Christophe Plantin​—Imboneza mu vy’ugucapura Bibiliya

JOHANNES GUTENBERG (uwabayeho nko mu 1397-1468) arazwi cane kubera ko ari we yasohoye Bibiliya ya mbere yacapuwe hakoreshejwe imashini icapura ibitabu yakoresha inyuguti ziri ku twuma dupangwa tukongera tugapangurwa. Ariko usanga ari bake bazi ivyerekeye uwitwa Christophe Plantin. Yarabaye imboneza mu vyo gucapura, aragira uruhara ruhambaye mu gutuma abantu bo hirya no hino kw’isi bashobora kuronka ibitabu be na Bibiliya mu myaka ya 1500.

Christophe Plantin yavukiye i Saint-Avertin mu Bufaransa, nko mu 1520. Kubera ko Plantin yipfuza kuba ahantu usanga abantu baho bubahiriza ivyo abandi bemera mu vy’idini, hakaba n’ahantu ibintu vyoshoboye kugenda neza mu vy’ubutunzi kuruta mu Bufaransa, yaciye aja kuba i Anvers mu karere ka Pays-Basa, ico gihe akaba yari mu gushikana imyaka 30.

Plantin yatanguye gukora umwuga wo guterateranya ibitabu no guhingura ibintu mu nsato. Ibintu yahingura, ivyo wasanga bikoranywe ubuhinga, vyarahurumbirwa cane n’abifise. Ariko rero, hari ikintu camushikiye mu 1555 catumye ahindura umwuga wiwe. Igihe Plantin yari ku rugendo atwaye akantu kameze nk’agasandugu yahinguye mu rusato yari yatumwe n’uwaramutswa ako karere ka Pays-Bas, uno akaba yari Umwami Filipo wa kabiri wa Esupanye, yaratewe ari kw’ibarabara i Anvers. Hari abagabo bari baborewe bamucumise inkota mu rutugu. Naho Plantin yakize urwo ruguma, ntiyari agishoboye gukora ibikorwa vy’amaboko biruhisha, akaba ari co gituma vyabaye ngombwa ko aheba uwo mwuga yari asanzwe akora. Afashwe mu mugongo n’uwitwa Hendrik Niclaes, uwo na we akaba yari umukuru w’umugwi w’abanabatisite, yaciye atangura gukora umwuga wo gucapura ibitabu.

“Igikorwa n’ukwumira kw’ibanga”

Plantin yise icapuriro ryiwe ngo “De Gulden Passer” (ni ukuvuga, Agacamuzingi k’inzahabu). Ikimenyetso caranga iryo capuriro ryiwe cari kigizwe n’uducamuzingi tubiri be n’icivugo kivuga ngo “Labore et Constantia”, bisobanura ngo “Igikorwa n’ukwumira kw’ibanga”. Ico kimenyetso casa n’ikidondora neza uwo mugabo w’umunyamwete.

Kubera ko igihe Plantin yari abayemwo cariko kibamwo amahinduka akomeye mu vy’idini no mu vya politike i Buraya, yaragerageje kutikwegera ingorane. Ico gikorwa co gucapura ibitabu ni co yashira imbere y’ibindi vyose. Naho Plantin atarwanya kwa Gutunganya ivy’idini bushasha kw’abaporotisanti, umwanditsi yitwa Maurits Sabbe avuga yuko Plantin “yari ntahompagaze ku bijanye n’ivy’idini”. Ni co gituma Plantin yavuzweko cane urukurukuru rw’uko ngo acapura ibitabu vy’ukugarariza Ekeleziya. Nk’akarorero, mu 1562, yarabwirijwe guhungira i Paris amarayo umwaka urenga.

Igihe yasubira i Anvers mu 1563, yaciye atangura gukorera hamwe n’abadandaza b’abatunzi, abatari bake muri bo bakaba bari bazwi ko bemera inyigisho za Calvin. Hashize imyaka itanu Plantin akorana n’abo badandaza, yari amaze gucapura ibitabu 260 bitandukanye. Muri ivyo harimwo Bibiliya yo mu giheburayo, iyo mu kigiriki n’iyo mu kilatini, tutibagiye n’izindi nteguro ziryoheye ijisho za ya Bibiliya y’abagatolika yo mu giholande yitwa Bibiliya y’i Louvain.

“Ikintu gihambaye cane kuruta ibindi vyose kijanye n’ivyo gucapura ibitabu cashitsweko”

Mu 1567, igihe ivyo kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa Esupanye vyariko bitera vyiyongera muri ako karere ka Pays-Bas, Umwami Filipo wa kabiri wa Esupanye yararungitse Umutware w’ i Alba ngo abe ari we aba buramatari w’ako karere. Ngo uwuhagarikiwe n’ingwe aravoma, uwo mutware yishimikije ububasha bwose yahawe n’umwami, yaciye yihatira kugondoza abaporotisanti bariko batera barushiriza kurwanya ubwo butegetsi. Rero, Plantin yaciye atangura gukora igikorwa gihambaye cane yabona ko cotumye bareka kwikeka ko yoba agarariza Ekeleziya. Yaripfuje cane gucapura Bibiliya iteguranywe ubumenyi buhanitse irimwo ibisomwa vyo mu ndimi Bibiliya yanditswemwo mu ntango. Kugira ngo Plantin asohore iyo nteguro nshasha, yararondeye gufatwa mu mugongo n’Umwami Filipo wa kabiri, kandi vyarashobotse. Uwo mwami yaramwemereye kumufata mu mugongo mu vy’amahera yongera aramurungikira umuhinga azwi cane yitwa Arias Montano ngo abe ari we ahagarikira ico gikorwa, uwo Montano akaba yari umwe muri ba bantu baharanira ivy’ukugendera imico y’Abagiriki n’Abaroma ba kera.

Montano yari umuhanga cane mu vy’indimi, akaba yakora amasaha 11 ku musi. Yasahirizwa n’abandi bahinga mu vy’indimi baturuka muri Esupanye, mu Bubiligi no mu Bufaransa. Intumbero yabo yari iyo gutegura integuro nshasha ya ya Bibiliya irimwo indimi nyinshi izwi cane yitwa Polyglotte de Compluteb. Uretse ko iyo Bibiliya nshasha irimwo indimi nyinshi ya Plantin yarimwo igisomwa co mu kilatini ca ya Bibiliya yitwa Vulgate, igisomwa ca ya Bibiliya y’ikigiriki yitwa Septante be n’igisomwa c’igiheburayo Bibiliya yanditswemwo mu ntango, yarimwo n’igisomwa c’igiharameya c’iyitwa Targoum be n’igisomwa c’igisiriyake c’iyitwa Peshitta hamwe n’impinduro zo mu kilatini z’ivyo bisomwa zahinduwe urudome ku rundi.

Igikorwa gihambaye cane co kuyicapura catanguye mu 1568, kiraheza kirangira mu 1573. Turavye umwanya vyasaba muri ico gihe kugira ngo umuntu akore mwene ico gikorwa, twovuga ko ico gikorwa co gucapura cakozwe mu mwanya mutoyi. Mw’ikete Montano yandikiye Umwami Filipo wa kabiri, yavuze ati: “Ibikorerwa hano mu kwezi kumwe biruta ibikorerwa i Roma mu mwaka wose”. Plantin yaracapuye amakopi 1.213 y’iyo Bibiliya nshasha irimwo indimi nyinshi, imwimwe yose ikaba yari igizwe n’imbumbe nininini umunani. Urupapuro ruriko izina ry’iyo Bibiliya rwariko ishusho iriko intambwe, ishuri, ibingira be n’umwagazi w’intama biriko birisha hamwe mu bwato bw’ibitungwa, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ibivugwa muri Yesaya 65:25. Mu gihe iyo Bibiliya yaba igizwe n’imbumbe zitarashirwa hamwe, yagurwa amahera 70 y’amaholande yakoreshwa ng’aho ico gihe, ayo na yo akaba yari menshi cane kubera yuko ico gihe nk’umuryango usanzwe washobora kuronka amaholande 50 mu mwaka wose. Mu nyuma, iyo Bibiliya yose iri hamwe yahavuye yitwa Polyglotte d’Anvers. Yiswe kandi Biblia Regia (bisobanura ngo Bibiliya y’i bwami) kubera ko Umwami Filipo wa kabiri ari we yatanze amahera yo kuyitunganya.

Naho Papa Geregori wa 13 yashimye iyo Bibiliya, Arias Montano we yaravuzwe nabi cane kubera yo. Imvo imwe yatumye Montano avugwa nabi ni uko yabona ko igisomwa c’igiheburayo Bibiliya yanditswemwo mu ntango caruta ica ya Bibiliya y’ikilatini yitwa Vulgate. Umuntu yari kw’isonga ry’abamurwanya yari uwitwa León de Castro, uwo akaba yari umunyatewolojiya yaturuka muri Esupanye yabona ko iyo Bibiliya y’ikilatini yitwa Vulgate ari yo Bibiliya nyamukuru yategerezwa kwisungwa. De Castro yagirije Montano yuko yatosekaje igisomwa ca Bibiliya mu gukoresha ivyiyumviro birwanya inyigisho y’Ubutatu. Nk’akarorero, de Castro yaradomye urutoke canecane kuri ca gisomwa c’igisiriyake citwa Peshitta kitarimwo ya majambo y’amakosa yongewe kuri 1 Yohana 5:7 dusanga muri Bibiliya zimwezimwe (nk’iyitwa King James Version) avuga ngo “Mw’ijuru, Data, Jambo be na Mutima Mweranda: kandi abo batatu bagize umwe”. Ariko rero, ya Sentare ya Gatolika yo muri Esupanye yarambitse izera Montano ku vyo yagirizwa vyose bijanye n’ukugarariza Ekeleziya. Iyo Bibiliya Polyglotte d’Anvers bamwebamwe babona ko ari “co kintu gihambaye cane kuruta ibindi vyose kijanye n’ivyo gucapura ibitabu cashitsweko n’umucapuzi umwe rudende, mu kinjana ca 16”.

Yaragize ico amara

Benshi cane mu bacapuzi b’ibitabu bo muri ico gihe wasanga bafise imashini zo gucapura zibiri canke zitatu gusa. Ariko, igihe Plantin yagera aho acapura ibitabu vyinshi, ashobora kuba yari afise n’imiburiburi imashini zo gucapura 22 n’abakozi 160. Mu karere kose kabamwo abantu bavuga igisupanyoli ico gihe, yari azwi ko ari kw’isonga mu vyo gucapura ibitabu.

Muri ico gihe nyene, ivyo kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa Esupanye vyabandanya vyiyongera muri ako karere ka Pays-Bas. Igisagara ca Anvers caraguye mu mporero z’ayo matati. Mu 1576, abacangero bo muri Esupanye batari baronse agahembo kabo baragumutse, barasahura ico gisagara. Inzu zirenga 600 zaraturiwe, abanyagihugu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi bo muri ico gisagara na bo baragandagurwa. Abadandaza baciye bahunga ico gisagara. Ivyo vyatumye Plantin ahomba cane. Uretse ivyo, yarategetswe guha abo bacangero bari bagumutse amahera aruta hafi incuro icenda ayo abandi banyagihugu bo muri ico gisagara bategerezwa gutanga.

Mu 1583, Plantin yarimutse aja kuba i Leyde, igisagara cari ku bilometero 100 mu Buraruko bwa Anvers. Muri ico gisagara, yarahashinze icapuriro yongera aragenwa kuba uwucapurira ibitabu kaminuza yaho, iyo na yo ikaba yari yatangujwe n’abaporotisanti b’abakaluvinisite. Ivyo yahora yagirizwa yuko ngo yahemukiye Ekeleziya Gatolika vyarasubiye kwaduka. Ku bw’ivyo, Plantin yaciye asubira i Anvers mu mpera zo mu 1585, haciye igihe gitoyi ico gisagara gisubijwe mu minwe y’ubutegetsi bwa Esupanye. Ico gihe yari ageze mu myaka 60 y’amavuka, kandi rya capuriro ryiwe ryari ryahomvye risigaye rikorerwamwo n’abakozi bane bakoresha akamashini kamwe katarenga. Plantin yaciye atangura kurisanura. Yamara rero, ntiryigeze risubira kumera nk’uko ryahora, kandi Plantin yahavuye apfa ku wa 1 Mukakaro 1589.

Mu kiringo c’imyaka irenga 34, Christophe Plantin yacapuye integuro 1.863 z’ibitabu, ugereranije bikaba ari nk’aho yacapura integuro 55 z’ibitabu buri mwaka. Emwe, no muri iki gihe, coba ari ikintu gitangaje rwose umucapuzi yikorera utwiwe ashoboye gucapura ibitabu vyinshi gutyo! Naho Plantin yashimye kutagira idini n’imwe ashigikiye rwose, igikorwa yakoze nticateje imbere gusa ivyo gucapura no gutunganya neza igisomwa gicapurwa, ariko kandi carateje imbere ibijanye no kwiga Ivyanditswe vyahumetswe (2 Timoteyo 3:16). Nkako, Plantin be n’abandi bacapuzi b’ibitabu bo mu gihe ciwe baragize uruhara ruhambaye cane mu gutuma mu nyuma abanyagihugu basanzwe bashobora kuronka Bibiliya.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

[Uruzitiro/Ifoto ku rup. 15]

IRATIRO RY’IVYA KERA RYITWA MUSÉE PLANTIN-MORETUS

Inyubakwa yo mu gisagara ca Anvers Plantin be n’abamukomotseko babamwo bakongera bagakoreramwo, mu 1877 yaragizwe inyubakwa igenewe abantu bose y’iratiro ry’ivya kera. Uretse iryo capuriro, nta rindi capuriro ryo muri ico gihe ritononekaye gushika n’ubu. Muri iryo ratiro harimwo imashini zo gucapura zitanu zo mu kinjana ca 17 n’ica 18. Harimwo n’izindi zibiri za kera kuruta izindi zose zizwi kw’isi, bikaba bigereranywa ko zoba ari izo mu gihe ca Plantin. Iryo ratiro ry’ivya kera ririmwo ivyuma nka 15.000 bakoresha mu gufyatura inyuguti, ibibaho 15.000 vyakoreshwa mu gucapura be n’ibikoresho 3.000 bibase bikozwe mu mujumbu biharangatuweko ishusho yinaka. Ububiko bw’ibitabu bw’iryo ratiro burimwo ivyandikano 638 vyanditswe n’iminwe vyo kuva mu kinjana ca 9 gushika mu kinjana ca 16, hamwe n’ibitabu 154 vyacapuwe imbere y’umwaka wa 1501. Muri ivyo bitabu harimwo ya Bibiliya ya Gutenberg yasohowe imbere yo mu 1461, hakabamwo n’ikopi imwe ya ya Bibiliya irimwo indimi nyinshi izwi cane yitwa Polyglotte d’Anvers yacapurwa na Plantin.

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Uyu ni Arias Montano

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Iyi ni ya Bibiliya “Polyglotte d’Anvers” irimwo igisomwa c’igiheburayo, Bibiliya y’ikilatini yitwa “Vulgate” be n’iy’ikigiriki yitwa “Septante”, hamwe n’igisomwa c’igisiriyake c’iyitwa “Peshitta” be n’ic’igiharameya c’iyitwa “Targoum” biri kumwe n’impinduro zavyo zo mu kilatini

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Ayo mashusho abiri: tuyakesha Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

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Tubikesha Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen