Kutengeredwa Kumwamba​—Chiphunzitso Choikidwa Chovumbulidwa ndi Mulungu?

KUTENGEREDWA KUMWAMBA​—chiphunzitso choikidwa chakuti Mariya, amayi wa Yesu, anakwera kumwamba ndi thupi lanyama​—chimalemekezedwa kwambiri ndi mamiliyoni a Aroma Katolika. Wolemba mbiri George William Douglas akunena kuti: “Kutengeredwa Kumwamba, kapena kukwezedwa kumwamba, kwa Namwali Mariya kwakhala kukulemekezedwa [kwanthaŵi yaitali] monga phwando lalikulu koposa la mapwando ake ndiponso monga limodzi la madzoma amwambo aakulu a chaka cha Tchalitchi.”

Komabe, akatswiri a zaumulungu Achikatolika akuvomereza kuti Baibulo silimanena zakuti Mariya anakwera kumwamba motero. Ndithudi, Akatolika oŵerengeka okha ndiamene amadziŵa kuti chiphunzitso chokondedwa kwambiri chimenechi chakhala nkhani ya mkangano wowopsa kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Chotero, kodi ndimotani mmene tchalitchi chinadzavomerezera chiphunzitso choikidwa cha Kutengeredwa Kumwamba kwa Mariyaa? Kodi pali chifukwa chilichonse chochionera kukhala chovumbulidwa mwaumulungu? Mayankho a mafunsowa sali ongolingaliridwa chabe. Amatanthauza zazikulu kwa aliyense wa okonda chowonadi.

Kuyambika kwa Chiphunzitso Choikidwacho

Mwina mungadabwe kudziŵa kuti m’zaka za mazana oyambirira pambuyo pa imfa ya Yesu, lingaliro la Kutengeredwa Kumwamba kwa Mariya linali losadziŵika konse kwa Akristu. Katswiri wa zaumulungu Wachikatolika Jean Galot analemba m’buku lake lakuti L’Osservatore Romano kuti: “Pachiyambi, panalibe lingaliro lililonse la kukumbukira imfa ya Mariya limene linagwirizanitsidwa ndi Akristu.”

Komabe, pambuyo pakuti chiphunzitso cha Utatu chakhala chiphunzitso chovomerezedwa cha tchalitchi, Mariya anayamba kuikidwa pamalo olemekezeka mowonjezereka. Maina aulemu onga “Amayi wa Mulungu,” “wokhaliridwa pathupi popanda tchimo,” “Mtetezi Wamkazi,” ndi “Mfumukazi Yakumwamba,” anayamba kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa iye. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ananena motero katswiri wa zaumulungu Galot, “kukhala chete ponena za mwambo wakale wonena za imfa ya Mariya sikunakhutiritse kwenikweni Akristuwo amene analingalira kuti Mariya anali wangwiro nafuna kumlambira. Motero, mawu ofotokoza Kutengeredwa Kumwamba, amene anangopekedwa chifukwa cha zolingalira za anthu ambiri, anayamba kukhalapo.”

Pafupifupi zaka za zana lachinayi C.E., zolembedwa zotchedwa malemba ophunzitsa za kutengeredwa kumwamba anayamba kufalikira. Zolembedwa zimenezi zinasimba nkhani zokometseredwa za kukwera kumwamba kwa Mariya kolingaliridwa. Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani cholembedwa chotchedwa “Kugona kwa Amayi Woyera wa Mulungu.” Chikunenedwa kuti chinalembedwa ndi mtumwi Yohane, koma kwenikweni chiyenera kuti chinapangidwa pafupifupi zaka 400 pambuyo pa imfa ya Yohane. Malinga ndi kunena kwa cholembedwa chachinyengo chimenechi, atumwi a Kristu anasonkhanitsidwa mozizwitsa kwa Mariya, kumene anamuona akuchiritsa akhungu, ogontha, ndi opunduka. Potsirizira pake, monga momwe kwanenedwera munomo, atumwiwo anamva Ambuye akunena kwa Mariya kuti: “Taonani, thupi lanu lopatulikalo lidzatengeredwa m’paradaiso, ndipo moyo wanu woyerawo udzakhala kumwamba m’chuma cha Atate wanga m’kuŵala kopambana, kumene kuli mtendere ndi kusangalala kwa angelo oyera, nimudzakhalabe kumeneko.”

Kodi okhulupirira anachita motani ponena za zolembedwa zimenezo? René Laurentin, katswiri wa maphunziro a Mariya, akufotokoza kuti: “Zimene anachita zinali zosiyana kwambiri. Osadziŵa kotheratu amanyengedwa, popanda kulingalira mwakuya, ndi kamvekedwe kake kabwino ka nkhaniyo. Ena, amatsutsa zolembedwa zosagwirizana zimenezi, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimawombana zokha ndipo zili zopanda maziko.” Motero panakhala kumenyera nkhondo kwakukulu kuti lingaliro la Kutengeredwa Kumwamba livomerezedwe mwalamulo. Chowonjezera pa chisokonezocho chinali chakuti mafupa onenedwa kukhala a thupi la Mariya anali kulambiridwa m’malo ena. Zimenezi zinali zovuta kuzimveketsa bwino mogwirizana ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti thupi lake lanyama linatengeredwa kumwamba.

M’zaka za zana la 13, Thomas Aquinas, mofanana ndi akatswiri ena ambiri a zaumulungu, anatsutsa kuti sikunali kotheka kulongosola Kutengeredwa Kumwamba kukhala chiphunzitso choikidwa, malinga ngati “Malemba samachiphunzitsa.” Chikhalirechobe, chikhulupirirocho chinapitiriza kukula m’kutchuka kwake, ndipo zifanizo zosonyeza kutengeredwa kumwamba kwa Mariya zojambulidwa ndi amisiri olemekezeka onga Raphael, Correggio, Titian, Carracci, ndi Rubens zinachuluka.

Mkanganowo unakhalabe wosathetsedwa kufikira posachedwapa kwambiri. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Mjesuiti Giuseppe Filograssi, posachedwapa m’theka loyamba la zaka za zana lathu, akatswiri Achikatolika anapitiriza kufalitsa “maphunziro ndi makambitsirano osagwirizana nthaŵi zonse” ndi lingaliro la Kutengeredwa Kumwamba kumeneko. Ngakhale apapa, onga ngati Leo XIII, Pius X, ndi Benedict XV, “anali osafuna kudziloŵetsa m’nkhaniyo.” Koma pa November 1, 1950, tchalitchi potsirizira pake chinatenga kaimidwe kotsimikizirika. Papa Pius XII analengeza kuti: “Tikuchilengeza kukhala chiphunzitso choikidwa chovumbulidwa ndi Mulungu chakuti Amayi Woyera wa Mulungu, Mariya wokhalabe Namwali nthaŵi zonse, pamene moyo wake wa padziko lapansi unatha, anatengeredwa kumwamba m’thupi ndi moyo kukaloŵa mu ulemerero wakumwamba.”​—Munificentissimus Deus.

Chikhulupiriro cha ulendo wopita kumwamba wa thupi la Mariya sichinalinso chotsutsika pakati pa Akatolika​—tsopano chinali chiphunzitso choikidwa cha Tchalitchi. Papa Pius XII analengeza kuti “ngati aliyense . . . afuna kukana kapena kukayikira chimene Tatsimikizira, adziŵetu kuti walephera kufikira Chikhulupiriro Chaumulungu ndi Chachikatolika.”

Zimene Malemba Amanena Kwenikweni

Koma kodi ndipamaziko otani amene tchalitchi chinazikapo kaimidwe kake kamphamvu kameneka? Papa Pius XII ananena kuti chiphunzitso choikidwa cha Kutengeredwa Kumwamba chili ndi “maziko ake enieni m’Malemba Opatulika.” Pakati pa malemba otchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri monga umboni wa kutengeredwa kumwamba kwa Mariya pali Luka 1:28, 42. Mavesiwa amati ponena za Mariya: “Tamandani, wodzala ndi chisomo, Ambuye ali nanu; wodalitsika ndinuyo pakati pa akazi . . . , ndipo chodalitsika chipatso cha mimba yanu.” (Douay) Ophunzitsa kutengeredwa kumwamba amalingalira kuti chifukwa chakuti Mariya anali “wodzala ndi chisomo,” ayenera kukhala sanagonjetsedwe konse ndi imfa. Ndipo pokhala “wodalitsika” mofanana ndi ‘chipatso cha mimba yakecho,’ iye ayenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi wofanana ndi wa Yesu​—kuphatikizapo wa kukwera kwake kumwamba. Kodi muganiza kuti kameneka kali kalingaliridwe kanzeru?

Choyamba, akatswiri achinenero akunena kuti mawu akutiwo “wodzala ndi chisomo” ali matembenuzidwe osalondola ndi kuti mawu oyambirira Achigiriki ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Luka ali omasuliridwa molondola kwambiri kuti “wolandira chiyanjo cha Mulungu.” Motero, Jerusalem Bible Lachikatolika limatembenuza Luka 1:28 kuti: “Sangalala, woyanjidwa kopambana!” Palibe chifukwa choganizira kuti Mariya anatengeredwa kumwamba m’thupi kokha chifukwa chakuti anali “woyanjidwa kopambana” ndi Mulungu. Wofera chikhulupiriro wa m’zaka za zana loyamba, Stefano, nayenso ananenedwa m’Baibulo Lachikatolika la Douay kukhala woyanjidwa kopambana, kapena “wodzala ndi chisomo”​—ndipo palibe chiukiriro cha m’thupi chimene chanenedwa za iye.​—Machitidwe 6:8.

Komabe, kodi Mariya sanali wodalitsidwa ndi woyanjidwa? Analidi wotero, koma mokondweretsa, mkazi wotchedwa Yaeli kalelo m’masiku a oweruza a Israyeli analingaliridwa kukhala “wodalitsika pakati pa akazi.” (Oweruza 5:24, Dy) Ndithudi palibe amene anganene kuti Yaeli nayenso anatengeredwa kumwamba m’thupi. Ndi iko komwe, lingaliro lonselo la Kutengeredwa Kumwamba nlozikidwa pa lingaliro lakuti Yesu mwiniyo anakwera kumwamba m’thupi lanyama. Komabe, Baibulo limanena kuti Yesu “anapatsidwa mzimu,” kapena kuukitsidwa, “mumzimu.” (1 Petro 3:18, Dy; yerekezerani ndi 1 Akorinto 15:45.) Mtumwi Paulo ananenanso kuti “nyama ndi mwazi sizitha kuloŵa ufumu wa Mulungu.”​—1 Akorinto 15:42-50, Dy.

Zowona, Baibulo limanena za kuukitsidwira kumwamba kwa Akristu okhulupirika odzozedwa ndi mzimu. Komabe, lemba la 1 Atesalonika 4:13-17 (NW) limanena momvekera bwino kuti chiukiriro chimenechi sichikayamba panthaŵi ina iliyonse kufikira pa “kukhalapo kwa Ambuye,” mkati mwa masiku otsiriza a nyengo ino yoipa. Kufikira panthaŵiyo, Mariya anakhala ali chigonere mu imfa, limodzi ndi mazana ambiri a Akristu ena okhulupirika.​—1 Akorinto 15:51, 52.

Mariya​—Mkazi wa Chikhulupiriro

Dziŵani kuti ponena zimene tanenazo sitikunyozera Mariya. Mosakayikira, Mariya anali mkazi wopereka chitsanzo chabwino​—amene chikhulupiriro chake chili choyenera kutsanziridwa. Iye analandira mosavuta mwaŵi wa thayo la kukhala amayi wa Yesu, limodzi ndi mayesero onse ndi zolepa zimene zinaloŵetsedwamo. (Luka 1:38; 2:34, 35) Limodzi ndi Yosefe, iye analera Yesu m’nzeru yaumulungu. (Luka 2:51, 52) Anakhala ndi Yesu m’nthaŵi ya nsautso yake pamtengo. (Yohane 19:25-27) Ndipo monga wophunzira wokhulupirika, iye momvera anakhalabe m’Yerusalemu ndi kulandira mzimu wa Mulungu wotsanulidwa pa Pentekoste.​—Machitidwe 1:13, 14; 2:1-4.

Lingaliro lokhotetsedwa la Mariya silimalemekeza konse Mlengi kapena Mariya mwiniyo. Chiphunzitso choikidwa cha Kutengeredwa Kumwamba chimangochirikiza chikhulupiriro chopanda maziko chakuti Mariya ali mtetezi kwa Mulungu. Koma kodi Yesu Kristu anaphunzitsapo konse chiphunzitso choterocho? Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, iye anati: “Ine ndine njira, ndi chowonadi, ndi moyo. Palibe munthu adza kwa Atate koma mwa ine. Ngati mudzapempha kanthu m’dzina langa, ndidzachita.” (Yohane 14:6, 14; yerekezerani ndi Machitidwe 4:12.) Inde, Yesu Kristu yekha, osati Mariya, ndiye mtetezi kwa Mlengi. Tiyenera kufikira Wotipatsa Moyo wathu kupyolera mwa Yesu​—osati Mariya​—kaamba ka “chithandizo m’nthaŵi ya kusoŵa.”​—Ahebri 4:16, Revised Standard Version, Catholic Edition.

Kuvomereza chowonadi chonena za Mariya kungakhale kovuta kwa ena. Kwenikweni, kungafunikiritse kutaya ziphunzitso zina zokhulupiriridwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi malingaliro okondedwa. Komabe, ngakhale ngati kungakhale kopweteka mtima nthaŵi zina, potsirizira pake, chowonadi ‘chimamasula munthu.’ (Yohane 8:32) Yesu ananena kuti Atate wake anali kufunafuna awo amene akamlambira “mumzimu ndi m’chowonadi.” (Yohane 4:24, Dy) Kwa Akatolika owona mtima, mawu amenewa akukhala chitokoso.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 27]

KODI MARIYA ANAFA?

Kodi Mariya anafa kwenikweni asanakwere kumwamba monga momwe kumalingariridwira? Akatswiri a zaumulungu Achikatolika akuyang’anizana ndi chothetsa nzeru cha mfundo ziŵiri zowombana m’zaumulungu pankhaniyi. Nuovo dizionario di teologia ikunena kuti “kukakhala kovuta kunena kuti Mariya anali ndi mwaŵi wa kusakhudzika ndi imfa, umene ngakhale Kristu analibe.” Kumbali ina, kunena kuti Mariya anafadi kumabutsanso nkhani yovuta. Katswiri wa zaumulungu Kari Børresen akunena kuti “imfa ndiyo chilango cha uchimo woyambirira, umene, malinga ndi kunena kwa [chiphunzitso cha “Kukhala ndi Pathupi Koyera”], sikunakhudze Mariya.” Chotero, kodi akanafa pa chifukwa chotani? Mposakayikiritsa kuti Papa Pius XII mosamalitsa anapeŵa nkhani ya imfa ya Mariya polongosola chiphunzitso choikidwa cha Kutengeredwa Kumwamba.

Mwamwaŵi, chiphunzitso cha Baibulo chili chopanda chisokonezo choterocho. Palibe pamene chimaphunzitsa​—kapena ngakhale kupereka lingaliro​— lakuti Mariya anali chipatso cha “kukhala ndi pathupi koyera.” Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, chimasonyeza kuti Mariya anali munthu wopanda ungwiro wofunikira chiwombolo. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa Yesu, iye anapita kukachisi ndi kupereka nsembe ya uchimo kwa Mulungu. (Levitiko 12:1-8; Luka 2:22-24) Mofanana ndi anthu ena onse opanda ungwiro, potsirizira pake Mariya anamwalira.​—Aroma 3:23; 6:23.

Chowonadi chosavuta chimenechi chikusiyana kwambiri ndi zikayikiro zopanda mayankho zobutsidwa ndi chiphunzitso choikidwa cha Kutengeredwa Kumwamba.

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

‘Kutengeredwa Kumwamba kwa Namwaliyo,’ kojambulidwa ndi Titian (pafupifupi 1488-1576)

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Giraudon/​Art Resource, N.Y.

[Chithunzi patsamba 28]

Mwa kubweretsa nsembe ya uchimo ku kachisi pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa Yesu, Mariya anadzisonyeza kukhala wochimwa wofunikira chiwombolo