Mishnah na Malango ya kwa Lesa Kuli Mose
“TUTENDEKA ne tontonkanyo lya kuti twatampa ukumfwa ku lyashi litendeke kale pa lwa fintu tushingomfwa . . . Twayumfwa . . . kwati tuli mu muputule ulolelamo abali pa lwendo pa cibansa ca ndeke ica kutali. Tuleumfwa amashiwi abantu balesosa, lelo twapelenganishiwa pa fyo balepilibula ne fyo balelangulukapo, na kucilisha, fintu bakwankwanya mu milandile yabo.” Ifi e fyo uwasoma umuYuda Jacob Neusner alondolola fintu bakabelenga bengayumfwa ilyo batendeka ukubelenga Mishnah umuku wa kubalilapo. Neusner alundapo ukuti: “Mishnah tayakwata intendekelo yabamo amano. Ipwa fye mu kupumikisha.”
Mu citabo ca A History of Judaism, Daniel Jeremy Silver eta Mishnah nga “kamfukumfuku ka fyebo fyakatama ifya buYuda bwa cirabi.” Na kabushe, alundapo ukuti: “Mishnah yapyene Baibolo nge fyebo fyali no kusambilishiwa ifyakatamisha ifya kutwalilila amasomo ya [buYuda].” Mulandu nshi icitabo cishalondololwa mu kumfwika cingakatamine fi?
Icasuko cimo kuti casangwa muli aya mashiwi yalondololwa mu Mishnah aya kuti: “Mose apokelele Torah pa Sinai no kupeela Yoshua, Yoshua apeele abakalamba na bakalamba bapeele bakasesema. Kabili bakasesema bapeele abaume ba ku cilye cikalamba.” (Avot 1:1) Mishnah iitunga ukukwata ifyebo fyapeelwe kuli Mose pa Lupili lwa Sinai—ifyali lubali lwa Malango ya kwa Lesa kuli Israele ayashalembelwe. Abaume ba ku cilye cikalamba (icaishile mu kwitwa Sanhedrin) balemonwa nga baba ulubali lwa mutande wa kufyalwa uutali uwa basoma aba mano, abaleshimika ifisambilisho fimo ku nkulo ne nkulo ukufikila ilyo fyalembelwe mu Mishnah. Lelo bushe ico ca cine? Bushe cine cine nani walembele Mishnah, kabili mulandu nshi? Bushe ifyabamo fyafumine kuli Mose pa Sinai? Bushe yalitukwatila ubupilibulo ilelo?
UbuYuda Bwabula Itempele
Icisumino mwi funde lya buLesa ilya pa kanwa mu kulunda ku Malango ya kwa Mose ayalembelwe tacaishibikwe ilyo Amalembo yalelembwa mu kupuutwamo.a (Ukufuma 34:27) Pa numa ya myanda ya myaka iingi abaFarise ebali ibumba mu kati ka buYuda ilyalundulwile no kusumbula iyi mfundo. Mu mwanda wa myaka uwa kubalilapo C.E., abaSaduke na baYuda bambi balilwishishe ici cisambilisho cishasuminishiwa na Baibolo. Nangu cibe fyo, umulandu we funde lya pa kanwa tawali pa ntanshi kulila fye itempele mu Yerusalemu e lyali icifulo cacindama ica kupepa kwa buYuda. Ukupepa pe tempele kwalelenga umuYuda onse ukuba uwaiteyanya kabili uwashikatalako.
Nangu ni fyo, mu 70 C.E., uluko lwa buYuda lwapitile mu mafya ya mipepele ayakalamba nga nshi. Yerusalemu alyonawilwe ku bashilika ba ciRoma, kabili abaYuda ukucila pali milioni umo balipaiwe. Itempele, icifulo cacindama ica bumi bwabo ubwa ku mupashi, lyalilobele. Cali icakosesha nga nshi nomba ukukonka Amalango ya kwa Mose, ayalekabila amalamba no mulimo wa bushimapepo pe tempele. Icashimpilwepo ubuYuda calilobele. Uwasoma Talmud Adin Steinsaltz alembele ukuti: “Ubonaushi . . . mu 70 C.E. bwalengele ukubwesha cipya cipya ukwa bumi bwa mipepele ubwa kutendekelako bonse ukuba icintu ce pamfya.” Lelo ukubwesha balibweseshe ilya mipepele.
Nangu ni lintu itempele lishilaonaulwa, Yohanan Ben Zakkai, umusambi wacindikwa uwa ntungulushi ya buFarise Hillel, asuminishiwe kuli Vespasian (uwali no kuba kateka mu kwangufyanya) ukusesha icifulo cacindama ica ku mupashi ica buYuda na Sanhedrin ukufuma ku Yerusalemu ukutwala ku Yavneh. Nga fintu Steinsaltz alondolola, pa numa ya bonaushi bwa Yerusalemu, Yohanan Ben Zakkai “alolenkene no bwafya bwa kwimika icifulo cacindama icipya ica bantu no kubaafwa ukuteuluka ukulingana ne mibele ipya umo ukupimpa kwa mipepele kwali no kukwata icifulo cacindama cimbi pa mulandu wa kuti Itempele lyalilobele.” Ico cifulo cacindama icipya cali lifunde lya pa kanwa.
Apantu nomba itempele lyalilobele abaSaduke ne fyakaniko fya buYuda tabasangile ica kusengulwilamo ica cine cine. AbaFarise basangwike e ntungulushi sha buYuda, ukwikatanya utumabumba twalelwisha. Mu kukomaila pa kwikatana, barabi bakalamba balilekele ukuita abaFarise, ishiwi lyaisulamo ubupilibulo bwa cakaniko no kulemenena kwi bumba limo. Baishileishibikwa fye nga barabi, “aba mano aba Israele.” Aba ba mano balelonganya pamo ifisumino fya kusuminisha imfundo yabo iye funde lya pa kanwa. Cali no kuba cimpangilile ca ku mupashi icishingonaulwa bwangu no muntu ukucila itempele.
Ukukosha Ifunde lya pa Kanwa
Nangu cingati isukulu lya burabi pa Yavneh (amakilomita 40 ku masamba ya Yerusalemu) e lyali ilikalamba nomba, amasukulu yambi ayalefunda ifunde lya pa kanwa yalitendeke ukubako ukupulinkana Israele onse no kufika fye na ku Babele na Roma ukushailepela. Nangu cibe fyo, ici caletele ubwafya. Steinsaltz alondolola ukuti: “Icishilano cimo cine calisungililwe kulila fye aba mano bonse bali pamo no mulimo ukalamba uwa kusoma uulebombwapo ne bumba limo ilya baume [mu Yerusalemu]. Lelo ukwingilishako kwa bakafundisha no kutendeka kwa masukulu yambi fyalengele . . . ukufulisha kwa mashiwi ne nshila sha kuyalumbwilamo.”
Bakafundisha be funde lya pa kanwa baleitwa Tannaim, ishiwi lyafuma kwi shiwi lya ciAramaic ilipilibula “ukusoma,” “ukubwekeshapo,” nelyo “ukusambilisha.” Ili shina lyalelangilila sana inshila yabo iya kusambilila no kufunda ifunde lya pa kanwa ukupitila mu kubwekeshapo sana no kusungila ku mutwe. Pa kuti ukusungila ku mutwe ukwa fishilano fya pa kanwa kwanguke, inumbwilo imo na imo nelyo icishilano fyalipifiwe. Te pa busuma amashiwi nga yacepelako. Barabi baeseshe ukulenga ukusungila kwa ku mutwe ukuba kumo kwine kabili ukwa nshintu, kabili ilingi amashiwi yaleimbwa. Nalyo line, ifi fishilano fyali mu cimfulumfulu, kabili kwalipusene pali bakafundisha.
Rabi wa kubalilapo ukulenga ifishilano fya pa kanwa ifingi ifyapusana ukukwata inshila ya kulumbwilamo imo no kufitantika ali ni Akiba ben Joseph (c. 50-135 C.E.). Ukulosha kuli wene, Steinsaltz alembele ukuti: “Abaikele mu nshita yakwe balingenye umulimo wakwe ku mulimo wa mubomfi uuya mwi bala no kulonga mu museke conse ico asanga, lyene no kubwelela ku ng’anda no kutantika conse ukulingana no mutundu wa ciko. Akiba asambilile ifintu ifingi ifyali mu cimfulumfulu no kufibika mu mabumba filingile ukuba.”
Mu mwanda wa myaka uwa cibili C.E.—ukucila na pa myaka 60 lintu Yerusalemu aonawilwe—Bar Kokhba e watungulwile ukupondoka kwa baYuda ukukalamba ukwa cibili ukulwisha Roma. Na kabili, bucipondoka bwaletele ubonaushi. Akiba na basambi bakwe abengi bali pa baYuda baipaiwe mupepi na milioni umo. Amasubilo ayali yonse aya kukuula itempele cipya cipya yalilobele lintu Kateka wa ciRoma Hadrian abilishe ukuti abaYuda tabali na kwingila mu Yerusalemu, kano nga ni pa kusefya kwa pa caka ukwa bonaushi bwe tempele.
Tannaim uwaikele pa numa ya kwa Akiba tabalile amona itempele mu Yerusalemu. Lelo imibele ye sambililo mu fishilano fye funde lya pa kanwa yasangwike “itempele” lyabo, nelyo icifulo cacindama ica kupepelamo. Umulimo watendekwe na Akiba na basambi bakwe mu kukosha iyi mibele ye funde lya pa kanwa wapwishishiwe na Tannaim wa kulekeleshako, Judah ha-Nasi.
Ifyapanga Mishnah
Judah ha-Nasi atuntwike kuli Hillel na Gamaliele.b Afyelwe mu nshita ya kupondoka kwa kwa Bar Kokhba, kabili aishileba umutwe wa bwikashi bwa buYuda mu Israele mupepi na ku mpela ya mwanda wa myaka uwalenga bubili na ku kutendeka kwa mwanda wa myaka uwalenga butatu C.E. Ilumbo ha-Nasi lipilibula “cilolo,” ukulangilila fye icifulo akwete ku baYuda banankwe. Ilingi etwa fye nga Rabi. Judah ha-Nasi e wali umutwe we sukulu lyakwe na Sanhedrin, pa kubala pa Bet She’arim na mu kulekelesha pa Sepphoris mu Galili.
Judah ha-Nasi apampamine pa kulenga ifunde lya pa kanwa ukuba mu mibele iingalenga ukuti lisungililwe ilyo aibukile ukuti ukukansana kwa ku ntanshi na Roma kuti kwalenga ukwananya kwe funde lya pa kanwa ukupwa. Alonganike pa sukulu lyakwe abasoma sana aba mu nshita yakwe. Icishinka cimo na cimo ne cishilano ce funde lya pa kanwa fyalilandilwepo. Ukusondwelela kwa uku kulanshanya kwalundanishiwe mu numbwilo ishipi isha kupapa, ukulingana ne milembele yasakamanisha iya nshintu ya ciHebere.
Uku kusondwelela kwabikilwe mu fiputulwa fikalamba 6, nelyo Amakambisho, ukulingana ne fya kulanshanyapo fikalamba. Judah aakenye fi mu mbali 63, nelyo ifyalembwa. Icikuulwa ca ku mupashi cali nacipwa nomba. Ukufikila ilya nshita, ifishilano fya musango yu fyaleananishiwa pa kanwa. Lelo mu kukoseshako ukucingililwa, ukwaluka kwa mupwilapo kwalicitilwe—uko ukwa kulemba fyonse. Ifi fyalembwa ifipya ifya kutemuna umwali ifunde lya pa kanwa fyaleitwa Mishnah. Ishina Mishnah lyafuma kwi shiwi lya ciHebere sha·nahʹ, ilipilibula “ukubwekeshapo,” “ukusoma,” nelyo “ukusambilisha.” Lyakwata ubupilibulo bumo bwine ne shiwi lya ciAramaiki tenaʼʹ, ukwafuma tan·na·ʼimʹ, ishiwi lyalebomfiwa kuli bakasambilisha ba Mishnah.
Imifwaile ya Mishnah tayali kwimika ukusupawila kwa mupwilapo ukwe funde lya ciYuda. Yalelanda sana pa lwa fyaibela, ukutunga ukuti kabelenga alishibe ifishinte fya kutendekelapo. Na kuba, yasupawile ifyalelandwapo no kusambilishiwa mu masukulu ya burabi mu nshita ya kwa Judah ha-Nasi. Mishnah yalembelwe ukuba nga autulaini we funde lya pa kanwa iya kulanshanya kwa ku ntanshi nge ca kutendekelapo ukukuula.
Mu cifulo ca kusokolola ifili fyonse Mose apeelwe pa Lupili lwa Sinai, Mishnah ilanda pa lwa kulunduluka kwe funde lya pa kanwa, imfundo yatendeke na baFarise. Ifyebo fyalembwa muli Mishnah filatusanikilako pa numbwilo mu Amalembo ya Bwina Kristu aya ciGriki na pa kulanshanya pa kati ka kwa Yesu Kristu na baFarise. Nangu cibe fyo kuli umulandu wa kubela abacenjela pantu imfundo shisangwa muli Mishnah shilangisha imimwene ya ciYuda ukufuma mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga bubili C.E. Mishnah bulalo pa kati ka nshita ye tempele lya cibili na Talmud.
[Amafutunoti]
a Ku fyebo fyalundwapo, moneni amabula 8-11 aya broshuwa ya Will There Ever Be a World Without War?, iyasabankanishiwa na Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
b Moneni icipande “Gamaliele—Asambilishe Sauli wa ku Tarsi,” mu Ulupungu lwa kwa Kalinda ulwa July 15, 1996.
[Akabokoshi pe bula 26]
Imbali sha Mishnah
Mishnah yaakanishiwa mu Makambisho 6. Aya yasanshamo amabuuku yacepako 63, nelyo ifyalembwa, ifyaakanishiwa mu fipandwa na mishnayot, nelyo amaparagrafu (te fikomo).
1. Zeraim (Amafunde ya Bulimi)
Ifi fyalembwa fisanshamo ukulanshanya pa lwa mapepo ya fya kulya na fimbi ifya bulimi. Na kabili yasanshamo amafunde pa lwa musangulo wa pa ce kumi, icalingwa ca bashimapepo, ukusota, ne myaka ye Sabata.
2. Moed (Utushita Twashila, ne Mitebeto)
Ifyalembwa muli ili Kambisho filanda pa lwa mafunde ye Sabata, Ubushiku bwa Kukonsolwela, ne mitebeto imbi.
3. Nashim (Abanakashi, ne Funde lya Cupo)
Ifi fyalembwa filanda pa lwa cupo no kulekana, imilapo, abaNasiri, ne milandu imbi iyo baletunganishiwa ubucende.
4. Nezikin (Icifuta Mulandu ne Funde lya Bana Calo)
Ifyalembwa muli ili Kambisho filanda pa lwe funde lya bana calo ne lya fikwatwa, pa lwa filye no kukanda pa lwa mulimo wa Sanhedrin, ukupepo tulubi, imilapo, ne Fishinte fya mibele isuma ifya Ntungulushi (Avot).
5. Kodashim (Amalambo)
Ifi fyalembwa filanda pa lwa mafunde yalosha ku nama ne ca buunga ca fiko pamo ne fipimo fye tempele.
6. Toharot (Ukusefya kwa Kuisangulula)
Ili Kambisho lilanda pa lwa kusangulula kwa kusefya, ukusamba, ukusambe minwe, amalwele pa mubili, no kukowela kwa fintu fyapusanapusana.
[Akabokoshi pe bula 28]
Mishnah na Amalembo ya Bwina Kristu aya CiGriki
Mateo 12:1, 2: “Mu nshita ilya Yesu apitile mu mabala ya ngano pe sabata; abasambi bakwe bali ne nsala, kabili batendeke ukutimpule mitwe ya ngano no kulya. Lelo abaFarise pa kumona, batile kuli wene, Mona, abasambi bobe bacite cishasuminishiwa kucita pe sabata.” Amalembo ya ciHebere tayalesha icacitile abasambi ba kwa Yesu. Lelo muli Mishnah tusanga ifintu 39 ifyo barabi baleseshe ukucita pe Sabata.—Shabbat 7:2.
Mateo 15:3: “Lelo [Yesu] pa kwasuka atile kuli bene, Cinshi ico na imwe mupulila mwi funde lya kwa Lesa ku ca cishilano cenu?” Mishnah ilasuminisha iyi mibele. (Sanhedrin 11:3) Tubelenga ukuti: “Abantu balikosapo nga nshi ku [kubake] fyebo fya ba Kalemba ukucila pa [kubake] fyebo fye Funde [lyalembwa]. Nga ca kuti umuntu asosa ukuti, ‘Takuli umulandu wa kufwalila bafulaketeria’ na muli fyo atoba amashiwi ye Funde, tali no mulandu; [lelo nga ca kuti asosa ukuti], muli bafulaketeria mufwile ukuba ifiputulwa fisano’, na muli fyo ukulunda ku mashiwi ya ba Kalemba, ali no mulandu.”—The Mishnah, calembelwe na Herbert Danby, ibula 400.
Abena Efese 2:14: “Pantu [Yesu] e mutende wesu, uwacitile bonse babili ukuba umo, no kukuululule cibumba ca pa kati ica kupaatukanya.” Mishnah isosa ukuti: “Mu kati ka Lupili lwe Tempele mwali icicingo ca mapulanga (Soreg), icali indupi 10 ubutali.” (Middot 2:3) Abena fyalo balileshiwe ukuciluka ici cicingo no kwingila mu mansa sha mu kati ke tempele. Pambi umutumwa Paulo aloseshe kuli ici cibumba mu nshila ya mampalanya ilyo alembeele Abena Efese mu 60 nelyo 61 C.E., lintu tacilafumishiwapo. Icibumba ca mampalanya cali cipingo ce Funde, icapaatukenye abaYuda na Bena fyalo pa nshita iitali. Nangu cibe fyo, ico cibumba califumishiwepo pa cishinte ca mfwa ya kwa Kristu mu 33 C.E.