Bibiliya yanditswe ryari?

Bibiliya ni igitabu kidasanzwe. Abantu barenga imiliyaridi zitatu babona ko ari igitabu ceranda. Ciswe igitabu caguzwe kuruta ibindi vyose muri kahise kose, tugereranije hakaba hamaze gucapurwa amakopi yayo 6.000.000.000 (ari yose canke igice cayo) mu ndimi zirenga 2.400.

NAHO Bibiliya ari co gitabu gisomwa na benshi kuruta ibindi vyose vyigeze kubaho, hari ivyiyumviro vyinshi bikwiragizwa ku bijanye n’igihe yandikiwemwo, na canecane Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo, ibikunze kwitwa Isezerano rya kera. Ushobora kuba umaze gusoma ivyiyumviro bimwebimwe mwene ivyo mu binyamakuru no mu bitabu, canke ushobora kuba umaze kubona incabwenge zibisigura mu biganiro vyo ku mboneshakure. Ng’aya amajambo amwamwe yerekana ivyiyumviro abantu bamwebamwe bo mu gihe ca none bafise:

▪ “Ibitabu vya Bibiliya vyanditswe ahanini mu kinjana c’umunani gushika mu kinjana ca gatandatu B.G.C. (B.G.C. bisobanura imbere y’igihe cacu), canke hagati y’igihe c’umuhanuzi Yesaya n’ic’umuhanuzi Yeremiya.”

▪ “Mu myaka amajana abiri iheze, incabwenge z’ivya Bibiliya wasanga muri rusangi zibona ko Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo vyanditswe vyongera biryohorwa canecane mu gihe c’Abaperesi n’ic’Abagiriki (mu kinjana ca gatanu gushika mu ca kabiri B.G.C.).”

▪ “Ibisomwa vyose vy’Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo nk’uko bimeze muri iki gihe vyanditswe mu gihe c’Abagiriki (nko mu kinjana ca 2 gushika mu ca 1 [B.G.C.]).”

None umukirisu yemera ko “Icanditswe cose cahumetswe n’Imana” akwiye kubona gute ivyo vyiyumviro bivuguruzanya? (2 Timoteyo 3:16) Kugira twishure ico kibazo, reka turimbure ivyiyumviro bitandukanye ku bijanye n’ico kibazo.

Ico Bibiliya ubwayo ivuga

Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo birimwo amakuru menshi yerekana igihe ibintu bitandukanye vyagiye biraberako. Ayo makuru yerekana yuko ibitabu vya mbere vyanditswe mu gihe ca Musa na Yosuwa, hakaba haciye nk’imyaka 3.500.a Samweli, Dawidi, Salomo n’abandi baranditse ibitabu vyiyongereye kuri ivyo mu kinjana ca 11 B.G.C. Ivyo bitabu vyakurikiwe n’ibindi bivuga inkuru za kahise, be n’ivyanditse mu buryo bw’indyoshamvugo hamwe n’ivy’ubuhanuzi, bikaba bivugwa ko vyanditswe kuva mu kinjana c’icenda gushika mu ca gatanu B.G.C.

Amakopi canke ibihimba vy’ivyo bitabu vyo muri Bibiliya, ukuyemwo igitabu ca Esiteri, biri mu bigize ya mizingo yo ku Kiyaga c’Umunyu. Ubuhinga bwo kugenekereza ikiringo ikintu kanaka kimaze kiriho hakoreshejwe icitwa carbone 14 be n’ubuhinga bwo gutohoza ivyandikano vy’iminwe vya kera biremeza ko imizingo ya kera cane kuruta iyindi muri iyo ari iyo kuva nko mu mwaka wa 200 B.G.C. gushika mu wa 100 B.G.C.

Ico incabwenge zivuga

Imwe mu mvo nyamukuru zituma incabwenge zivyura ibibazo ku bijanye n’ingene Bibiliya ivuga ko ibintu vyagiye birakurikirana, ni ukuba ivuga yuko yahumetswe n’Imana. Ku bijanye n’ivyo, Porofeseri Walter C. Kaiser Jr. yanditse mu gitabu ciwe (The Old Testament Documents) ati: “Icagiriza igisomwa [ca Bibiliya] ni ukuba ivuga yuko ikomoka ku Mana no kuba ivuga ivy’ibitangaro be n’ibijanye n’Imana.” Incabwenge zitemera ko Bibiliya yahumetswe n’Imana zivuga yuko Bibiliya ikwiye gusuzumwa mu buryo bwitondewe cokimwe n’ikindi gitabu ico ari co cose.

Inyigisho ya Darwin y’uko ibintu vyabayeho biciye kw’ihindagurika yaramaze igihe yisungwa mu gusigura yuko amadini yagiye arahindagurika, abantu bakava ku gusenga ibiriho bagatangura gusenga imana nyinshi, mu nyuma na ho bagasigara basenga Imana imwe rudende. Kubera ko rero ibitabu vya mbere vyo muri Bibiliya bivuga ibijanye n’ugusenga Imana imwe, hari abiyumvira ko bitegerezwa kuba bitanditswe mu gihe bivugwa ko vyandikiwemwo ahubwo ko vyanditswe inyuma yaho.

Kuva ico gihe, incabwenge zaratanguye ivyo gusuzuma igisomwa ca Bibiliya mu buryo bwinshi. Nk’akarorero, igitabu kimwe c’inyizamvugo y’Isezerano rya kera giheruka gusohorwa kirimwo ibiganiro bidondora neza ibijanye n’uburyo butandukanye bwo gusuzuma igisomwa ca Bibiliya. Bumwe muri bwo ni ugusuzuma ukuntu igisomwa cayo canditse, ugusuzuma nimba inkuru yigana zitarimwo amahinyu kandi zihuje n’ivyo abantu bo mu gihe c’ibivugwa muri izo nkuru bari basanzwe bemera, ugusuzuma ibijanye n’amasôko yakuwemwo amakuru, be n’akahise k’ukuntu inkuru zo muri vya bitabu bitanu bitangura vyo muri Bibiliya (ari vyo bita Pentateki) zagiye zirasuzumwa.

Naho incabwenge zitavuga rumwe ku bijanye n’igihe ibitabu vyo muri Bibiliya vyandikiwemwo, abantu batari bake bashima iciyumviro catanzwe na Porofeseri R. E. Friedman. Yanditse ati: “Mu kiringo c’imyaka amajana n’amajana, abanditsi ba kera baranditse ivyandikano mu buryo bw’indyoshamvugo no mu buryo busanzwe, barandika n’ivyandikano birimwo amategeko. Mu nyuma ivyo vyandikano vyarabereye isôko ry’amakuru abandi banditsi. Bano bahavuye batunganya Bibiliya bafatiye kuri ayo masôko.”

Igitabu kimwe (Faith, Tradition, and History) kiraca iryo n’ino vyinshi muri ivyo vyiyumviro hamwe n’ibindi bishikirizwa n’abasuzuma Bibiliya. Ariko rero muri make, kivuga giti: “Naho incabwenge zose hamwe zitizigira Ivyanditswe ariko zikizigira rwose ivyiyumviro vyazo bwite, umwe wese muri bo usanga ahinyura cane ivyiyumviro vya mugenziwe.”

Ibimenyamenya bishigikira urukurikirane rw’ibihe Bibiliya itanga

Ibitabu vya mbere vyo muri Bibiliya vyanditswe ku bintu vyononekara. Ntivyoba rero vyumvikana umuntu yiteze ko ivyandikano vyo mu ntango canke amakopi yavyo vyo mu gihe ca Musa, Yosuwa, Samweli canke Dawidi bizoteba bikaboneka. Naho ari ukwo, birashoboka ko umuntu atohoza ibimenyamenya bidashoka bidomako bishingiye ku makuru ajanye na kahise, ivyo bimenyamenya bikaba vyerekana ko kwemera ibihe Bibiliya ivuga ari ikintu cumvikana nk’uko abatari bake mu ncabwenge no mu bacukuzi b’ivya kera bubahwa bavyemera. None ibimenyamenya mwene ivyo vyerekana iki? Rimbura uburorero bukeyi.

▪ Mbega mu gihe ca Musa na Yosuwa, ubu hakaba haheze imyaka 3.500, hoba hariho ivyandikano mu karere k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu ka kera nk’uko Bibiliya ivyerekana? Muri Mezopotamiya ha kera no mu Misiri, harandikwa ibisomwa bivuga ivya kahise, ivy’idini, ivy’amategeko, n’ibindi bisomwa. Tuvuge iki none ku vyerekeye ivyo Musa n’abandi Bisirayeli banditse? Inyizamvugo imwe y’ivya Bibiliya (Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch) yishura iti: “Nta mvo n’imwe yotuma dukekeranya ko muri Kanani hariho ivyandikano mu gice ca nyuma c’ikiringo ciswe ngo ni ic’umujumpu (âge du bronze) [nko kuva mu 1550 gushika mu 1200 B.G.C.].” Congerako giti: “Dufatiye ku vy’uko kera bandika ivyandikano, nta mvo n’imwe yotuma tubona ko Musa atanditse ibisomwa avugwa ko yanditse, eka no ku bindi bisomwa vyinshi ni kwo kw’ukwo.”​—Kuvayo 17:14; 24:4; 34:27, 28; Guharūra 33:2; Gusubira mu vyagezwe 31:24.

▪ Abanditsi ba Bibiliya boba barafatiye ku masôko ya kera? Egome, bamwebamwe barafatiye ku ‘bitabu,’ bino bikaba bishobora kuba vyari ivyandikano vya Leta, inzandiko zerekana ingene imiryango yagiye irakurikirana, ivyaranguwe muri kahise, hamwe n’ivyandikano bijanye n’imiryango be n’ingo.​—Guharūra 21:14; Yosuwa 10:13; 2 Samweli 1:18; 1 Abami 11:41; 2 Ngoma 32:32.

▪ Kubera iki ata vyandikano vya Bibiliya vya kera cane gusumba ya mizingo yo ku Kiyaga c’Umunyu biratorwa? Ikinyamakuru kimwe (Biblical Archaeology Review) gisigura giti: “Vyinshi mu vyandikano vyo ku nkorogoto no ku nshato vyo muri Palesitina ntibikiriho; ibikiriho ni ivyo mu ntara zigadutse gusa, nk’ivyo mu karere gakikuje Ikiyaga c’Umunyu. Inkorogoto n’inshato birabora iyo biri ahantu h’ubutaka bubomvye. Kuba rero bitaruburwa ntibisobanura yuko bitigeze bibaho.” Kukaba nk’ako, harubuwe utubumba amajana n’amajana twakoreshwa igihe baba bariko baratekera ivyandikano. Ivyandikano vyo ku nkorogoto no ku nshato vyarahiye canke birabora biturutse ku butaka bubomvye, ariko utubumba bakoresha mu kubitekera twotwo turacariho. Bigereranywa ko utwo tubumba ari utwo kuva mu kinjana c’icenda gushika mu ca gatanu B.G.C.

▪ Ivyandikano vy’iminwe vya Bibiliya vyazigamwa gute? Igitabu kimwe kivuga ibijanye na Bibiliya (The Bible as It Was) kigira giti: “Inkuru, amazaburi, amategeko n’ubuhanuzi bigize Bibiliya vyadushikiriye muri iki gihe, bitegerezwa kuba vyarimuwe incuro nyinshi, nyinshi cane no mu bihe nyene vya Bibiliya. . . . Nimba ivyo bisomwa vyarimuwe incuro n’izindi mu bihe nyene vya Bibiliya, ni kubera yuko vyakoreshwa. Vyari ngirakamaro mu buzima bwa misi yose. . . . Nta wokwirirwa arigora yimura ibisomwa ata co bizomara.”​—Gusubira mu vyagezwe 17:18; Imigani 25:1.

Bisobanura rero yuko ibitabu vya mbere vyo muri Bibiliya vyamaze ikiringo c’imyaka hafi 1.500 vyimurwa gushika mu kinjana ca mbere G.C. (G.C. bisobanura mu Gihe Cacu). Igitabu kimwe (On the Reliability of the Old Testament) kivuga yuko muri ukwo kwimura ibisomwa ata makosa, hajamwo n’“ugufata indimburo be n’inyandiko y’amajambo vya kera ukabihuza n’igihe, ico kikaba ari ikintu cakorwa hose mu karere k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu ka kera.”b Ivyo bica bituma umuntu yibaza nimba yofatana uburemere ibibazo incabwenge zivyura ku bijanye n’uburyo igisomwa ca Bibiliya canditswe be n’ingene gihinyanyuwe.

Bibiliya yanditswe ryari?

Vyoba none vyumvikana umuntu agumye avuga yuko ibitabu vyo muri Bibiliya bitanditswe kera nk’uko bivugwa, ngo ni kubera yuko hataboneka ivyandikano vy’iminwe vyo mu gihe ca Musa, Yosuwa, Samweli n’abandi? Incabwenge zitari nke zirahuriza ku ciyumviro c’uko kuba ata bimenyamenya biraboneka ubwavyo atari ikimenyamenya c’uko ata bihari. Tuvugishije ukuri, ni ivyandikano bingana gute vyanditse ku bintu bishobora kwononera vyari gushobora kuzigamwa? Nk’akarorero, umuhinga mu vya kahise ka Misiri yitwa K. A. Kitchen yagereranije yuko ivyandikano vyo ku nkorogoto vyo mu Misiri vyanditswe imbere y’igihe c’Abagiriki n’Abaroma vyaherengeteye hafi vyose.

Abubaha Bibiliya boshobora kandi kwibaza bati: ‘None Yezu yabona gute Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo?’ Mu gihe ca Yezu, ikibazo kijanye n’igihe ibitabu vya Bibiliya vyandikiwemwo nticigera gitera impari. Cokimwe n’Abayuda muri rusangi, biboneka ko Yezu yemera amakuru Ivyanditswe bitanga ku bijanye n’urukurikirane rw’ibihe. Yoba none yaremera abanditse ibitabu vya mbere vyo muri Bibiliya?

Yezu yaravuze ibijanye n’ivyo Musa yanditse. Nk’akarorero, yaravuze ivyerekeye “igitabu ca Musa.” (Mariko 12:26; Yohani 5:46) Yarafatiye ku nkuru zo mw’⁠Itanguriro (Matayo 19:4, 5; 24:37-39), izo muri Kuvayo (Luka 20:37), izo mu Balewi (Matayo 8:4), izo mu Guharūra (Matayo 12:5), n’izo mu Gusubira mu vyagezwe (Matayo 18:16). Yavuze ati: “Ibintu vyose vyanditswe mw’itegeko rya Musa no mu Bahanuzi no mu Mazaburi ku binyerekeye bitegerezwa kuranguka.” (Luka 24:44) Nimba yaremera ko Musa hamwe n’abandi ari bo banditse ibitabu vyo muri Bibiliya, nta gukeka rero ko yabona yuko amakuru Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo bitanga ku bijanye n’urukurikirane rw’ibihe ari ay’ukuri.

None Bibiliya yanditswe ryari? Ivyo Bibiliya ubwayo ibivugako vyoba ari ivyo kwizigirwa? Twabonye ico incabwenge zitari nke zivyiyumvirako, turabona amakuru Bibiliya ubwayo itanga, turabona ibimenyamenya bidashoka bidomako bishingiye ku makuru ajanye na kahise, twongera turabona ingene Yezu yabibona. Ufatiye kuri ivyo vyose, inyishu utanga yoba yerekana ko ushigikira ivyo Yezu yabwiye Se Yehova Imana mw’isengesho ati: “Ijambo ryawe ni ukuri”?​—Yohani 17:17.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

[Igicapo/Amafoto ku rup. 20-23]

(Ushaka igisomwa cose, raba iki kinyamakuru)

(Uyu murongo werekana imyaka bigereranywa ko ibitabu vyo muri Bibiliya vyandikiwemwo)

2000 B.G.C.

1800

[Ifoto]

Imbere y’igihe ca Musa, abimuzi b’Abanyamisiri barandika

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

© DeA Picture Library/​Art Resource, NY

1600

[Ifoto]

Musa yarangije kwandika Itanguriro mu 1513 B.G.C., akaba yanditse ku bintu bishobora kwononekara

Itanguriro 1513 B.G.C.

Yosuwa

1400

1200

Samweli

1000 B.G.C.

[Ifoto]

Utubumba amajana n’amajana turacariho

Ni utwo kuva mu 900 gushika mu 500 B.G.C.

Yona

800

Yesaya

600

Yeremiya

Daniyeli

[Ifoto]

Icandikano co ku nkorogoto kizinze, kikaba kiboheshejwe umugozi bagashirako n’akabumba

Ni ico mu 449 B.G.C.

[Abo dukseha ifoto]

Brooklyn Museum, Bequest of Theodora Wilbour from the collection of her father, Charles Edwin Wilbour

400

200

[Ifoto]

Ya mizingo yo ku Kiyaga c’Umunyu yari itekeye mu mpuzu y’ilino, ikaba yazigamiwe mu bikono. Ni vyo vyandikano vya Bibiliya bikiriho vya kera kuruta ibindi vyose bimaze kwuburwa

Ni iyo kuva mu mwaka wa 200 gushika mu wa 100 B.G.C.

[Abo dukseha ifoto]

Shrine of the Book, Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem