Kodi N’chiyani Chimayambitsa Vuto la Kusowa Pokhala?

BUNGWE la United Nations linati “padziko lonse pali anthu opitirira 100 miliyoni osowa pokhala.” Ngati izi zili zoona ndiye kuti pa anthu pafupifupi 60 alionse mmodzi alibe pokhala. Komabe n’zovuta kudziwa bwinobwino kuti vutoli lafika potani makamaka. N’chifukwa chiyani zili zovuta?

N’chifukwa choti mayiko osiyanasiyana amaona vutoli mosiyanasiyana. Chimachitika n’chakuti ofufuza vutoli amakhala ndi njira komanso zolinga zosiyanasiyana akamafufuza. Motero zimene apeza pa kufufuzako zimatengeranso ndi mmene iwowo pawokha amaonera vutoli. Motero n’zovuta, mwinanso n’zosatheka, kudziwa bwinobwino kuti vutoli lafika potani.

Buku lakuti Strategies to Combat Homelessness, lofalitsidwa ndi nthambi ya bungwe la United Nations yoona za malo okhala, yotchedwa Centre for Human Settlements, linanena kuti akati kusowa pokhala amatanthauza “kusowa nyumba yabwino yokhalamo, kapenanso kukhala pa malo aliwonse amene angaoneke kuti n’ngosayenerera” m’dera limenelo. Anthu ena osowa pokhala amakhala m’misewu kapena m’nyumba zosiyidwa, pamene ena amakhala m’nyumba zimene amamangira anthu osowa pokhala. Ndipo ena amakhala ndi anzawo mongoyembekezera. Mulimonsemo, ofufuza aja anapeza kuti: “Munthu wopanda pokhala ndi munthu amene akufunika kuthandizidwa ‘m’njira inayake.’”

Akuti m’dziko la Poland, momwe muli anthu pafupifupi 40 miliyoni, muli anthu mwina 300,000 osowa pokhala. Palibe amene akudziwa ndendende kuti anthuwa alipo angati, chifukwa anthuwa salembetsa kuti amakhala ku malo enaake odziwika ndipo amasamukasamuka. Ena amati anthuwa angathe kufika pafupifupi theka la miliyoni.

Popeza vuto la kusowa pokhala lili ponseponse, n’kutheka kuti mukudziwa munthu wina yemwe ali ndi vuto lotere. Vuto la anthu osowa pokhala limabutsa mafunso angapo otsatirawa. Kodi anthuwa anagwa bwanji m’vutoli? Kodi amadzisamalira bwanji pamoyo wawo? Ndani amawathandiza? Ndipo kodi tsogolo lawo n’lotani?

Moyo Wosamukasamuka

Sabrinaa ndi mayi yemwe akulera yekha ana ndipo akukhala m’dera linalake losauka la ku Harlem, mu mzinda wa New York City. Iyeyu sukulu anasiyira fomu thu. Sabrina amakhala ndi ana ake atatu aamuna pa malo enaake oyendetsedwa ndi mzindawu a anthu osowa pokhala, ndipo akukhala m’nyumba ya chipinda chimodzi pamodzi ndi ana akewo, woyamba wa zaka teni, wachiwiri wa zaka zitatu ndipo wotsiriza wa miyezi teni. Mzindawu unakonza malo amenewa kuti pazikhala anthu opanda malo aliwonse okhala.

Sabrina anasamuka m’nyumba ya mayi ake zaka teni zapitazo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, iye anakhalapo ndi mwamuna wachibwenzi, anzake ndi achibale, ndipo zinthu zitaipa zedi anangoganiza zokakhala m’malo a anthu osowa pokhala mumzindamo. Sabrina anati: “Kuti ndipeze ndalama ndakhala ndikuchita timaganyu tosiyanasiyana, makamaka ganyu yoluka anthu tsitsi, koma kwa nthawi yambiri ndakhala ndikungolandira ndalama zaboma zothandizira anthu osauka.”

N’zodabwitsa kuti mavuto a Sabrina, malinga ndi mmene anawalembera mu magazini ya Parents, anayamba iyeyo atapeza ntchito yabwino yokonza mu hotela inayake. Akugwira ntchito ku hotelako, ankalipidwa ndalama zochuluka ndithu moti sakanamuika m’gulu la anthu oyenera kumathandizidwa ndi boma. Komano ndalamazi sizinali zokwanira kulipirira zinthu zofunika tsiku ndi tsiku, monga nyumba, chakudya, zovala, mayendedwe, ndiponso kusamalira ana. Motero zinkamuvuta kwambiri kulipira lendi motero mwininyumbayo anafuna kumuthamangitsa. Potsiriza pake, Sabrina anasiya ntchito yake n’kuyamba kukhala pa malo enaake ongoyembekezera a anthu osowa pokhala n’kumadikirira malo amene akukhalako tsopano.

Sabrina anati: “Zimenezi ana anga avutika nazo kwambiri. Mwana wanga woyamba wasintha kale sukulu katatu. Panopo bwenzi ali sitandade faifi, koma anam’bwezera m’mbuyo ndi chaka chimodzi . . . Takhala tikusamukasamuka kwambiri.” Sabrina akudikirira kupeza nyumba mothandizidwa ndi boma.

Anthu amene alibiretu kopita angaone kuti Sabrina aliko pabwino. Komabe, si onse opanda pokhala amene amasangalala ndi kukhala pa malo a anthu osowa pokhala. Bungwe la Polish Community Help Committee, linati anthu ena “amaopa malamulo okhwima a m’malo oterewa” motero safuna kuthandizidwa m’njira imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo, anthu okhala m’malo otere amayenera kugwira ntchito ndiponso kupewa zinthu monga mowa ndi chamba. Koma ena safuna kutsatira malamulowa. Motero, m’nyengo zosiyanasiyana, anthu osowa pokhala amapezeka akugona m’masiteshoni a sitima, pa masitepesi a nyumba zikuluzikulu ndi m’zipinda zoikamo katundu. Amagonanso m’mabenchi opezeka m’mapaki, kunsi kwa milatho, ndiponso m’madera a mafakitale. Zoterezi zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi.

Buku lina lofotokoza nkhani imeneyi limatchula zinthu zambiri zimene zimachititsa anthu kusowa pokhala ku Poland. Zina mwa zinthuzi ndi kutha kwa ntchito, ngongole, ndi mavuto a m’banja. Malo okhala achikulire, olumala, ndi anthu a kachilombo ka HIV ndi ochepa. Anthu ambiri osowa pokhala amakhala ndi mavuto a m’maganizo ndiponso matenda osiyanasiyana kapena amakhala ndi chizolowezi chomwa mowa mwauchidakwa kapenanso zizolowezi zina zoipa. Akazi ambiri omwe ali m’vutoli amakhala kuti anachoka kapena kuthawa m’manja mwa amuna awo, anathamangitsidwa, kapena anachitapo uhule. Zikuoneka kuti munthu aliyense wosowa pokhala anali pa mavuto enaake m’mbuyomo.

Kusowa Pokhala Sikufuna

Stanisława Golinowska, yemwe ndi katswiri wa nkhani za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma, anati: “Kuno [ku Poland] kulibe munthu aliyense wosowa pokhala amene anagwa m’vutoli mwadala . . . . Koma anthuwa anagwa m’vutoli chifukwa cha kusayenda bwino kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana m’moyo, zimene zachititsa kuti asokonezeke maganizo ndiponso kuti asiye kukonda moyo.” Zikuoneka kuti vuto la kusowa pokhala limagwera anthu amene amalephera kuthetsa mavuto awo pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo pali anthu ena amene atatulutsidwa m’ndende, anapeza kuti akuba anawononga nyumba yawo. Ena anachita kuthamangitsidwa m’nyumba zawo. Ambiri nyumba zawo zinawonongeka ndi masoka achilengedwe.b

Atafufuza nthawi ina anapeza kuti pafupifupi theka la anthu osowa pokhala ku Poland poyamba ankakhala ndi anthu a m’banja mwawo ndipo anali ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi wawo, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri banjalo linali la mavuto. Ambiri anachita kuthamangitsidwa panyumba kapena anaganiza zochoka pothawa mavuto adzaoneni. Ndi anthu 14 okha pa anthu 100 alionse amene anachita kusankha okha zoti achoke.

Akakhalakhala pa malo enaake a anthu osowa pokhala, anthu ena amathanso kuyamba kudzisamalira n’kupeza malo awoawo okhala. Ena zimawavuta kwambiri kuthetsa vutoli chifukwa cha zinthu monga matenda osiyanasiyana, mavuto a m’maganizo, mowa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kusaona phindu logwirira ntchito, kusaikira mtima pantchito, kusaphunzira mokwanira, kapena pa zifukwa zingapo zosiyanasiyana. Motero anthuwa amapezeka kuti nthawi zonse akusowa pokhala. Ku United States, anthu 30 pa 100 alionse osowa pokhala, amangokhala m’malo amene bungwe lina linati ndi “malo osakhazikika” monga malo amene anamangira anthu osowa pokhala, zipatala ndiponso ngakhale ndende. Anthu amene amadalira moyo umenewu akuti amagwiritsira ntchito mbali yaikulu zedi ya zinthu zimene dzikolo linakhazikitsa pothandizira anthuwa.

Kodi Uku N’kuthandizadi Anthuwa?

Pali malo ena a anthu osowa pokhala omwe cholinga chake n’kuthandiza anthuwo kuti apeze malo okhazikika. Amathandiza anthuwo kupeza chithandizo kuboma, kupeza thandizo la ndalama m’njira zina, kuthandizidwa pa milandu yawo, kukumananso ndi achibale awo, kapena kukhala ndi mwayi wophunzira luso lowathandiza pamoyo wawo. Malo ena otere a achinyamata ku London, amalangiza achinyamatawo pa zinthu monga kudya koyenera, kuphika, makhalidwe abwino, ndiponso amawathandiza kupeza ntchito. Amawalangiza pofuna kuti azidzisungira ulemu ndi kuchita zinthu mwamtima wonse ndiponso kuwathandiza kukhala odziimira kuti adzathe kupeza nyumba yawoyawo. Ndithu, zinthu ngati zimenezi n’zoyamikika.

Komabe sikuti nthawi zonse, malo a anthu osowa pokhala amathandiza anthuwa mmene iwowo amafunira. Jacek, yemwe ndi munthu wosowa pokhala ku Warsaw, analongosola kuti moyo wa m’malowa suthandiza anthuwa kudziwa mmene angakhalire akadzachoka pa malowa. Iyeyu amaona kuti anthu a m’malowa “amawonongeka maganizo” chifukwa chomangocheza okhaokha. Iye anati: “Malo amenewa, omwe amatitsekereza kuti tisamachezerane ndi anthu ena onse amafika pokhala ngati malo otsekerako ana opulupudza.” Iye amaona kuti anthu ambiri okhala m’malo otere “amakhala ndi maganizo osokonezeka.”

Malingana ndi zimene anapeza pa kafukufuku amene anachita ku Poland, vuto lopweteka kwambiri kwa anthu osowa malo okhala ndilo kusungulumwa. Chifukwa cha mavuto a zachuma ndiponso chifukwa chokhala anthu otsika, anthu ambiri oterewa amadziona ngati anthu osafunika. Motero ena amayamba mowa. Jacek anati, “Mwapang’onopang’ono ambirife timataya mtima, n’kuyamba kuona kuti palibe chimene tingachite kuti tichepetseko mavuto athu.” Amachita manyazi chifukwa cha maonekedwe awo, umphawi wawo ndiponso chifukwa choti akulephera kudzithandiza, komanso chokhacho chakuti alibe pokhala.

Francis Jegede, katswiri wa nkhani za kuchuluka kwa anthu anati: “Kaya tikunena za anthu okhala m’misewu a ku Bombay [Mumbai] ndi ku Calcutta kapena anthu ovutika omwe amagona m’misewu ya ku London, kapena ana okhala m’misewu ku Brazil, vuto la kusowa pokhala ndi lalikulu kwambiri moti n’lovuta kulimvetsa bwinobwino ndipo ngati munthu uli pa vuto lotere n’zovuta kwambiri kulithetsa. Kenaka anawonjezera kuti: “Zilibe kanthu kuti vutoli limayamba pa chifukwa kapena zifukwa zotani, funso limene timadzifunsa ndi lakuti n’chifukwa chiyani anthu padziko lonse akulephera kuthetsa vuto la kusowa pokhala, ngakhale kuti padziko pano pali chuma, nzeru ndiponso luso laumisiri wosiyanasiyana?”

N’zosachita kufunsa kuti anthu onse osowa pokhala akufunika thandizo, osati pa mavuto awo a tsiku ndi tsiku okha komanso pa moyo wawo wauzimu. Thandizo lotere limalimbikitsa anthu kuthana ndi zovuta zambiri zimene zimabweretsa vuto la kusowa pokhala. Koma kodi anthu osowa pokhala angapeze kuti thandizo lotere? Nanga kodi pali chiyembekezo chotani chakuti vuto la anthu osowa pokhala lidzathetsedwa?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 6]

Zimene Umphawi Wadzaoneni Umabweretsa

Ku India, anthu ochuluka zedi amakhala m’misewu ya m’mizinda. M’mbuyomu anapeza kuti ku Mumbai kokha kuli anthu pafupifupi 250,000 okhala m’misewu. Nyumba zawo zimakhala za masaka amene amawamangirira ku nsichi ndi zinthu zina zapafupi ndi nsichizo. N’chifukwa chiyani anthuwa amakhala m’malo amenewa m’malo mokhala m’nyumba zotchipa zimene zili pafupi ndi mizindayi? N’chifukwa choti anthuwa amagwira ntchito cha m’kati mwa mzindawu. Ena ali ndi timawokala, ena ndi mavenda, ena amatenga anthu pa zikuku zochita kukoka, ndipo ena amatolera zinyalala. Buku la Strategies to Combat Homelessness linati: “Anthuwa sangachitire mwina ayi. Chifukwa cha umphawi, amakhala ndi ndalama zochepa zogulira chakudya moti sangapatulepo zina kuti alipirire lendi.”

Anthu pafupifupi 2,300, aamuna, aakazi, ndiponso ana amakhala ku siteshoni ya sitima ya Park Station, ku Johannesburg, South Africa. Iwowa amagona pamalo odikirirapo sitima, ndipo amagona pa tizibenthu ta mabulangete, kapena amagona m’nyumba zamakatoni. Ambiri mwa anthuwa sali pantchito iliyonse ndipo alibe chiyembekezo chopeza ntchito. Palinso anthu ena ambiri amene amakhala choncho mumzinda wonsewo. Alibe madzi, zimbudzi, ndiponso magetsi. M’malo oterewa matenda amafalikira mwamsanga zedi.

Chifukwa chimene magulu awiri amenewa a anthu ndiponso anthu ena ambirimbiri akusowera pokhala si china ayi koma umphawi wadzaoneni.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 7]

Zimene Anthu Akulephera

Buku la Strategies to Combat Homelessness, lomwe linafalitsidwa ndi bungwe la United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, linati pankhani yopatsa anthu pokhala, pali zinthu zingapo zimene anthu sakuyendetsa bwino zokhudza kakhalidwe, zandale, ndiponso zachuma. Zina mwa zinthuzo ndi izi:

● “Nkhani yaikulu pa vuto la kusowa pokhala ndi yomwe ija yoti maboma akulephera kuika ndalama zokwanira zothandiza anthu kukhala ndi ufulu wopeza malo abwino okhalapo.”

● “Malamulo osayenera ndiponso kusaona patali pokonza zinthu kungathe . . . kuchititsa kuti anthu osauka ambiri alephere kupeza pokhala.”

● “Kusowa pokhala ndi umboni woti thandizo la boma pankhaniyi silikugawidwa mokomera aliyense m’deralo.”

● “Vuto la kusowa pokhala labwera chifukwa cha malamulo amene mwina saganizira kapena amanyalanyaza mfundo yoti kayendedwe ka chuma kamasinthasintha, nyumba zotsika mtengo n’zochepa, anthu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo akuchuluka, ndiponso kuti pali anthu ena . . . amene angathe kudwala matenda osiyanasiyana mosavuta, kuphatikizapo matenda a m’maganizo.”

● “M’pofunika kwambiri kusintha mmene amaphunzitsira anthu othandiza osowa pokhala. Anthu osowa pokhala, makamaka ana okhala m’misewu, amafunika kuwaona ngati tsogolo la mawa ngakhale kuti panopo sapindulitsa aliyense.”

[Chithunzi]

Mayi akupempha chakudya ndi ana ake awiri aakazi ku Mexico

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Mark Henley/ Panos Pictures

[Chithunzi patsamba 6]

Malo amene kale anali siteshoni ya sitima anawasandutsa malo okhalako anthu osowa pokhala ku Pretoria, m’dziko la South Africa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Dieter Telemans/Panos Pictures

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 4]

Left: © Gerd Ludwig/Visum/Panos Pictures; inset: © Mikkel Ostergaard/Panos Pictures; right: © Mark Henley/Panos Pictures