Bibiliya y’i bwami​—Intambwe ikomeye mu bijanye n’ubumenyi buhanitse

HARI ubwato bwari buvuye muri Esupanye bugana mu Butaliyano, mu ntango y’ikinjana ca 16. Mu vyo bwari butwaye, harimwo umuzigo w’agaciro ntangere, ni ukuvuga menshi mu makopi y’impinduro ya Bibiliya irimwo indimi nyinshi yiswe Polyglotte de Complute, iyacapuwe hagati y’umwaka wa 1514 n’uwa 1517. Bukwi na bukwi, igihuhusi gikomeye caradutse. Abakora kuri ubwo bwato nta ko batagize kugira ngo ntibunyike, ariko vyabaye ivy’ubusa. Ubwo bwato bwaranyitse, bunyikana na wa muzigo w’agaciro ntangere wari muri bwo.

Iryo sanganya ryatumye hakenerwa iyindi nteguro y’iyo Bibiliya irimwo indimi nyinshi. Vyakabaye kera, umuhinga karuhariwe mu gucapura yitwa Christophe Plantin yaremeye ico gikorwa kitoroshe. Yari akeneye umuntu w’umutunzi yomuronsa amahera yo kurangura ico gikorwa amahero, ari co gituma yituye Umwami Filipo wa kabiri wo muri Esupanye kugira ngo amufate mu mugongo. Imbere y’uko umwami afata ingingo, yabanje kugisha inama incabwenge zitari nke zo muri Esupanye, harimwo na wa muhinga rurangiranwa mu vya Bibiliya ari we Benito Arias Montano. Yabwiye Umwami Filipo ati: “Uretse ko uzoba ukoreye Imana, ukaba kandi ugiriye [Ekeleziya gatolika] ikintu c’ingirakamaro, bizohesha icubahiro cinshi izina ryawe mwami Nyaguhorakungoma, vyongere bitume uvugwa neza”.

Haramutse habonetse integuro iryohoye y’iyo Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte de Complute, cobaye ari ikintu gikomeye gishitsweko mu bijanye n’iterambere ry’imico kama, ari co gituma Filipo yemeye gushigikira yivuye inyuma uwo mugambi wa Plantin. Yaciye ashinga Arias Montano igikorwa amahero co gutegura isohorwa rya Bibiliya yahavuye yitwa Bibiliya y’i bwami canke Bibiliya irimwo indimi nyinshi yiswe Polyglotte d’Anversa.

Filipo yari ashashaye kumenya ingene ico gikorwa cariko kiragenda, ku buryo yasavye ko yoza ararungikirwa urupapuro rumwerumwe rwose ruhejeje gucapurwa. Nawe uca wumva ko Plantin atoshimye kurindira ko urupapuro rumwerumwe rwose rurinda kuva i Anvers rukarungikwa muri Esupanye ngo umwami abanze arusome yongere arukosore, ngo ruheze rugarukanwe i Anvers. Erega Filipo yatahiye urupapuro rwa mbere gusa, kumbure n’izindi nkeyi zacapuwe mu ntango. Muri ico gihe, Montano yari arembeje igikorwa nyaco co gusuzuma igisomwa cacapuwe, abifashijwemwo n’abigisha batatu bo kuri kaminuza y’i Louvain hamwe n’umukobwa w’umuyabaga wa Plantin.

Yarakunda Ijambo ry’Imana

Arias Montano yarahuza rwose n’izindi ncabwenge z’i Anvers. Kamere yiwe yo kutumira ku vyiyumviro vyiwe yatumye Plantin amukunda, kandi bahavuye baba abagenzi bongera barakorana neza gushika bapfuye. Montano ntiyamenyekaniye gusa ku bumenyi bwinshi yari afise, ariko yaramenyekaniye no ku rukundo rwinshi yakunda Ijambo ry’Imanab. Akiri umusore, yari ashashaye kurangiza kaminuza kugira ngo ace yihebera ivyo kwiga Ivyanditswe.

Arias Montano yabona ko Bibiliya ikwiye guhindurwa ijambo ku rindi uko bishoboka kwose. Yarondera guhindura mu zindi ndimi birya nyene biri mu gisomwa co mu ntango, kugira ngo umusomyi ashobore kwisomera Ijambo ry’Imana koko. Montano yisunga icivugo c’uwitwa Érasme, uwahimirije incabwenge “kwigisha ivyerekeye Kirisitu zifatiye ku gisomwa co mu ntango”. Hari haheze ibinjana n’ibindi abantu batazi insobanuro y’Ivyanditswe nk’uko iboneka mu ndimi zo mu ntango kubera yuko impinduro zo mu kilatini zari zigoye gutahura.

Ukuntu igisomwa c’iyo Bibiliya catunganijwe

Arias Montano yahavuye aronka impapuro zose Alfonso de Zamora yari yateguye akongera akaryohora kugira ngo acapure ya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte de Complute, akaba ari na zo Montano yakoresheje mu gutegura Bibiliya y’i bwamic.

Mu ntango, vyari vyitezwe yuko Bibiliya y’i bwami yobaye gusa ari iyindi nteguro ya ya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte de Complute, ariko si ko vyahavuye bigenda. Igisomwa c’igiheburayo n’ic’ikigiriki vyo muri ya mpinduro yitwa Septante vyarakuwe muri Polyglotte de Complute, maze bisubirizwa ibisomwa bishasha hamwe n’amakuru y’inyongera menshi cane. Iyo Bibiliya nshasha yari igizwe n’imbumbe umunani. Igikorwa co kuyicapura camaze imyaka itanu, kuva mu 1568 gushika mu 1572, ico kiringo kikaba ari gitoyi uravye ingene ico gikorwa kitari coroshe. Amaherezo, amakopi 1.213 y’iyo Bibiliya ni yo yacapuwe.

Naho ya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte de Complute yo mu 1517 vyabonetse ko ari “igikorwa gikomeye kiranga ubuhinga bwo gucapura indome”, Bibiliya nshasha yiswe Polyglotte d’Anvers nta ho yari ihuriye n’iyo ya mbere uravye ubuhinga bwakoreshejwe mu kuyitegura hamwe n’ivyari muri yo. Yari iyindi ntambwe ikomeye mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bwo gucapura ibitabu, na canecane mu bijanye n’ugutegura ibisomwa biryohoye bifatirwako mu guhindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi.

Ibitero vy’abansi b’Ijambo ry’Imana

Ntibitangaje kubona abansi ba Bibiliya zihinduwe hisunzwe ibisomwa vyo mu ntango batatevye kwigaragaza. Naho Papa yari ashigikiye iyo Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte d’Anvers, Arias Montano na we akaba yari incabwenge yubahwa kandi ivugwa neza, nticabujije ko yitwarirwa muri ya Sentare ya gatolika. Abamurwanya bamwagiriza ngo Bibiliya yiwe yerekana ko Bibiliya nshasha iryohoye yo mu kilatini y’uwitwa Santes Pagnino ari yo yahinduye neza ibisomwa vyo mu ntango vy’igiheburayo n’ivy’ikigiriki kuruta ya mpinduro yitwa Vulgate yari imaze ibinjana n’ibindi. Bamwagirije kandi ngo yikora ku ndimi zo mu ntango arondera gusohora impinduro ya Bibiliya itagiramwo amakosa, ivyo bakaba babona ko ari ukugarariza.

Sentare ya gatolika yaranavuze ko “Umwami ata cubahiro kinini yihesheje mu kwemera ko ico gikorwa citirirwa izina ryiwe”. Barababajwe n’uko Montano atisunze cane ya mpinduro ya Bibiliya yitwa Vulgate yari yemewe. Ariko rero, ivyo birego ntivyari bihagije kugira ngo iyo sentare icire rubi Montano canke Bibiliya yiwe. Bibiliya y’i bwami yahavuye ikundwa na benshi, iraheza icika igitabu gikoreshwa cane muri kaminuza zitandukanye.

Ni kirumara mu vy’ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya

Naho ya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte d’Anvers itari igenewe abanyagihugu muri rusangi, abahinduzi ba Bibiliya ntibatevye kubona ko ari kirumara mu gikorwa cabo. Cokimwe na ya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte de Complute, Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte d’Anvers yarafashije mu vy’ukuryohora ibisomwa vy’Ivyanditswe vyari bihari. Yarafashije kandi abahinduzi kurushiriza gutahura indimi zo mu ntango. Iyo Bibiliya barayikozeko mu guhindura Bibiliya zo mu ndimi nkurunkuru z’i Buraya. Nk’akarorero, igitabu kimwe (The Cambridge History of the Bible) kivuga yuko abahinduye ya Bibiliya izwi cane yitwa King James Version canke Authorized Version yo mu 1611, bikoze kuri ya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte d’Anvers mu gihindura indimi za kera. Bibiliya y’i bwami kandi yarisunzwe cane mu gutunganya Bibiliya zibiri zihambaye zirimwo indimi nyinshi, zasohowe mu kinjana ca 17.​—Raba uruzitiro ruvuga ngo “Bibiliya zirimwo indimi nyinshi”.

Kimwe mu vyiza vyinshi vya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte d’Anvers ni uko yaronkeje incabwenge z’i Buraya impinduro ya mbere y’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki mu rurimi rw’igisiriyake. Ico gisomwa c’igisiriyake cari kibangikanye n’igisomwa c’ikilatini gihinduwe ijambo ku rindi. Iyo mpinduro y’igisiriyake yari ngirakamaro rwose, kubera yuko yari imwe mu mpinduro za kera kuruta izindi z’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vya gikirisu. Impinduro y’igisiriyake yo mu kinjana ca gatanu G.C. yari yatunganijwe hisunzwe ivyandiko vy’iminwe vyo mu kinjana ca kabiri G.C. Nk’uko igitabu kimwe c’inkoranyabumenyi (The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) kibivuga, “abantu benshi baremera yuko impinduro [y’igisiriyake] yitwa Peshitta iri n’agaciro kanini mu bijanye no gusuzuma ko ata makosa yagiye arinjira mu gisomwa [ca Bibiliya]. Ni kimwe mu bintu vya kera cane kandi bihambaye rwose kuruta ibindi, bituronsa amakuru ajanye n’ivyo abantu bemera kuva kera”.

Caba ca gihuhusi caduka mu kiyaga canke vya birego vya Sentare ya gatolika yo muri Esupanye, nta na kimwe cabujije yuko mu 1572 haboneka Bibiliya imeze nka ya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte de Complute, ni ukuvuga Bibiliya y’i bwami, iryohoye kandi irimwo igisomwa kinini kuruta. Inkuru yerekeye iyo Bibiliya y’i bwami ni akandi karorero kerekana utwigoro abantu b’inziraburyarya bagize kugira baburanire Ijambo ry’Imana.

Baba bari babizi canke batabizi, igikorwa kizira ubwikunzi bakoze batiziganya, carerekanye yuko amajambo Yesaya yavuze ari ay’ukuri. Haraciye imyaka yababa ibihumbi bitatu yanditse ati: “Ivyatsi birūma, amashurwe agakabirana, arikw ijambo ry’Imana yacu rizohorah’ibihe bidashira”.​—Yesaya 40:8.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

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“Arikw ijambo ry’Imana yacu rizohorah’ibihe bidashira”

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BIBILIYA ZIRIMWO INDIMI NYINSHI

Incabwenge yo muri Esupanye yitwa Federico Pérez Castro isigura ati: “Bibiliya irimwo indimi nyinshi ni Bibiliya itekeye igisomwa kiri mu ndimi zitandukanye. Ariko mu bisanzwe iyo mvugo yerekeza kuri Bibiliya zitekeye igisomwa c’Ivyanditswe kiri mu ndimi zo mu ntango. Dufatiye kuri iyo nsobanuro, twovuga yuko Bibiliya zirimwo indimi nyinshi ari nkeyi cane”.

1. Polyglotte de Complute (1514-1517). Amahera yo kuyitunganya yatanzwe na Karidinali Cisneros, ikaba yacapuriwe mu gisagara ca Alcalá de Henares muri Esupanye. Imbumbe zitandatu ziyigize zarimwo igisomwa kiri mu ndimi zine: igiheburayo, ikigiriki, igiharameya n’ikilatini. Yararonkeje abahinduzi bo mu kinjana ca 16 igisomwa c’Ivyanditswe kiri mu giheburayo no mu giharameya bafatirako mu guhindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi.

2. Polyglotte d’Anvers (1568-1572). Yateguwe n’uwitwa Benito Arias Montano. Ku gisomwa co muri ya mpinduro yiswe Polyglotte de Complute, yongerako igisomwa c’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vya gikirisu co muri ya mpinduro y’igisiriyake yitwa Peshitta y’uwitwa Jonathan. Igisomwa cayo c’igiheburayo, icarimwo utumenyetso twerekana indome zivuga be n’utwatuzo, caryohowe hisunzwe igisomwa c’igiheburayo c’uwitwa Jacob ben Hayyim. Ivyo vyatumye kiba igisomwa c’Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo abahinduzi bafatirako mu guhindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi.

3. Polyglotte de Paris (1629-1645). Amahera yo kuyitunganya yatanzwe n’umushingwamanza w’Umufaransa yitwa Guy Michel le Jay. Yatunganijwe hisunzwe ya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte d’Anvers, naho nyene irimwo igisomwa c’igisamariya n’icarabu.

4. Polyglotte de Londres (1655-1657). Yateguwe n’uwitwa Brian Walton, kandi na yo nyene yatunganijwe hisunzwe ya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte d’Anvers. Irimwo n’impinduro za kera z’igisomwa ca Bibiliya zo mu kinyetiyopiya no mu giperesi, naho nyene izo mpinduro zitafashije bimwe biboneka mu bijanye n’ugutahura igisomwa ca Bibiliya.

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Bibiliya irimwo indimi nyinshi y’uwitwa Banner be n’imwe y’i Anvers (izo zibiri ziri munsi): Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Polyglotte d’Anvers (iyo iri hejuru): Tubikesha Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen; Polyglotte de Londres: Ivuye mu gitabu citwa The Walton Polyglot Bible, Vol. III, 1655-1657

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Filipo wa kabiri, umwami wo muri Esupanye

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Filipo wa kabiri: Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid

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Arias Montano

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Montano: Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

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Imashini zicapura za kera, mu gisagara ca Anvers mu Bubiligi

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Icapuriro: Tubikesha Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

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Ibubamfu: Christophe Plantin be n’urupapuro ruriko izina rya ya Bibiliya yiswe “Polyglotte d’Anvers”

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Christophe Plantin be n’urupapuro ruriko izina rya ya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte d’Anvers: Tubikesha Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

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Haruguru: Ikigabane ca 15 c’igitabu co Kuvayo kiri mu nkingi zine

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Christophe Plantin be n’urupapuro ruriko izina rya ya Bibiliya yiswe Polyglotte d’Anvers: Tubikesha Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

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Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid