Zita raMwari ne“Testamente Itsva”
NZVIMBO yezita raMwari haizununguki muMagwaro echiHebheru, “Testamente yeKare.” Kunyange zvazvo vaJudha pakupedzisira vakarega kuridudza, zvitendero zvavo zvorudzidziso zvakavadzivisa kubvisa zitaro apo vakaita manyoro amanyoro ekare zvikuru eBhaibheri. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichecho, Magwaro echiHebheru ane zita raMwari kazhinji zvikuru kupinda rimwe zita ripi neripi.
MuMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu, “Testamente Itsva,” mugariro wacho wakasiana. Manyoro ebhuku raZvakazarurwa (bhuku rokupedzisira reBhaibheri) ane zita raMwari muchimiro charo chedimuriro, “Jah” (mushoko rokuti “Hallelujah”). Asi kunze kwaizvozvo, hakuna manyoro ekare echiGiriki atinawo nhasi amabhuku anobvira pana Mateo kusvikira pana Zvakazarurwa ane zita raMwari rakakwana. Ko ikoko kunoreva here kuti zitaro harifaniri kuvamo? Ikoko kwaizova kunoshamisa kurangarira idi rokuti vateveri vaJesu vaiziva kukosha kwezita raMwari, uye Jesu akatidzidzisa kunyengeterera zita raMwari kuva rinotsveneswa. Naizvozvo chii chakaitika?
Kunzwisisa ikoku, yeuka kuti manyoro aMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu atinawo nhasi haasati ari apakuvamba. Mabhuku chaiwoiwo akanyorwa naMateo, Ruka navamwe vanyori veBhaibheri akasanoshandiswa kwazvo uye akakurumidza kusakara. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, manyoro akaitwa, uye apo iwo akasakara, mamwezve manyoro akaitwa amanyoro iwawo. Izvi ndizvo zvataizokarira, sezvo manyoro aiwanzoitirwa kushandiswa, kwete kuchengetwa.
Kune zviuru zvamanyoro aMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu aripo nhasi, asika mazhinjisa ao akaitwa mukati kana kuti pashure pezana rechina ramakore reNguva Yedu Yavose. Ikoku kunokarakadza kubvira: Ko chimwe chinhu chakaitika kurugwaro rwaMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu here pamberi pezana rechina ramakore icho chakaparira kusiiwa kwezita raMwari? Maidi anobvumikisa kuti chimwe chinhu chakaitika.
Zitaro Rakanga Riripo
Tinogona kusimbisirwa kuti muapostora Mateo akabatanidza zita raMwari muEvhangeri yake. Neiko? Nokuti iye akarinyora pakuvamba vamba muchiHebheru. Muzana ramakore rechina, Jerome, uyo akashandura Vulgate rechiLatini, akashuma, kuti: “Mateo, uyo anonziwo Revhi, uye uyo kubva pakuva muteresi akazova muapostora, pakutanga akaumba Evhangeri yaKristu muJudhea mumutauro wechiHebheru . . . Uyo akarishandura pashure paikoku muchiGiriki haazati achisimbiswa zvakaringanira. Zvakare, chiHebheru icho chimene chinochengetwa kusvikira kuzuva rino mumupakwa wapaKesarea.”
Mateo zvaakanyora muchiHebheru, hakuzati kuchidavirika kuti iye haana kushandisa zita raMwari, zvikurukuru pakunokora mashoko anobva mumativi e“Testamente yeKare” yakanga ine zitaro. Zvisinei, vamwe vanyori vorutivi rwechipiri rweBhaibheri vakanyora nokuda kwavanzwi venyika yose mumutauro wamarudzi ose wenguva iyeyo, chiGiriki. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, havana kunokora mashoko mumanyoro echiHebheru apakuvamba asi mushanduro yechiGiriki yeSeptuagint. Uye kunyange Evhangeri yaMateo pakupedzisira yakashandurirwa muchiGiriki. Ko zita raMwari raizove rakaoneka mumanyoro aya echiGiriki here?
Eya, zvimwe zvaenga zvekare zvikuru zveShanduro yeSeptuagint zvakanga zviripo chaizvoizvo muzuva raJesu zvagara kusvikira muzuva redu, uye kunocherechedzwa kuti zita chairoiro raMwari raioneka mazviri. The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology (Volume 2, peji 512) rinoti: “Kuwanwa kwazvino uno kworugwaro kunopanikira pamsoro pomufungo wokuti vaunganidzi ve[Septuagint] LXX vakashandura Tetragrammaton YHWH kupfurikidza nekyrios. (Zvayenga) zvekaresa zveLXX MSS zvinowanika zvino kwatiri zvine Tetragrammaton yakanyorwa mumabhii echiHeb[heru] murugwaro rwechiG[iri]ki. Uyu muitiro wakachengetwa navashanduri vapashure vechiJudha veT[estamente] yeK[are] mumazana amakore okutanga A.D.” Naizvozvo, kunyange Jesu navadzidzi vake vakarava magwaro muchiHebheru kana kuti muchiGiriki, ivo vaizosangana nezita raMwari.
Nokudaro, Professor George Howard, wapaUniversity of Georgia, U.S.A., akaita uku kutsinhira: “Apo Septuagint iyo chechi yeNew Testamente yakashandisa uye yakanokora mashoko yaiva nechimiro chechiHebheru chezita raMwari, vanyori veTestamente Itsva mukusapanikira vakabatanidza Tetragrammaton mukunokora mashoko kwavo.” (Biblical Archaeology Review, March 1978, peji 14) Ko ivo vaizove vane simba here rokuita neimwe nzira?
Zita raMwari rakaramba riri mushanduro dzechiGiriki dze“Testamente yeKare” kwenguva yakati rebei zvikuru. Muhafu yokutanga yezana ramakore rechipiri N.V., Akwira mutendeuki wechiJudha akaita shanduro itsva yaMagwaro echiHebheru muchiGiriki, uye muna iyoyi akaratidzira zita raMwari kupfurikidza neTetragrammaton mumabhii ekare echiHebheru. Muzana ramakore rechitatu, Origen akanyora, kuti: “Uye mumanyoro akaisvorurama zvikuru ZITARO rinowanika mumabhii echiHebheru, asika kwete [mabhii] echiHebheru anhasi, asi muna ayo ekaresa zvikuru.”
Kunyange muzana ramakore rechina, Jerome anonyora musumo yake yamabhuku aSamueri naMadzimambo: “Uye tinowana zita raMwari, Tetragrammaton, [יהוה], mumamwe mavhoriyamu echiGiriki kunyange kusvikira kuzuva rino anoratidzirwa mumabhii ekare.”
Kubviswa Kwezita
Zvisinei, kutozosvika panguva ino kutsauka pakutenda kwakadeya kutaurwa naJesu kwakanga kwaitika, uye zitaro, kunyange zvazvo richioneka mumanyoro rakashandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma. (Mateo 13:24-30; Mabasa 20:29, 30) Pakupedzisira, varavi vazhinji havana kutongoziva zvarakanga rakaita uye Jerome anoshuma kuti munguva yake “vamwe vasingazivi, nemhaka yokufanana kwamabhii, pavaizowana [Tetragrammaton] mumabhuku echiGiriki, vakanga vakarovedzana nokurava kuti ΠΙΠΙ.”
Mumakopi apashure eSeptuagint, zita raMwari rakabviswa uye mashoko akadai sa“Mwari” (The·osʹ) na“Ishe” (Kyʹri·os) akatsiva. Tinoziva kuti ikoku kwakaitika nemhaka yokuti tine zvaenga zvapakuvamba zveSeptuagint umo zita raMwari rakabatanidzwa uye makopi apashure amativi mamwe chetewo iwawo eSeptuagint umo zita raMwari rakabviswa.
Chinhu chimwe chetecho chakaitika mu“Testamente Itsva,” kana kuti Magwaro echiGiriki echiKristu. Professor George Howard anopfuurira kutaura, kuti: “Apo chimiro chechiHebheru chezita raMwari chakabviswa nokuda kwezvitsivo zvechiGiriki muSeptuagint, chakabviswawo mukunokorwa mashoko kweTestamente Itsva kweSeptuagint. . . . Nokukurumidza zita roumwari rakarashika kuchechi yavamarudzi kunze kwetambanuko yarairatidzirwa muzvivakwa kana kuti kuyeukwa navazivi.”
Nokuda kweichi chikonzero, kunyange vaJudha vakaramba kududza zita raMwari, chechi yechiKristu yakatsauka pakutenda yakakwanisa kuribvisa chose chose mumanyoro omutauro wechiGiriki mumativi ose ari maviri eBhaibheri, uyewo mudzimwe shanduro dzomutauro.
Kudikanwa Kwezita
Pakupedzisira, sezvataona pakuvamba vamba, zitaro rakadzorerwa kushanduro zhinji dzaMagwaro echiHebheru. Asi zvakadiniko naMagwaro echiGiriki? Eya, vashanduri veBhaibheri navadzidzi vakasvika pakuziva kuti kana pasina zita raMwari, mamwe amativi aMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu akaoma zvikuru kunzwisiswa zvakafanira. Kudzorera zitaro ibetsero huru mukuwedzera kujeka nokunzwisisika kweichi chikamu cheBhaibheri rakafuridzirwa.
Somuenzaniso, rangarira mashoko aPauro kuvaRoma, sezvaanooneka muAuthorized Version: “Nokuti upi kana upi anodana pazita raIshe achaponeswa.” (VaRoma 10:13) Izita raaniko ratinofanira kudana pariri kuti tigoponeswa? Jesu zvaanowanzotaurwa nezvake sa“Ishe,” uye rumwe rugwaro runototi: “Davira iShe Jesu Kristu, nokudaro iwe uchaponeswa,” ko tinofanira kutaura here kuti Pauro pano akanga achitaura pamsoro paJesu?—Mabasa 16:31, Authorized Version.
Aiwa, hatifaniri kudaro. Nongedzero yomumucheto yaVaRoma 10:13 muAuthorized Version inotinongedzera kuna Joere 2:32 muMagwaro echiHebheru. Kana ukanzvera nongedzero iyeyo, uchawana kuti Pauro akanga achinokora mashoko zvomeneme mashoko aJoere mutsamba yake yokuvaRoma; uye zvakataurwa naJoere muchiHebheru chapakuvamba zvakanga zviri zvokuti: “Munhu ari ose anodana pazita raJehovha achakotsekana.” (New World Translation) Hungu, pano Pauro akareva kuti tinofanira kudana pazita raJehovha. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichecho, kunyange tichifanira hedu kudavira Jesu, ruponeso rwedu rwakasanobatanidzwa nokunzwisiswa kwezita raMwari.
Uyu muenzaniso unoenzanisira kuti kubviswa kwezita raMwari muMagwaro echiGiriki kunopira sei mukuvhiringidza Jesu naJehovha mundangariro dzavazhinji. Nomutoo wokusapanikira, kwakapira zvikurukuru kukukudziridzika kwedzidziso yoUtatu!
Ko Zitaro Rinofanira Kudzorerwa Here?
Ko mushanduri aizova namaruramiro api naapi okudzorera zitaro here, mukurangarira idi rokuti manyoro aripo haazati anaro? Hungu, aizova namaruramiro iwawo. Dudzira mashoko zhinjisa dzechiGiriki dzinobvuma kuti kazhinji kazhinji shoko rokuti “Ishe” rinoreva nezvaJehovha. Somuenzaniso muchikamu chayo pasi peshoko rechiGiriki rokuti Kyʹri·os (“Ishe”), A Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament yaRobinson (yakatsikirirwa muna 1859) inoti rinoreva kuti “Mwari saIshe Mukurusa nachangamire wechisiko chapose pose, kazhinji kazhinji muSep[tuagint] nokuda kwechiHeb[heru] יְהוָֹה Jehovha.” Nokuda kwechikonzero ichecho, munzvimbo umo vanyori vamagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu vanonokora mashoko Magwaro apakuvamba echiHebheru, mushanduri anamaruramiro okushandura shoko rokuti Kyʹri·os kuva “Jehovha” pari pose apo zita raMwari rinooneka muchiHebheru chapakuvamba.
Vashanduri vazhinji vakaita ikoku. Zvimwe kutangira muzana ramakore rechi 14, shanduro zhinji dzechiHebheru dzakaitwa naMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu. Ko vashanduri vakaitei apo ivo vakasvika pakunokorwa kwamashoko kunobva mu“Testamente yeKare” apo zita raMwari raioneka? Kazhinji kazhinji, vainzwa vachigombedzerwa kudzorera zita raMwari kurugwarorwo. Shanduro zhinji dzamativi kana kuti dzaose aMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu mose muchiHebheru dzine zita raMwari.
Shanduro dzakaitwa mumitauro yazvinouno, zvikurukuru dziya dzakashandiswa navafundisi, dzakatevera muenzaniso uyu. Nokudaro shanduro zhinji dzomutauro wavaAfrica, vaAsia, vaAmerica nowechitsuwa chePacific dzaMagwaro echiGiriki dzinoshandisa zita rokuti Jehovha norusununguko, kuti varavi vagone kusanoona musiano uri pakati paMwari wechokwadi navamwari venhema. Zitaro rakaonekawo, mushanduro dzemitauro yeEurope.
Imwe shanduro inodzorera noushingi zita raMwari ine chiremera chakanaka ndiyo New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures. Shanduro iyi, kuri zvino inowanikwa mumitauro yazvino uno 11, yakadzorera zita raMwari nguva iri yose apo chikamu chaMagwaro echiHebheru chinaro chinonokorwa mashoko muMagwaro echiGiriki. Rose pamwe chete, zitaro rinowanika kane 237 nechisakiso chakanaka mushanduro iyeyo yaMagwaro echiGiriki.
Chishooro Kuzitaro
Pasinei hapo nenhamburiko dzavashanduri vazhinji dzokudzorera zita raMwari muBhaibheri, panguve pane kudzvinyirira kworudzidziso kwokuribvisa. VaJudha, kunyange vachirisiya mumaBhaibheri avo, vairamba kuridudza. MaKristu akatsauka pakutenda omuzana ramakore rechipiri nerechitatu akaribvisa apo ivo vakaita manyoro eBhaibheri echiGiriki ndokurisiya apo ivo vakaita shanduro dzeBhaibheri. Vashanduri munguva dzazvino uno vakaribvisa, kunyange apo ivo vanovakira shanduro dzavo pachiHebheru chapakuvamba, umo iro rinowanika kanenge 7 000. (Iro rinooneka kane 6 973 murugwaro rwechiHebheru rweNew World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, chinyorwa cha 1984.)
Ko Jehovha anorangarira sei avo vanobvisa zita rake muBhaibheri? Dai iwe wakanga uri munyori, waizonzwa sei pamsoro pomumwe munhu aizoita tambanuko dzakati kuti huru dzokubvisa zita rako mubhuku rawakanyora? Vashanduri vakaramba zitaro, vachiita kudaro nokuda kwezvinetso zvokuridudza kana kuti nemhaka yegamuchidzanwa rechiJudha, vangaenzaniswa naavo Jesu akataura kuti muno“mimina unyunyu asi muchimedza kamera!” (Mateo 23:24) Vaigumburwa nezvinetso izvi zviduku zvikuru asi vachiguma nokuparira chinetso chikuru—kupfurikidza nokubvisa zita romunhu mukurusa ari muchisiko chapose pose mubhuku raakafuridzira.
Wezvamapisarema akanyora, kuti: “Haiwa Mwari, mudzivisi achapfuurira kuzvidza kusvikira riiniko? Ko muvengi achapfuurira kubata zita renyu noruzvidzo nokusingaperi here?”—Pisarema 74:10.
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“ISHE”—Ienzanirano ya“Jehovha” Here?
Kubvisa zita chairoiro rinotsauranisa raMwari muBhaibheri ndokuritsiva nechiratidzo chakadai sokuti “Ishe” kana kuti “Mwari” kunoita kuti rugwaro ruve rusina simba norusina kuringanira munzira zhinji. Somuenzaniso, kungagona kuparira mibatanidzwa isina revo yamashoko. Mumashoko aro okuvamba, The Jerusalem Bible rinoti: “Kutaura kuti, ‘Ishe ndiMwari’ zvamazvirokwazvo ndikwo kudzokororwa kwerevo imwe cheteyo namashoko akasiana [kudzokorora kusiri madikanwa, kana kuti kusina revo], sezvo kuti ‘Yahwe ndiMwari’ kusiri.”
Kutsiva kwakadaro kunogona kuparira zvikamu zvamashoko zvakashata. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichechi muAuthorized Version Pisarema 8:9 inorava, kuti: “Haiwa ISHE Ishe wedu, zita renyu rakaisvonaka sei pasi rose!” Haiwa ivandudziko yakadini apo zita rokuti Jehovha rinodzorerwa murugwaro rwakadaro! Naizvozvo, Young’s Literal Translation of the Holy Bible inorava pano kuti: “Jehovha, Ishe wedu, zita Renyu rinoremekedzeka zvakadini mupasi rose!”
Kubvisa zitaro kunogonawo kuparira nyongano. Pisarema 110:1 inoti: “ISHE akati kuna She wangu, Gara kuruoko rwangu rworudyi, kusvikira ndaita vavengi vako chitsiko chetsoka dzako.” (Authorized Version) Ndianiko ari kutaura kuna ani? Kushandura kuri nani zvikuru kwazvo, kunoti: “Kutaura kwaJehovha kunaShe wangu ndouku: ‘Gara kuruoko rwangu rworudyi kusvikira ndaisa vavengi vako sechitsiko chetsoka dzako.’”—New World Translation.
Mukuwedzera, kutsiva “Ishe” nokuda kwa“Jehovha” kunobvisa chimwe chinhu choukoshi hukurusa muBhaibheri: zita chairoiro raMwari. The Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Volume 1, peji 572) rinoti: “Kutaura chaizvoizvo, Yahwe ndiro ‘zita’ bedzi raMwari.”
The Imperial Bible-Dictionary (Volume 1, peji 856) rinorondedzera musiano uri pakati pa“Mwari” (Elohim) na“Jehovha,” richiti: “[Jehovha] kunzvimbo iri yose izita rakafanira, rinoratidzira Mwari chaiyeiye uye iye bedzi; nepo Elohim rinotora huzhinji hwechimiro cheshoko rinoshandiswa munzvimbo mechinhu ravose, rinoratidzira kazhinji kazhinji, zvamazvirokwazvo, asi kwete nomutoo uri madikanwa kana kuti nomutoo wakaenzana, mukurusa.”
J. A. Motyer, mukuru wapaTrinity College, England, anowedzera, kuti: “Zvizhinji zvinorashika mukurava Bhaibheri kana tikakanganwa kuona zvinopfuura shoko rokutsiva naro [Ishe kana kuti Mwari] kuzita rimene, chairoiro raMwari iye amene. Kupfurikidza nokuzivisa vanhu vake zita rake, Mwari airangarira kuwadzanyura kwavari chimiro chake chomukatikati.”—Eerdmans’ Handbook to the Bible, peji 157.
Kwete, munhu haangagoni kuita zita rinotsauranisa zvakafanira kupfurikidza nechiratidzirowo zvacho. Chiratidzo hachingatongogoni kupa revo yakazara, yakapfuma yezita rapakuvamba raMwari.
[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 26]
Ichi chaenga cheSeptuagint (chiri kurudyi) chinomusi womuzana ramakore rokutanga N.V. uye china Zekaria 8:19-21 na 8:23–9:4 chiri muMiyuziyemu yeIsraeri yeJerusarema. Chine zita raMwari kana, katatu kacho kari kanoratidzirwa pano. MuAlexandrine Manuscript (nechokuruboshwe) kopi yeSeptuagint yakaitwa makore 400 gare gare, zita raMwari rakatsiviwa mundima duku dzimwe chetedzo naKY naKC, zvimiro zvokudimurira zveshoko rechiGiriki rokuti Kyʹri·os (“Ishe”)
[Bhokisi riri papeji 27]
John W. Davis, mufundisi womuChina mukati mezana ramakore re19, akatsanangura chikonzero nei iye akadavira kuti zita raMwari rinofanira kuva muBhaibheri: “Kana Mudzimu Mutsvene uchiti Jehovha mune imwe nzvimbo inopiwa muchiHebheru, neiko mushanduri asingati Jehovha muchiNgezi kana kuti muchiChina? Maruramiroi aanawo okuti, ini ndichashandisa Jehovha munzvimbo ino uye chitsivo nokuda kwaro mune yoyo? . . . Kana munhu upi noupi achifanira kutaura kuti pane zvinoitika umo kushandiswa kwaJehovha kungava kusino kururama, ngaaratidzire chikonzero nei; onus probandi [mutoro wechibvumikiso] uri paari. Achawana mubato kuva wakaoma, nokuti iye anofanira kupindura uyu mubvunzo wakapfava,—Kana muchinoitika chipi nechipi chinopiwa kuri kusinokururama kushandisa Jehovha mukushandura ipapo neiko munyori akafuridzirwa akarishandisa pakuvamba?”—The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, Volume VII, Shanghai, 1876.
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New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures rinoshandisa zvakafanira zita raMwari kane 237 sezvinoonwa pamusoro apa muchinyorwa chechiNgezi
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 24]
Zita raMwari riri pachechi muMinorca, Spain;
pachifananidzo chiri pedyo neParis, France;
uye paChiesa di San Lorenzo, Parma, Italy