child to and from school and possibly in other activities as well. He would turn the child over to the instructor. This continued from childhood to perhaps puberty, or longer. He was to keep the child from physical or moral harm. (So, too, the old French tuteur and Latin tutor mean, literally, a protector or guardian.) However, the duties of the pedagogue involved the matter of discipline also, and he might be charged with instructing the child in matters of conduct. The tutors were sometimes slaves, or were sometimes paid tutors, and their discipline could be severe.

Therefore, Galatians 3:24, 25 points out that “the Law has become our tutor leading to Christ, that we might be declared righteous due to faith. But now that the faith has arrived, we are no longer under a tutor.” The Law was strict. It revealed the Jews to be transgressors and condemned them. (Gal. 3:10, 11, 19) It, in effect, handed over the Jews who were properly disciplined to their Instructor, Jesus Christ. The apostle Paul says: “Before the faith arrived, we were being guarded under law, being delivered up together into custody, looking to the faith that was destined to be revealed.”—Gal. 3:23.

The apostle Paul told the Corinthians: “For though you may have ten thousand tutors in Christ, you certainly do not have many fathers; for in Christ Jesus I have become your father through the good news.” (1 Cor. 4:14, 15) Paul had initially brought the message of life to Corinth and hence was like a father to the congregation of Christian believers there. Though others might subsequently care for their interests, like tutors to whom children are entrusted, this did not change Paul’s relationship to the Corinthians. The “tutors,” such as Apollos, might have genuine interest in the congregation, but Paul’s interest had an added factor due to his having experienced the labor of spiritual parenthood with them.—Compare Galatians 4:11, 19, 20; see EDUCATION; INSTRUCTION; SCHOOL.

TWELVE, THE

See APOSTLE.

TYCHICUS

(Tychʹi·cus) [fortuitous; fortunate].

One of Paul’s aides, a “beloved brother and faithful minister and fellow slave in the Lord” from the District of Asia. (Col. 4:7) Tychicus was a member of Paul’s party returning from Greece through Macedonia into Asia Minor; but whether or not Tychicus went all the way to Jerusalem is not stated. (Acts 20:2-4) Tychicus is one of several persons suggested as being “the brother” who, while in Greece, helped Titus to arrange the collection for the brothers in Judea. (2 Cor. 8:18, 19; 12:18) From his prison in Rome, Paul sent Tychicus with letters to Ephesus and Colossae, promising that Tychicus would tell them more about his state of affairs and be of comfort to them; Onesimus is mentioned in the letter to the Colossians as accompanying him. (Eph. 6:21, 22; Col. 4:7-9) Following Paul’s release from prison, he contemplated sending either Artemas or Tychicus to Crete. (Titus 3:12) When the apostle was back in a Roman prison for the second time, he dispatched Tychicus to Ephesus.—2 Tim. 4:12.

TYRANNUS

(Ty·ranʹnus) [sovereign].

A name connected with the Ephesian school auditorium in which Paul preached for two years after having encountered resistance in the Jewish synagogue.—Acts 19:9, 10.

TYRE

[rock].

The principal Phoenician seaport situated about thirty-two miles (52 kilometers) N of Mount Carmel and twenty-two miles (35 kilometers) S of Sidon. Tyre was known for its great antiquity (Isa. 23:1, 7), but just when it was founded as a colony by the Sidonians is not known. It is first mentioned after the conquest of the Promised Land in 1467 B.C.E., and at that time it was a fortified city. This mention of Tyre was in connection with the boundaries of Asher’s tribal territory. From the start, and all through its history, Tyre apparently remained outside Israel’s borders as an independent neighbor.—Josh. 19:24, 29; 2 Sam. 24:7.

Friendly relations existed at times between Tyre and Israel, notably during the reigns of David and Solomon. Skilled Tyrian workmen engaged in building David’s royal palace with cedar timber sent by Hiram the king of Tyre. (2 Sam. 5:11; 1 Chron. 14:1) The Tyrians also supplied David with cedar later used in the temple’s construction.—1 Chron. 22:1-4.

After David’s death King Hiram of Tyre furnished Solomon materials and assistance for the construction of the temple and other government buildings. (1 Ki. 5:1-10; 7:1-8; 2 Chron. 2:3-14) A half-Israelite son of a Tyrian worker in copper, who himself was a skilled craftsman, was employed in the construction of the temple. (1 Ki. 7:13, 14; 2 Chron. 2:13, 14) For their assistance the Tyrians were paid with wheat, barley, oil and wine. (1 Ki. 5:11, 12; 2 Chron. 2:15) In addition, Solomon gave the king of Tyre twenty cities, though the Tyrian monarch was not overly pleased with the gift.—1 Ki. 9:10-13.

Tyre in time became one of the great sea powers of the ancient world and her mariners and commercial fleet of “Tarshish” ships were famous for their voyages to faraway places. The king of Tyre and Solomon cooperated in a joint shipping venture for the importing of Ophir gold and other precious things.—1 Ki. 9:26-28; 10:11, 22; 2 Chron. 9:21.

In all the dealings the Tyrians had with Israel there is no indication that as a people they were interested in the worship of Jehovah; their association was particularly a commercial one. Racially they were Canaanites and religiously they practiced a form of Baal worship, their chief deities being Melkart and Astarte (Ashtoreth). Jezebel was the daughter of Eth-baal, who was king of the Sidonians (including Tyre) at the time Jezebel married Ahab, the king of the northern kingdom of Israel. Jezebel was infamous in her determination to blot out the worship of Jehovah.—1 Ki. 16:29, 31; 18:4, 13, 19.

CONDEMNED BY GOD

It was not, however, for the personal wickedness of Jezebel and her daughter Athaliah that Tyre came under heavy divine condemnation. Tyre grew to be very great at the expense of other peoples, including Israel. She was a manufacturer of metal objects, glassware and purple dyes, a trading center for the overland caravans, a great import-export depot. Along with this industrial and commercial growth came riches, conceit and pride. Her merchants and tradesmen boasted of being princes and honorable ones of the earth. (Isa. 23:8) Tyre in time also developed an attitude of opposition to Jehovah and conspired with neighboring nations against God’s people. (Ps. 83:2-8) So it was her bold defiance of Jehovah that eventually brought upon the city adverse judgment, downfall and destruction.

In the latter part of the ninth century B.C.E. Jehovah took note of this city’s arrogant attitude. He therefore warned her that she would be paid back in kind for robbing his people of gold, silver and many desirable things used, in turn, to beautify her temples. There was also to be an accounting for Tyre’s having sold God’s people into slavery.—Joel 3:4-8; Amos 1:9, 10.

Later the prophet Isaiah recorded a further pronouncement against Tyre, which indicated that she would be forgotten for “seventy years.” (Isa. 23:1-18) Years thereafter the prophet Jeremiah included Tyre among those nations that were singled out to drink the wine of Jehovah’s rage. (Jer. 25:8-17, 22, 27; 27:2-7; 47:2-4) As the nations mentioned in the prophecy of Jeremiah were to “serve the king of Babylon