Dzidziso yoUtatu Yakatanga Sei?
PAPFUNDO rino ungabvunza kuti: ‘Kana Utatu husati huri dzidziso yeBhaibheri, hwakava sei dzidziso yechiKristudhomu?’ Vazhinji vanofunga kuti hwakaitwa paDare reNicaea muna 325 N.V.
Zvisinei, ikoku hakuzati kwakarurama chose chose. Dare reNicaea harina kubvuma kuti Kristu akanga ari chimiro chimwe chetecho naMwari, uko kwakaumba hwaro nokuda kworuzivo rwoumwari rwapashure rwoUtatu. Asi harina kusimbisa Utatu, nokuti padare irero pakanga pasina kududzwa kwomudzimu mutsvene somunhu wechitatu woHumwari hwoutatu.
Basa raConstantine paNicaea
KWAMAKORE mazhinji, pakanga pave pane chishoro chikuru pamusoro pezvikonzero zveBhaibheri zvokutanga pfungwa yokuti Jesu akanga ari Mwari. Kuedza kugadzikisa kakavadzano, mambo weRoma Constantine akashevedza mabhishopi ose kuNicaea. Vanenge 300, kana kuti vanenge chikamu chimwe chamatatu, vakapinda chaizvoizvo.
Constantine akanga asati ari muKristu. Sezvinofungidzirwa, akatendeuka gare gare muupenyu, asi akanga asina kubhapatidzwa kutozosvikira arere afa. Pamusoro pake, Henry Chadwick anoti muThe Early Church: “Constantine, sababa vake, ainamata Zuva Risingakurirwi; . . . kutendeuka kwake hakuzati kuchifanira kududzirwa sechinoitika chomukati chenyasha . . . Yakanga iri nhau yehondo. Nzwisiso yake nezvedzidziso yechiKristu yakanga isina kutongojeka zvikuru, asi akanga ane chokwadi chokuti rukundo muhondo rwakanga rwuri muchipo chaMwari wamaKristu.”
Ko uyu mambo asina kubhapatidzwa akaita basai paDare reNicaea? Encyclopædia Britannica inoti: “Constantine iye pachake akatungamirira, achitungamirira mukushingairira kurukurirano, uye iye pachake akakarakadzawo . . . nheyo inoisvokosha inoratidzira ukama hwaKristu naMwari muchitendero chakabudiswa nedare, ‘wechimiro chimwe naBaba’ . . . Akurirwa namambo, mabhishopi, kusiya kwavaviri bedzi, vakasaina chitenderocho, vazhinji vavo vachirwisana zvikuru nomufungo wavo.”
Nokudaro, basa raConstantine rakanga richikosha. Pashure pemwedzi miviri yekakavadzano yakakasharara yorudzidziso, uyo wezvamatongerwe enyika wechihedheni akapindira ndokusarudza nokuda kwaavo vakati Jesu akanga ari Mwari. Asika neiko? Zvamazvirokwazvo kwete nokuda kwokupwiswa kupi nokupi kweBhaibheri. “Constantine akanga asinganzwisisi chose chose mibvunzo yaibvunzwa muruzivo rwoumwari rwechiGiriki,” rinodaro A Short History of Christian Doctrine. Chaainzwisisa chakanga chiri chokuti kukamukana kworudzidziso kwakanga kuri tyisidziro kuumambo hwake, nokudaro aida kusimbisa umambo hwake.
Zvisinei, hapana nomumwe wamabhishopi paNicaea akasimudzira Utatu. Vakangosarudza bedzi chimiro chaJesu asi kwete basa romudzimu mutsvene. Kudai Utatu hwakanga hwave huri zvokwadi yakajeka yeBhaibheri, havazati vaizofanira kuve vakahukarakadza panguva iyoyo here?
Imwezve Enderero Mberi
PASHURE peNicaea, kakavadzano yekurukurirano pamusorowo yakapfuurira kwamakumi amakore. Avo vaidavira kuti Jesu akanga asina kuenzana naMwari vakadzokonoka vorangarirwa kuva vaiva vechokwadi kwenguva yakati kuti. Asi gare gare Mambo Theodosius akasarudza mupokanidzano navo. Iye akasimbisa chitendero cheDare reNicaea somupimo nokuda kwedunhu rake ndokuunganidza Dare reConstantinople muna 381 N.V. kujekesa mutoowo.
Dare irero rakabvumira kuisa mudzimu mutsvene pachimiro chakafanana naMwari naKristu. Kwenguva yokutanga, Utatu hwechiKristudhomu hwakavamba kuoneka.
Asika, kunyange pashure peDare rapaConstantinople, Utatu hahuna kuva chitendero chinogamuchirwa zvakapararira. Vazhinji vaihushora nokudaro vakazvipinza ivo vamene muchitambudzo chamasimba masimba. Makanga muchingova bedzi mumazana amakore apashure umo Utatu hwakaitwa kuva zvitendero zvakagadzwa. The Encyclopedia Americana inoti: “Enderero mberi izere yoKudavira Utatu yakaitika muMadokero, Mudzidziso yoRudzidziso yoUzivi hwomuMiddle Ages, apo kutsanangurwa kwakaitwa mumashoko ouzivi neokushanda kwendangariro.”
Chitendero chaAthanasius
UTATU hwakarondedzerwa zvizere zvikuru muChitendero chaAthanasius. Athanasius akanga ari mufundisi akatsigira Constantine paNicaea. Chitendero chine zita rake chinozivisa, kuti: “Isu tinonamata Mwari mumwe muUtatu . . . Baba ndiMwari, Mwanakomana ndiMwari, uye Mweya Mutsvene ndiMwari; asi ivo havazati vari vamwari vatatu, asi Mwari mumwe.”
Zvisinei, vazivi vakasanodzidza vanobvuma kuti, Athanasius haana kuumba ichi chitendero. The New Encyclopædia Britannica inotsinhira, kuti: “Chitendero chakanga chisingazivikanwi muChechi yokuMabvazuva kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi 12. Kubvira muzana ramakore rechi 17, vazivi vakabvuma zvikurukuru kuti Chitendero chaAthanasius hachina kunyorwa naAthanasius (akafa muna 373) asi zvimwe chakaumbwa muFrance yokumaodzanyemba mukati mezana ramakore rechi 5. . . . Pesvedzero yechitendero inoratidzika kuve yave iri zvikurukuru muFrance yokumaodzanyemba neSpain muzana ramakore rechi 6, nerechi 7. Yaishandiswa mumuitiro wechechi muGermany muzana ramakore rechi 9 uye pashure munenge muRome.”
Naizvozvo kwakatora mazana amakore kubvira munguva yaKristu kuti Utatu huve hunogamuchirwa zvakapararira muchiKristudhomu. Uye muna ikoku kwose, chii chakatungamirira zvisarudzo? Rakanga riri Shoko raMwari here, kana kuti kwakanga kuri kurangarira kwavafundisi navezvamatongerwe enyika? MuOrigin and Evolution of Religion, E. W. Hopkins anopindura, kuti: “Rondedzero yokupedzisira yechitendero chisingapokanidzwi choutatu zvikuru yakanga iri nhau yezvamatongerwe enyika yechechi.”
Kutsauka Kwakadeya Kuziviswa
IYI nhau inomukurumbira wakashata yoUtatu inokodzerana neicho Jesu navaapostora vake vakadeya kuzivisa kuti chaizotevera nguva yavo. Ivo vakati kwaizova nokutsauka, kupauka, kuwa pakunamata kwechokwadi kutozosvikira pakudzoka kwaKristu, apo kunamata kwechokwadi kwaizodzorerwa pamberi pezuva raMwari roruparadziko rwetsika ino yezvinhu.
Pamusoro pe“zuva” irero, muapostora Pauro akati: “Harizati richizosvika kutoti kutsauka kukatanga kusvika uye munhu wokusateerera mutemo aziviswa.” (2 VaTesaronika 2:3, 7) Gare gare, iye akadeya kuzivisa, kuti: “Apo ini ndinenge ndaenda mapere anotyisa achakuvhojokerai uye achave asina ngoni paboka. Kunyange pakati penyu mumene pachabuda varume vane kutsauswa kwezvokwadi pamiromo yavo kuti vanyengere vadzidzi vavatevere.” (Mabasa 20:29, 30, JB) Vamwe vadzidzi vaJesu vakanyorawo nezvouku kutsauka kune boka ravafundisi vorudzidziso ‘vokusateerera mutemo.’—Ona, somuenzaniso, 2 Petro 2:1; 1 Johane 4:1-3; Judhasi 3, 4.
Pauro akanyorawo, kuti: “Nguva ichasvika zvechokwadi apo, vasingatongodi kuva vanogutsikana nedzidziso yakanaka, vanhu vachava vanokara nokuda kwenhau dzazvino uno uye vachazviunganidzira ivo vamene nhevedzano yose yavadzidzisi mukuwirirana nokuda kwavo vamene; uye ipapo, panzvimbo pokuteerera zvokwadi, ivo vachatendeukira kungano.”—2 Timotio 4:3, 4, JB.
Jesu amene akatsanangura chakanga chiri kusunda uku kuwa pakunamata kwechokwadi. Iye akataura kuti iye akanga akusha mbeu dzakanaka asi kuti muvengi, Satani, aizonyanyokushawo munda namasora. Naizvozvo pamwe chete nezvipande zvokutanga zvegorosi, masora akaonekawo. Nokudaro, kupauka pachiKristu chechokwadi kwaizokarirwa kutozosvikira pakukohwa, apo Kristu aizoruramisa nhau. (Mateo 13:24-43) The Encyclopedia Americana inotsinhira, kuti: “Dzidziso yokudavira Utatu yomuzana ramakore rechina haina kuratidzira nomutoo wakarurama dzidziso yapakuvamba yechiKristu pamusoro pechimiro chaMwari; mukusiana, yakanga iri kupauka pane iyi dzidziso.” Ko zvino, uku kupauka kwakatangira papi?—1 Timotio 1:6.
Icho Chakakupesvedzera
MUNYIKA yose yekare, kuvambira muBhabhironi, kunamatwa kwavamwari vechihedheni vakarongwa mumapoka muvatatu, kana kuti vatatu muno mumwe, kwakanga kuchizivikanwa. Pesvedzero iyoyo yakanga yakapararirawo muEgipita, Girisi, uye Roma mumazana amakore apamberi, pakati, uye pashure paKristu. Uye pashure porufu rwavaapostora, zvitendero zvakadaro zvechihedheni zvakavamba kuvhojokera chiKristu.
Wezvenhau Will Durant akati: “ChiKristu hachinokuparadza dzidziso yechihedheni; chakaigamuchira. . . . MuEgipita makabva pfungwa dzoutatu hwoumwari.” Uye mubhuku rinonzi Egyptian Religion, Siegfried Morenz anoti: “Utatu hwakanga huri chinhu chikuru chaibatikanisa ndangariro dzavezvoruzivo rwoumwari veEgipita . . . Vamwari vatatu vanobatanidzwa uye vanorangarirwa somunhu mumwe, vaitaurwa somumwe. Neiyi nzira simba romudzimu rorudzidziso rweEgipita rinoratidzira batano yakananga noruzivo rwoumwari rwechiKristu.”
Nokudaro, muAlexandria, Egipita, vakuru vechechi vomukupera kwezana ramakore rechitatu navomukuvamba kwezana rechina, vakadai saAthanasius, vakaratidzira iyi pesvedzero apo ivo vakaita mifungo yakaparira Utatu. Pesvedzero yavo imene yakapararira, zvokuti Morenz anorangarira “ruzivo rwoumwari rweAlexandria sechireverero pakati penhaka yorudzidziso yeEgipita nechiKristu.”
Musumo yerinonzi History of Christianity raEdward Gibbon, tinorava, kuti: “Kudai Chihedheni chakakurirwa nechiKristu, ndokwechokwadi chaizvoizvo kuti chiKristu chakashatswa neChihedheni. Kunamatwa kwakachena kwaMwari kwamaKristu okutanga . . . kwakashandurwa, neChechi yeRoma, kuva dzidziso isingapokanidzwi isinganzwisisiki youtatu. Zvizhinji zvezvitendero zvechihedheni, zvakaitwa navaEgipita ndokurumbidzwa naPlato, zvakachengetwa sezvakafanirwa nokudavirwa.”
A Dictionary of Religious Knowledge rinoti vazhinji vanotaura kuti Utatu “ushati hwakabwerekwa mumarudzidziso echihedheni, ndokupinzwa mukutenda kwechiKristu.” Uye The Paganism in Our Christianity rinozivisa, kuti: “Mviromviro yo[Utatu] ndeyechihedheni chose chose.”
Ndokusaka, muEncyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, James Hastings akanyora, kuti: “Murudzidziso rweIndia, ndiko kuti, tinosangana neboka routatu raBrahmā, Siva, naViṣṇu; uye muEgipita tinosangana neboka routatu raOsiris, Isis, uye Horus . . . Uyewo hamuzati muchingova bedzi mumarudzidziso enhau matinowana Mwari achirangarirwa soUtatu. Mumwe anoyeuka zvikurukuru murangariro Mutsva woUzivi hwaPlato hwoMunhu Mukuru kana kuti Wokupedzisira,” uyo “anomirirwa mumutatu.” Ko muzivi wechiGiriki Plato ane chokuitai noUtatu?
Dzidziso yaPlato
PLATO, kunofungwa kuti, akararama kubvira muna 428 kusvikira kuna 347 pamberi paKristu. Kunyange iye asina kudzidzisa Utatu muchimiro chahwo chazvino uno, uzivi hwake hwakakura nzira nokuda kwahwo. Gare gare, masangano ouzivi aibatanidza zvitendero zvomutatu akamuka, uye iwawa aipesvedzerwa nepfungwa dzaPlato dzaMwari nechisiko.
Nouveau Dictionnaire Universel reFrench (New Universal Dictionary) rinoti nezvepesvedzero yaPlato: “Utatu hwaPlato, ihwo humene hunongova bedzi kurongwa patsva kwoutatu hwekare hunovambira shure kuvanhu vapakuvamba, hunoratidzika kuva utatu huno mufungo wouzivi hwamavara akaparira kuvapo kwavanhu vatatu kana kuti vanhu voumwari vakadzidziswa namachechi echiKristu. . . . Uyu mufungo wechiGiriki womuzivi woutatu hwoumwari . . . hunogona kuwanwa mumarudzidziso ose ekare [echihedheni].”
The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge rinoratidzira pesvedzero youhu uzivi hwechiGiriki: “Dzidziso dzaLogos noUtatu dzakawana chimiro chadzo muMadzibaba echiGiriki, awo . . . akapesvedzerwa zvikuru, nomutoo wakananga kana kuti usina kunanga, nouzivi hwaPlato . . . Kuti zvikanganiso noushati zvakapinda muchivande muChechi zvichibva muna aya manyuko hakungagoni kurambwa.”
The Church of the First Three Centuries rinoti: “Dzidziso yoUtatu yakanga iri yamavambo apashoma napashoma uye yapashure mukuenzanisirwa; . . . yakava nemviromviro dzayo mumanyuko asingawirirani chose chose naayo aMagwaro echiJudha neechiKristu; . . . yakakura, uye yakapinzwa muchiKristu, kupfurikidza nesimba raMadzibaba anodzidzisa dzidziso dzaPlato.”
Pakuzosvika kumugumo wezana ramakore rechitatu N.V., “chiKristu” nouzivi hutsva hwaPlato zvakava zvakabatana nomutoo usingaparadzanisiki. Sokutaura kunoita Adolf Harnack muOutlines of the History of Dogma, dzidziso yechechi yakava “yakadzika zvakatsiga muvhu retsika dzechiHellen [mufungo wechihedheni wechiGiriki]. Nenzira iyeyo yakava yakavanzika kuvoruzhinjisa zvikuru vechiKristu.”
Chechi yakataura kuti dzidziso dzayo itsva dzakanga dzakavakirwa paBhaibheri. Asi Harnack anoti: “Zvokwadi iyo yakapinza pakati payo mufungo wechiHellen, mirangariro yokudavira mashura netsika dzokunamata chakavanzika kwechihedheni.”
Mubhuku rinonzi A Statement of Reasons, Andrews Norton anotaura nezvoUtatu, achiti: “Ndinogona kuronda nhau yeiyi dzidziso, ndokuwana manyuko ayo, kwete muwadzanyuro yechiKristu, asi muuzivi hwaPlato . . . Utatu hauzati huri dzidziso yaKristu naVaapostora vake, asi chinhu chakafungidzirwa chechikoro chavateveri vapashure vaPlato.”
Nokudaro, muzana ramakore rechina N.V., kutsauka kwakadeya kuziviswa naJesu navaapostora vake kwakaoneka zvikurukuru. Kutanga kwoUtatu kwakanga kuchingova bedzi hufakazi hwaikoku. Machechi akatsauka akavambawo kugamuchira mimwe mifungo yechihedheni, yakadai sehero yomwoto, kusafa kwomweya, uye kunamata zvifananidzo. Kutaura munzira yomudzimu, chiKristudhomu chakanga chapinda mumazera acho erima akadeya kuziviswa aidzorwa neboka ravakuru vorudzidziso vanowedzera vo“munhu wokusateerera mutemo.”—2 VaTesaronika 2:3, 7.
Neiko Vaporofita vaMwari Vasina Kuhudzidzisa?
NEIKO, kwezviuru zvamakore, pasina nomumwe wavaporofita vaMwari akadzidzisa vanhu vake pamusoro poUtatu? Zvisinei hazvo, ko Jesu haazati aizoshandisa mano ake soMudzidzisi Mukuru kuita kuti Utatu hujeke kuvateveri vake here? Ko Mwari aizofuridzira mazana amapeji aMagwaro asi ndokusashandisa upi noupi wouyu muraidzo kudzidzisa Utatu kudai ihwo hwaiva “dzidziso huru” yokutenda here?
Ko maKristu anofanira kudavira kuti mazana amakore pashure paKristu uye pashure pokuve afuridzira kunyorwa kweBhaibheri, Mwari aizotsigira kuitwa kwedzidziso yakanga isingazivikanwi navabatiri vake kwezviuru zvamakore here, iyo iri “chakavanzika chisingarangaririki” “chisinganzwisiswi nomurangariro womunhu,” icho sezvinobvumwa chakanga chine dzidziso yechihedheni uye chakanga chiri “zvikurukuru nhau yezvamatongerwe enyika echechi”?
Chipupuriro chenhau chakajeka: Dzidziso yoUtatu kupauka pazvokwadi, kutsauka pairi.
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 8]
‘Kudavira Utatu kwomuzana rechina kwakanga kuri kupauka padzidziso yapakuvamba yechiKristu.’—The Encyclopedia Americana
[Bhokisi riri papeji 9]
“Mutatu waVamwari Vakuru”
Mazana amakore mazhinji pamberipenguva yaKristu, kwaiva nemitatu, kana kuti utatu, hwavamwari muBhabhironia rekare neAsiria. “Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology” yechiFrench inodudza mumwe mutatu wakadaro munharaunda iyeyo yeMesopotamia: “Nzvimbo yose yakanga yakakamuranisirwa mukuva mativi matatu imwe neimwe yayo yakava inodzorwa namwari. Mugove waAnu wakanga uri denga. Pasi rakapiwa kuna Enlil. Ea akava mubati ushe wemvura zhinji. Pamwe chete vakaumba mutatu waVamwari Vakuru.”
[Bhokisi riri papeji 12]
Utatu hwechiHindu
Bhuku rinonzi “The Symbolism of Hindu Gods and Rituals” rinoti pamusoro poutatu hwechiHindu hwaivapo mazana amakore pamberi paKristu: “Siva ndimumwe wavamwari voUtatu. Iye anotaurwa kuva mwari woruparadziko. Vamwe vamwari vaviri ndiBrahma, mwari wechisiko uye Vishnu, mwari wokutsigira. . . . Kuratidzira kuti ava vatatu ndivamwe uye vakafanana vamwari vatatu vanobatanidzwa kuva chimiro chimwe.”—Rakabudiswa naA. Parthasarathy, Bombay.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]
“Constantine akanga asinganzwisisi chose chose mibvunzo yaibvunzwa muruzivo rwoumwari rwechiGiriki.”—A Short History of Christian Doctrine
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 10]
1. Egipita. Mutatu waHorus, Osiris, Isis, wechiuru chechi 2 P.N.V.
2. Bhabhironi. Mutatu waIshtar, Sin, Shamash, wechiuru chechi 2 P.N.V.
3. Palmyra. Mutatu umwe wamwari womwedzi, Ishe Wamatenga, mwari wezuva, c. womuzana ramakore rechi 1 N.V.
4. India. Humwari Hwoutatu hwavaHindu,c. hwomuzana ramakore rechi 7 N.V.
5. Kampuchea. Humwari Hwoutatu hwaBuddha,c. hwomuzana ramakore rechi 12 N.V.
6. Norway. Utatu (Baba, Mwanakomana, mudzimu mutsvene), c. hwomuzana ramakore rechi 13 N.V.
7. France. Utatu, c. hwomuzana ramakore rechi 14 N.V.
8. Italy. Utatu, c. hwomuzana ramakore rechi 15 N.V.
9. Germany. Utatu, c. hwomuzana ramakore rechi 19 N.V.
10. Germany. Utatu, hwomuzana ramakore rechi 20 N.V.