu lusengo “lunono”?

• Ni shani fintu “abashila” bacushiwe ku lusengo lunono ulwa cimpashanya mu Nkondo ya Calo iya Kubalilapo?

• Cinshi cikacitika ku lusengo lunono ulwa cimpashanya pamo ne fyalo fimbi ifyakwatisha maka ifya bunama?

• Munonkelemo shani mu kwangwako ku ciloto ca kwa Daniele ne fimonwa pa lwa “finama fine ifyakulisha”?

[Akabokoshi ne Fikope pe bula 149-152]

IMFUMU ISHISHIMISHA

KALEMBA umuGriki uwa mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 5 B.C.E. amwibukishe nge mfumu ishishimisha kabili iisuma. Mu Baibolo etwa “uwasubwa” wa kwa Lesa kabili “icuni ciswango ukufumo kutula akasuba.” (Esaya 45:1; 46:11) Iyi mfumu yalelandwapo ni Koreshe Mukalamba, uwa ku Persia.

Koreshe atendeke ukulumbuka mupepi na 560 na 559 B.C.E. lintu apyene wishi Cambyses I pa bufumu ukuteka Anshan, umusumba nelyo icitungu ca Persia wa kale. Pali ilya nshita umusumba wa Anshan waletekwa na Astyages Imfumu ya bena Madai. Ilyo apondokele ubuteko bwa bena Madai, Koreshe takokwele ukucimfya pantu umulalo wa kwa Astyages waishileba ku lubali lwakwe. Lyene abena Madai batendeke ukumfwila Koreshe. Pa numa ya ico, abena Madai na bena Persia batendeke ukulwila capamo mu kutungululwa na wene. E fyo ubuteko bwa Madai na Persia bwaishiletendeka no kuteka ukufuma kuli Bemba wa Aegean ukufika ku Mumana wa Indus.—Moneni mapu.

Apo akwete imilalo ya bena Madai na bena Persia, Koreshe abalilepo ukuyapwisha ubwafya ukwali icimfulunganya, ku masamba ya Madai uko Croesus Imfumu ya ku Ludia aletanunwina ubufumu bwakwe mu calo ca bena Madai. Ilyo aselele ku mupaka wa ku kabanga uwa Buteko bwa Ludia mu Asia Minor, Koreshe acimfishe Croesus no kupoka Sarde, umusumba wa uko uwa bwangalishi. Lyene Koreshe acimfishe imisumba ya ku Ionia no kulunda Asia Minor yonse ku Buteko bwa Madai na Persia. Na muli fyo aishileba umulwani mukalamba uwa Babele ne mfumu ya uko, Nabonidasi.

Lyene Koreshe apekanishishe ukulwa na Babele wa maka. Kabili ukutula iyi nshita, abimbilwe mu kufishiwapo kwa kusesema kwa Baibolo. Ukupitila muli kasesema Esaya, mupepi ne myaka 200 ilyo ifi fishilacitika, Yehova atile Koreshe e mfumu yali no kutaasha Babele no kulubula abaYuda muli bunkole. Uku kusontelwa libela e kwalenga Amalembo ukulanda ulwa kwa Koreshe ngo “wasubwa” wa kwa Yehova.—Esaya 44:26-28.

Lintu Koreshe aishile ku kulwisha Babele mu 539 B.C.E., akwete umulimo ushaikulila. Uyu musumba walemoneka ngo ushingengililwa pantu washingulwikwe na malinga yakalamba ne mpembwe yashika kabili iikalamba iyapangilwe no mumana wa Yufrate. Pa cifulo pantu umumana wa Yufrate walekonkolokela mu Babele, ilinga ilitali nga nshi ilyakwete impongolo ishikalamba isha mukuba lyapitile mu fituntu fya mumana. Ni shani fintu Koreshe engengilila Babele?

Ukucila pa myaka 100 ilyo ifi fishilacitika, Yehova asobele ukuti ‘ulupanga, lukabe ku menshi yakwe, ukuti yakakame.’ (Yeremia 50:38) Umwabelele ukusesema, Koreshe aendele amakilomita yanono ukulola ku ntulilo ya Mumana wa Yufrate ku kapinda ka kuso aka Babele no kuyapaatula amenshi. Lyene umulalo wakwe wakubwile mu kwabuka umumana, ukunina umulundu walelola kwi linga, no kwingila mu musumba mu kwanguka pantu impongolo sha mukuba shashilwe ishacenama. Ukupale “cuni iciswango” icilunga lubilo lubilo, uyu kateka “ukufumo kutula akasuba” ku kabanga acandile Babele mu bushiku fye bumo!

Ku baYuda mu Babele, ukucimfya kwa kwa Koreshe kwalangilile ukuti ukulubulwa muli bunkole ukwalolelwa pa nshita ntali kwafika pamo ne mpela ya kupomonwa kwa calo cabo ukwa myaka 70. Fintu bafwile basansamwike ilyo Koreshe abilishe ifyo kuti babwelele ku Yerusalemu no kukuula itempele cipya cipya! Koreshe ababweseshe ne fipe fye tempele ifyaumo mutengo ifyo Nebukadnesari asendele ku Babele, no kubapeele nsambu sha kushita imbao ukufuma ku Lebanone, no kuleka indalama ukufuma ku ng’anda ya mfumu shibomfiwe mu bukuule.—Esra 1:1-11; 6:3-5.

Koreshe ali uwa nkumbu kabili uushishimisha ku bantu alecimfya. Napamo imipepele yakwe e yalengele ukuti abe fi. Koreshe afwile alekonka ififundisho fya kwa Zoroaster, kasesema umwina Persia no kupepa Ahura Mazda, lesa uo baletontonkanya ukuti e wabumbile ifisuma fyonse. Mu citabo cakwe ica The Zoroastrian Tradition, Farhang Mehr alembele ukuti: “Zoroaster alelondolola ukuti Lesa wa mibele yapwililika. Aleeba abantu ukuti Ahura Mazda talandula lelo wa bulungi, e co mulingile ukumutemwa te kumutiina iyo.” Ukusumina muli lesa wa mibele isuma kabili uwa bulungi napamo e kwalengele Koreshe ukuba umusuma ku bantu alecimfya no kuba no mulinganya.

Lelo, iyi mfumu tayashishimishe imiceele yali mu Babele. Ukukaba kwa mu lusuba kwalemupesha amano. E co ilyo Babele yashele ngo musumba wa cifumu uwa bulya buteko, ne cishinte ca mipepele ne ntambi, yalebomfiwa fye ngo musumba wa bwangalishi mu mpepo. Na kuba, pa numa ya kucimfya Babele, Koreshe mu kwangufyanya abwelele ku Akimeta, umusumba wakwe uwa bwangalishi mu lusuba uwasanswike nalimo amamita 1,900 mwi samba lya lupili lwa Alwand. Kulya impepo yali eyefilya pantu kwalekaba mu lusuba kabili e miceele iyo atemenwe. Koreshe akuulile ne sano lishaiwamina mu Pasargadae (mupepi na Persepolisi), umusumba wakwe uwa bwangalishi uwa ntanshi, amakilomita 650 ukufuma ku cifulo cabela pa kati ka kapinda ka kulyo na kabanga ka Akimeta. Ilya ng’anda e ko aleya mu kushinamo.

E co, abantu bebukisha Koreshe nga kacimfya washipa kabili imfumu ishishimisha. Ukuteka kwakwe ukwa myaka 30 kwapwile ilyo afwile mu bulwi mu 530 B.C.E. Umwana wakwe Cambyses II e wamupyene ukuba imfumu ya bena Persia.

FINSHI MWAILUKAMO?

• Ni shani fintu Koreshe umwina Persia abele “uwasubwa” wa kwa Yehova?

• Mulimo nshi uwacindama uo Koreshe acitiile abantu ba kwa Yehova?

• Koreshe alesunga shani abantu alecimfya?

[Mapu]

(Nga mulefwaya ukumona mapu, moneni mu citabo)

UBUTEKO BWA MADAI NA PERSIA

MAKEDONIA

Memfisi

EGUPTI

ETIOPIA

Yerusalemu

Babele

Akimeta

Susa

Persepolis

INDIA

[Icikope]

Inshishi ya kwa Koreshe pa Pasargadae

[Icikope]

Icikope cabaaswa ica pa Pasargadae, icilelangilila Koreshe

[Akabokoshi ne Fikope pe bula 153-161]

IMFUMU YACAICE YACIMFYE CALO

IMYAKA nalimo 2,300 iyapitapo, mushika wa mushishi wayemba uwali mu myaka ya ba20 aiminine pa lulamba lwa Bemba wa Mediterranean. Alelolesha pa musumba wa cishi cali amamita 500 ukufuma apo ali. Uyu mushika wakalifiwe apampamine pa kucimfya ulya musumba pantu balimuleseshe ukwingilamo. Ali no kuusansa shani? Kupitila mu kupanga umusebo wasansuka uuleya ku cishi no kupekanishisha umulalo wakwe ku kulwisha ulya musumba. Umulimo wa kupanga ulya musebo wali nautendeka kale.

Lelo ubukombe bwafumine ku mfumu nkalamba iya Buteko bwa Persia bwapumfyenye uyu mushika wacaice. Apo alefwaisho kubakilila umutende, uyu kateka wa bena Persia amutambike ifintu fyakulisha ifyali: amatalanti ya golde 10,000 (ukucila pa madola amabilioni yabili ukulingana ne cipimo ca nomba), ukumufya umo pa bana ba mfumu, no kuteke fyalo fya ku masamba fyonse ifya Buteko bwa Persia. Uyu mushika ali no kupeelwa fyonse fi nga abwesha ulupwa lwa mfumu ulo aikete.

Uyu mushika uwali no kupokelela nelyo ukukaana ifyo atambikwe ali ni Alekesandere III uwa ku Makedonia. Bushe alingile ukusumina ifyo atambikwe? Ulrich Wilcken, kalemba wa lyashi lya kale atila: “Yali ni nshita yakakala ku calo ca kale. Cine cine ifyafumine mu co asalilepo fyakumine aba Nkulo sha pa Kati kabili filatukuma na ifwe, te mulandu no ko twikala.” Ilyo tushilamona ifyo Alekesandere asalilepo, natumone ifyalengele ukuti iyi nshita yakakala ibeko.

UKUTUNTUKA KWA KWA KACIMFYA

Alekesandere afyalilwe ku Pella, mu Makedonia mu 356 B.C.E. Wishi ali ni Mfumu Filipi II, na nyina ali ni Olympias uwashimikile Alekesandere ukuti ishamfumu sha ku Makedonia shafumine kuli Hercules, umwana wa kwa Seu, lesa wa ciGriki. Ukulingana na Olympias, Achilles uwalandwapo sana muli Iliad, inshintu ya kwa Homer e wali icikolwe ca kwa Alekesandere. Alekesandere wacaice talepoosako amano kuli fimbi pantu abafyashi bakwe bamulengele atemwe ukucimfya no bukata bwa cifumu. Ilyo aipushiwe nga kuti abutukako muli nakatango mu Mangalo ya Olympic, Alekesandere atile kano nga kubutuka ne shamfumu. Imifwaile yakwe yali ya kucita ifyacilile pa fyo wishi acitile no kuleka balemulumbanya ukupitila mu fyo alepwishishisha.

Ilyo ali ne myaka 13, Alekesandere alesambilishiwa kuli Aristotle, uwa mano ya buntunse umuGriki, uwamulengele ukutemwa ifya mano ya buntunse, ifya miti, na sayansi. Tacaishibikwa pa lwa fyo ifisambilisho fya mano ya buntunse ifya kwa Aristotle fyamumungile imintontonkanishishe ya kwa Alekesandere. Bertrand Russell uwa mano ya buntunse uwa mu mwanda wa myaka walenga 20 asosa ukuti: “Kuti calinga ukusosa ifyo te fingi basuminishenyepo. Aristotle atemenwe imisumba ya ciGriki iyaikwatile ubufumu, e co epo imimwene yakwe iya bupolitiki yashimpilwe, lelo iyo mitekele yali mupepi no kuloba.” Imfundo ya kuba ne misumba inono iileiteka ifwile tayasekeshe iyi mpyani ya ku bufumu iyalefwaya ukwimika ubuteko ubukalamba ubwaikatana. Alekesandere afwile tatemenwe icishinte ca kwa Aristotle ica kusunga abashali abaGriki nga basha, pantu aletontonkanya ulwa buteko bwalelunduluka umo bakacimfya na bacimfiwe balebombela pamo.

Lelo, tatwingatwishika ukuti Aristotle alengele Alekesandere atemwe ukubelenga no kusambilila. Mu bumi bwakwe bonse Alekesandere alitemenwe ukubelenga, na kucilisha ukubelenga ifyalelemba Homer. Citunganishiwa ukuti asungile ku mutwe imitande 15,693 iya mashiwi ya nshintu aya lupapulo lwa Iliad.

Ukusambilishiwa na Aristotle kwaishilepwa mu kupumikisha mu 340 B.C.E. lintu uyu cilolo wa myaka 16 abwelele ku Pella ku kuteka Makedonia ilyo wishi ashaliko. Kabili iyi mpyani ku cipuna ca bufumu yaishileishibikwa mu kwangufyanya mu fya bulwi. Icasansamwishe Filipi cali ca kuti mu kwangufyanya iyi mpyani yacimfishe umukowa wapondweke uwa Maedi uwa ku Thrace, no kucimfya bwangu bwangu umusumba wa uko uukalamba, no kwinika cilya cifulo Alexandroúpolis, umwabele shina lyakwe.

ATWALILILA UKUCIMFYA

Ukwipaiwa kwa kwa Filipi mu 336 B.C.E. kwalengele Alekesandere uwali ne myaka 20 ukupyana ubufumu bwa Makedonia. Ilyo aingilile Asia ku Hellespont (uko nomba beta Dardanelles) muli shinde mu mwaka wa 334 B.C.E., Alekesandere atendeke lulu wa kucimfya no mulalo unono lelo uwalebomba bwino uwa bashilika 30,000 aba pa makasa na bashilika 5,000 aba pali bakabalwe. Abali pamo no mulalo wakwe bali ni bainjiniya, bamanjimela, bakashila-mayanda, basayantisiti, na bakalemba wa lyashi lya kale.

Ku Mumana wa Granicus uwabela pa kati ka kapinda ka kuso na masamba ku Asia Minor (uko nomba beta Turkey), Alekesandere acimfishe ubulwi bwa kubalilapo ubo alwile na bena Persia. Muli ilya nshita ya mpepo acimfishe icifulo ca ku masamba ya Asia Minor. Mu mibundo yakonkelepo, ubulwi bwa cibili ubukalamba na bena Persia bwali ku Issus, ku cifulo cabela pa kati ka kapinda ka kulyo na kabanga ka Asia Minor. Imfumu nkalamba iya bena Persia Dariusi III yaishile no mulalo wa baume ukucila pali 500,000 ku kukumanya Alekesandere. Apo ashininkishe ukuti alacimfya, Dariusi aishile na banyina, umukashi wakwe, na bambi aba mu lupwa lwakwe ku kuleka bamoneko icali no kuba ukucimfya kukalamba. Lelo abena Persia tabaipekanishishe ku kusansa kwa mu kupumikisha kabili ukwa maka ukwa bena Makedonia. Imilalo ya kwa Alekesandere yacimfishe umulalo wa bena Persia, ukubacimfisha umuku wa limo, kabili Dariusi alifulumwike, ukusha ulupwa lwakwe kuli Alekesandere.

Mu cifulo ca kukunkunika abena Persia balefulumuka, Alekesandere aile lwa ku kapinda ka kulyo aka Lulamba lwa Mediterranean ukucimfya ififulo apo amashitima ya pa menshi aya nkondo aya bena Persia yaleiminina. Lelo ulya musumba wa pa cishi uwa Turi walwishishe kulya kucandila. Apo apampamine pa kuucimfya, Alekesandere atendeke ukupimpila ukuucandila ukwasendele imyeshi 7. Ni muli uku kucandila umo Dariusi atambike filya tulandilepo kale ku kuleka pabe umutende. Filya fintu bamutambike fyali ifisuma nga nshi ica kuti cishimikwa ifyo Parmenio impanda mano yakwe uo bacetekele asosele ukuti: ‘Mba Alekesandere, nga nasumina.’ Lelo uyu mushika wacaice ayaswike ukuti: ‘Nga ninsumina, mba Parmenio.’ Apo alikaana ukuwikishanya, Alekesandere atwalilile na kulya kucandila no konaula cilya calo caishibishe ifya pali bemba mu July 332 B.C.E.

Ukukanacandila Yerusalemu iyacimbile, Alekesandere aselele ku kapinda ka ku kulyo no kucimfya Gasa. Icalo ca Egupti camupokelele ngo mulubushi apo catekelwe mfine ku buteko bwa bena Persia. Ku Memfisi apeele ilambo kuli Apis ing’ombe ilume, na muli fyo ukutemuna bashimapepo abena Egupti. Na kabili e waimike umusumba wa Alexandria, uwaishilelingana na Atena nge cifulo cikalamba ica fya masomo kabili na nomba witwa Alexandria umwabelele shina lyakwe.

Alekesandere aishilealukila ku lubali lwa pa kati ka kapinda ka kuso na kabanga, ukupulinkana mu Palestine no kulola ku Mumana wa Hidekele (Tigrisi). Mu mwaka wa 331 B.C.E., atendeke ubulwi bukalamba ubwa citatu na bena Persia, ku Gaugamela, mupepi na ku fitantaala fya Ninebe. Uku eko abaume 47,000 aba kwa Alekesandere bacimfishe umulalo wa bena Persia uwateyanishiwe cipya cipya uwa bashilika nalimo 250,000! Dariusi alifulumwike kabili aishileipaiwa ku bantu bakwe bene.

Apo alicincimushiwe ku kucimfya, Alekesandere ayalukile ku kapinda ka kulyo no kupoka Babele, umusumba wa bena Persia uko alekuukila mu nshita ya mpepo. Apokele ne misumba ya bwangalishi ku Susa na Persepolis, ukupoka ifyuma ifingi ifya bena Persia no koca isano likalamba ilya kwa Xerxes. Asukile acimfya umusumba wa bwangalishi uwa Akimeta. Uyu mwaume alecimfya lubilo lubilo lyene aishilecimfya ififulo fyonse ifya bena Persia, ukufika fye na ku kabanga ka Mumana wa Indus, uwabela nomba ku Pakistan.

Ilyo aabwike umumana wa Indus, ku mupaka wa citungu ca Persia ica Taxila, Alekesandere akumenye umulwani wa kutiinya, Porus imfumu ya ku India. Mu June 326 B.C.E., Alekesandere aishilelwa ubulwi bukalamba ne yi mfumu, ubwali bwa bune kabili ubwa kulekelesha. Umulalo wa kwa Porus wakwete abashilika 35,000 ne nsofu 200, isho shatiinishe bakabalwe ba bena Makedonia. Bulya bulwi bwali bwa kutiinya kabili bengi bafwile, lelo imilalo ya kwa Alekesandere yalicimfishe. Porus alicimbile kabili aishileba cibusa wa kwa Alekesandere.

Imyaka ukucila pali 8 yali naipita apo umulalo wa bena Makedonia wailile ku Asia, na bashilika bali nabanaka kabili balefuluka ku myabo. Balefwaya ukuya ku ng’anda pantu balinashiwe ku bulwi bukalamba ubo balwile na Porus. Nangu cingati Alekesandere talefwaya pa kubala, aishilebasuminisha. Cine cine icalo ca Greece cali naciba icalo cakwatisha amaka. Apo abaGriki baleteka ifyalo fyalecimfiwa, iciGriki ne ntambi sha ciko fyaanene mu bufumu bonse.

IMIBELE YA UYU MWAUME WA BULWI

Icaleikatanya umulalo wa bena Makedonia mu myaka balecimfya cali mibele ya kwa Alekesandere. Pa numa ya kulwa, Alekesandere abeleshe ukupempula abacenenwe, ukumona ifilonda fyabo, ukulumbanya abashilika pa milimo yabo iyapambana, no kubatasha ukupitila mu kubapeela indalama ukulingana ne fyo bacimfishe. Ku balefwila mu bulwi, Alekesandere alebashika mu mucinshi. Abafyashi na bana ba balefwila mu bulwi tabalelipila imisonko iili yonse nelyo ukubomba imilimo ya buteko. Ku kucincimushiwa pa numa ya bulwi, Alekesandere alecita ifyangalo no kucimfyanya ku kupupwako umwela. Inshita imo apeele fye na baume baupile ilyo line cuti, ku kuleka babe na bakashi babo ku Makedonia mu nshita ya mpepo. Incitilo sha musango yu shamulengele ukuti atemwikwe ku bantu bakwe.

Ulwa cupo ca kwa Alekesandere kuli Roxana Umwana wa Mfumu ya ku Bactria, Plutarch umuGriki, kalemba wa malyashi ya bumi bwa bantu alembele ukuti: “Cine cine cali cintemwa, na kabili camoneke nge cisuma ku fyo alefwaya. Pantu casansamwishe abantu abacimfishe ukumumona asala umukashi pali bene, kabili cabalengele ukumutemwa sana pa kwishiba ukuti nangu cingati ali ne ci cintemwa, uyu mwaume uucite fintu mu kulinga taleele nankwe ukufikila ilyo amupile ukulingana ne funde kabili mu mucinshi.”

Alekesandere alecindika ne fyupo fya bambi. Nangu cingati umukashi wa Mfumu Dariusi ali ni nkole, aleshininkisha ukuti alesungwa bwino. Ilyo aishibe ukuti abashilika ba ku Greece babili bacendele abakashi aba bambi bambi, akambishe ukuti bakepaiwe nga bashininwa.

Ukupala nyina Olympias, Alekesandere alepepa sana. Alepeela amalambo ilyo ashilaya ku bulwi na pa numa ya bulwi no kubuke mbuko pa lwa bupilibulo bwa fya kupendula fimo fimo. Aleipusha na namapepo wa ku Amone, mu Libya. Kabili ku Babele alekonka amakambisho ya bena Kaldi pa lwa malambo, na kucilisha aya kuli lesa wa Babele Bel (Marduk).

Nangu cingati Alekesandere tali mufunushi, asukile atendeka ukunwesho bwalwa. Ilyo alenwo mwangashi, alelanda sana maka maka pa fyo apwishishishe. Icabipisha cimo ico Alekesandere acitile cali kwipaya Clitus umunankwe, ilyo afulilwe ninshi nakolwa. Lelo Alekesandere alibipilwe nga nshi ica kuti pa nshiku shitatu alelaala fye mu busanshi ukwabula ukulya nelyo ukunwa icili conse. Abanankwe basukile bamunashanasha ku kuleka atendeke ukulya.

Mu kuya kwa nshita, ukufwaisha kwa bukata ukwa kwa Alekesandere kwamulengele akwata imibele yabipa. Atendeke ukumfwila ifya bufi no kukanda abantu icabipisha. Ku ca kumwenako, apo alengelwe ukumfwila ukuti Philotas alefwaya ukumwipaya, Alekesandere alengele wene na wishi, Parmenio, impanda mano acetekele ukwipaiwa.

ICACIMFISHE ALEKESANDERE

Ilyo abwelele fye ku Babele, Alekesandere aishilelwala ubulwele bwa mpepo, ubo ashapoleleko. Pa June 13, 323 B.C.E., pa numa ya kwikala fye imyaka 32 ne myeshi 8, Alekesandere alicimbile ku mulwani atiinya sana, imfwa.

Cali nga fintu uwa mano umo umwina India asosele ukuti: “Mwe Mfumu Alekesandere, umuntu umo umo akwata fye akaciputusha ka pano isonde pantu eminine; kabili apo na imwe muli fye umuntu nge fyaba abantu bambi, mwapusanako fye mu kuti mwalipikintika kabili mulabombesha, mwendauka muli lino isonde ukutali na ku myenu, ukuicusha no kucusha bambi. Lelo nomba line muli no kufwa, kabili iciputusha cenu cikaba palya mukashiikwa.”

FINSHI MWAILUKAMO?

• Alekesandere Mukalamba akushiwe shani?

• Pa numa fye ya kupyana ubufumu bwa Makedonia, ni lulu nshi Alekesandere atendeke?

• Londololeni ukucimfya kwa kwa Alekesandere kumo kumo.

• Kuti mwatilapo shani pa mibele ya kwa Alekesandere?

[Mapu]

(Nga mulefwaya ukumona mapu, moneni mu citabo)

UKUCIMFYA KWA KWA ALEKESANDERE

MAKEDONIA

EGUPTI

Babele

Umumana wa Indus

[Icikope]

Alekesandere

[Icikope]

Aristotle no musambi wakwe Alekesandere

[Icikope]

[Icikope]

Imendulo batila ilangilila Alekesandere Mukalamba

[Akabokoshi ne Fikope pe bula 162, 163]

UBUFUMU BUKALAMBA BWAAKANIWA

ULWA bufumu bwa kwa Alekesandere Mukalamba, Baibolo yasobele ulwa kutobaulwa no kwakaniwa ‘ifishakabe fya mbuto sha iko.’ (Daniele 11:3, 4) E ico, mu myaka fye 14 pa numa ya mfwa ya kupumikisha iya kwa Alekesandere mu 323 B.C.E., umwana wakwe uwa mu ng’anda Alexander IV no mwana wakwe uwa mu cani Heracles balipaiwe.

Ilyo umwaka wa 301 B.C.E. walefika, bane aba muli bamushika wa kwa Alekesandere baibikile pa bufumu mu buteko bukalamba ubo mushika wabo umukalamba aimike. Mushika Cassander atendeke ukuteka Makedonia na Greece. Mushika Lysimachus atendeke ukuteka Asia Minor na Thrace. Seleucus I Nicator atekele Mesopotamia na Aramu. Kabili Ptolemy Lagus nelyo Ptolemy I, atekele Egupti na Palestine. E ico, mu bufumu bumo ubukalamba ubwa kwa Alekesandere mwafumine amabufumu ya ciGriki yane.

Pali aya mabufumu yane aya ciGriki, ukuteka kwa kwa Cassander e kushakokwele. Imyaka inono pa numa ya kutendeka ukuteka, takwali umwaume washele mu lupwa lwa kwa Cassander uwingateka, kabili mu 285 B.C.E., Lysimachus atendeke ukuteka icifulo ca ku Bulaya ica Buteko bwa Greece. Pa numa ya myaka ine, Lysimachus alipaiwe mu bulwi ku mulalo wa kwa Seleucus I Nicator, ukumulenga ukuteka ififulo ifingi ifya ku Asia. Seleucus e wali uwa ntanshi mu mutande wa shamfumu sha kwa Seleucius mu Aramu [Suria]. Aimike umusumba wa Antioke mu Aramu no kuulenga waba umusumba wakwe uupya uwa bwangalishi. Seleucus alipaiwe mu 281 B.C.E., lelo umutande wa shamfumu aimike watekele ukufika mu 64 B.C.E. lintu Pompey Mushika wa ciRoma alengele Aramu ukuba icitungu ca Roma.

Pa mabufumu yane ayafumine mu buteko bwa kwa Alekesandere, ubufumu bwa kwa Ptolemy e bwakokweshe. Ptolemy I abele imfumu mu 305 B.C.E. no kwisaba imfumu ya ntanshi iya shamfumu sha ku Makedonia, nelyo baFarao, ba ku Egupti. Ilyo line fye alengele Alexandria ukuba e musumba wa bwangalishi, no kutendeka ukuwamye misumba. Icikuulwa cakulisha pali fyonse ico akuulile cali ni Alexandrian Library iyalumbuka. Ku kwangalila uyu mulimo ukalamba, Ptolemy aletele Demetri Phalereus, uwasoma waishibikwe uwa ku Atena, mu Greece. Cishimikwa ukuti ilyo umwanda wa myaka uwa kubalilapo C.E. walefika, ilya laibrare yakwete ifimfungwa ukucila pali milioni umo. Umutande wa shamfumu mu bukonkani bwa kwa Ptolemy shatekele Egupti ukufikila ilyo cilya calo cacimfiwe ku bena Roma mu 30 B.C.E. Lyene icalo ca Roma capyene Greece nge calo cakwatishe amaka.

FINSHI MWAILUKAMO?

• Ni shani fintu ubuteko bukalamba ubwa kwa Alekesandere bwaakaniwe?

• Umutande wa shamfumu sha kwa Seleucius watekele Aramu ukufikila lilali?

• Ni lilali ubufumu bwa kwa Ptolemy ubwa ku Egupti bwawile?

[Mapu]

(Nga mulefwaya ukumona mapu, moneni mu citabo)

UKWAKANIWA KWA BUTEKO BWA KWA ALEKESANDERE

Ptolemy I

Cassander

Lysimachus

Seleucus I

[Ifikope]

Ptolemy I

Seleucus I

[Ifikope pe bula 139]

(Nga mulefwaya ukumona mapu, moneni mu citabo)

IFYALO FYAKWATISHA AMAKA IFYA MU KUSESEMA KWA KWA DANIELE

Icimpashanya calulubala (Daniele 2:31-45)

Ifinama fine fyafuma muli bemba (Daniel 7:3-8, 17, 25)

BABELE ukufuma mu 607 B.C.E.

MEDO-PERSIA ukufuma mu 539 B.C.E.

GREECE ukufuma mu 331 B.C.E.

ROMA ukufuma mu 30 B.C.E.

IFYALO FYAKWATISHA AMAKA IFYAUMANA AKAPI IFYA BRITAIN NA AMERICA ukufuma mu 1763 C.E.

ICALO CAAKANIWA MU FYA BUPOLITIKI mu nshita sha ku mpela

[Icikope pe bula 128]

[Icikope pe bula 147]