William Tyndale—Murume Wenzwisiso

William Tyndale akaberekerwa muEngland “pamiganhu yeWales,” sezvingabvira muGloucestershire, kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo yacho chaiyoiyo nomusi zvisingagoni kuzivikanwa. Muna October 1994, England yakaita kuchengeta kwegore negore kwechi500 kwokuberekwa kwomurume aka“tipa Bhaibheri redu rechiNgezi.” Nokuda kweiri basa Tyndale akaurawa. Nei?

WILLIAM TYNDALE akaita zvakanaka mukufunda chiGiriki nechiLatin. Muna July 1515, apo akanga aine makore 21 bedzi ezera, akawana dhigirii reMaster of Arts paOxford University. Pakasvika 1521 akanga ava muprista akagadzwa weRoma Katurike. Panguva iyoyo chiKaturike muGermany chakanga chiri munyongano nemhaka yemubato waMartin Luther. Asi England yakaramba iri nyika yeKaturike kusvikira King Henry VIII pakupedzisira agumisa kudyidzana neRome muna 1534.

Kunyange zvazvo chiNgezi chakanga chiri rurimi rwavose muzuva raTyndale, dzidzo yose yakanga iri muchiLatin. Wakanga uriwo mutauro wechechi noweBhaibheri. Muna 1546 Council of Trent yakadzokorora kuti Vulgate yechiLatin yaJerome yomuzana rechishanu ramakore yakanga ichizoshandiswa yoga bedzi. Zvisinei, vakadzidza bedzi ndivo vaigona kuirava. Nei vanhu veEngland vaifanira kurambidzwa Bhaibheri muchiNgezi norusununguko rwokurirava? “Jerom[e] akashandurirawo bhaibheri mururimi rwaamai vake: nei isu tingasadarowo?” dzakanga dziri nharo dzaTyndale.

Nhano Yokutenda

Pashure penguva yake paOxford uye sezvinobvira fundo dzokuwedzera paCambridge, Tyndale akadzidzisa vanakomana vaduku vaJohn Walsh kwamakore maviri muGloucestershire. Mukati menhambo iyi akachengeta chishuvo chake chokushandurira Bhaibheri muchiNgezi, uye pasina panikiro akava nemukana wokuvandudza unyanzvi hwake hwokushandura neyamuro yerugwaro rutsva rweBhaibheri rwaErasmus rwaiva nechiGiriki nechiLatin muzvikamu zvakavambirana. Muna 1523, Tyndale akasiya mhuri yaWalsh ndokuenda kuLondon. Chinangwa chake chakanga chiri chokutsvaka mvumo yeshanduro yake kuna Cuthbert Tunstall, bhishopi weLondon.

Tendero yaTunstall yakanga iri madikanwa nemhaka yokuti gadziriro dzeboka rinodzora ra1408 kuOxford, raizivikanwa seConstitutions of Oxford, dzaibatanidza kurambidza kushandura kana kuti kurava Bhaibheri mumutauro wemunzvimbomo, kunze kwemvumo yabhishopi. Nokuda kwokutsunga kuedza kupunza rambidzo, vaparidzi vakawanda vaifambira vaizivikanwa savaLollard vakapiswa savapanduki. VaLollard ava vairava nokugovera Bhaibheri raJohn Wycliffe, shanduro yechiNgezi yakabva muVulgate. Tyndale akanzwa kuti nguva yakanga yasvika yokushandura manyoro echiKristu kubva muchiGiriki kupinda mushanduro itsva, yechokwadi nokuda kwechechi yake uye nokuda kwavanhu veEngland.

Bhishopi Tunstall akanga ari murume akadzidza uyo akanga aita zvizhinji kukurudzira Erasmus. Soufakazi hwounyanzvi hwake amene, Tyndale akanga ashandura nokuda kwetendero yaTunstall imwe yehurukuro dzaIsocrates, rimwe gwaro rechiGiriki rakaoma. Tyndale aikarira zvikuru kuti Tunstall aizotambanudzira ushamwari netsigiro ndokugamuchira kuedza kwake kushandura Magwaro. Bhishopi aizoitei?

Kurambwa—Nei?

Kunyange zvazvo Tyndale akanga aine tsamba yokusuma, Tunstall haasati aizomuona. Tyndale naizvozvo aitofanira kunyora achitsvaka bvunzurudzo. Kuti Tunstall pakupedzisira akabvuma here kusangana naTyndale hakuna kujeka, asi mhinduro yake yakanga iri yokuti, ‘Imba yangu yakazara.’ Nemhaka yei Tunstall noune kwazvo akashora Tyndale?

Basa rokumutsidzira rakaitwa naLuther pakondinendi yeEurope rakanga richiparira itiro hanya huru kuChechi yeKaturike, nemigumisiro muEngland. Muna 1521, King Henry VIII akabudisa nyaya yakasimba yaitsigira papa pana Luther. Nokuonga papa akapa Henry zita rokuremekedza rokuti “Mudziviriri woKutenda.”a Kadhinari waHenry Wolsey akanga achishingairawo, achiparadza mabhuku aLuther akanga apinzwa zvisiri pamutemo. Sabhishopi weKaturike akavimbika kuna papa, mambo, uye kadhinari wake, Tunstall ainzwa aine musengwa wetsika wokudzvinyirira pfungwa ipi neipi inganzwira tsitsi mupanduki Luther. Tyndale akanga ari anofungidzirwa mukuru. Nei?

Mukati mokugara kwake nemhuri yaWalsh, Tyndale nokusatya akanga ashora kusaziva uye kusindimara kwavafundisi vomunzvimbomo. Pakati pavo pakanga paina John Stokesley uyo akanga aziva Tyndale kuOxford. Pakupedzisira akatsiva Cuthbert Tunstall sabhishopi weLondon.

Kushorwa kwaTyndale kuri pachenawo mukubonderana nomumwe mufundisi wapamusorosoro uyo akati: “Taiva nani tisina mutemo waMwari kupfuura wapapa.” Mumashoko anoyeukwa, mhinduro yaTyndale yaiva yokuti: ‘Ndinoshora Papa nemitemo yake yose. Kana Mwari akandichengeta, makore akawanda asati apfuura ndichaparira mukomana anobata gejo kuziva zvakawanda zvaMagwaro kupfuura zvaunoita iwe.’

Tyndale aifanira kuoneka pamberi pomudzori weruwa rwabhishopi rweWorcester pamusoro pepomero dzenhema dzokupanduka. “Akandityisidzira zvakakomba, uye akandituka,” Tyndale akayeuka kudaro gare gare, achiwedzera kuti akanga abatwa se“mbwa.” Asi pakanga pasina ufakazi hwokuwanira Tyndale mhaka yokupanduka. Vezvenhau vanodavira kuti nhau idzi dzose dzakaendeswa kuna Tunstall pachivande kupesvedzera chisarudzo chake.

Pashure pegore rakapedzwa muLondon, Tyndale akagumisa, kuti: “Makanga musina nzvimbo mudzimbahwe rashe wangu weLondon yokushandurira Testamente itsva, asiwo . . . kwakanga kusina nzvimbo yokukuita muEngland yose.” Akanga akarurama. Mumhoteredzo yokudzvinyirira yaiparirwa nebasa raLuther, ndoupi mudhindi muEngland aizotsunga kubudisa Bhaibheri muchiNgezi? Naizvozvo muna 1524, Tyndale akayambuka English Channel, zvokusazotongodzokazve.

KuEurope Nezvinetso Zvokuwedzera

Namabhuku ake aikosha, William Tyndale akawana utiziro muGermany. Akauya ne£10 idzo shamwari yake Humphrey Monmouth, mutengesi weLondon aipesvedzera, akanga amupa nomutsa. Chipo ichi chakanga chakadokukwana munguva idzodzo kugonesa Tyndale kudhinda Magwaro echiGiriki ayo aironga kushandura. Monmouth pashure pezvo akasungwa nokuda kwokubatsira Tyndale uye nokuda kwokunzi ainzwira tsitsi Luther. Abvunzurudzwa ndokukandirwa muTower of London, Monmouth akazosunungurwa pashure bedzi pokukumbira Kadhinari Wolsey ruregerero.

Uko Tyndale akaenda chaizvoizvo muGermany hakuna kujeka. Umwe ufakazi hunonongedzera kuHamburg, uko angagona kuva akapedzera gore ari. Akasangana naLuther here? Ikoku hakuna chokwadi, kunyange zvazvo pomerwo yaMonmouth ichitaura kuti akadaro. Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: Tyndale aishanda zvakaoma kushandura Magwaro echiGiriki. Aizogona kudhindisa kupi manyoro ake? Akapa basa racho kuna Peter Quentell kuCologne.

Zvose zvakanga zvichifamba zvakanaka kusvikira mushori John Dobneck, neimwe nzira aizivikanwa saCochlaeus, akaziva zvakanga zvichiitika. Cochlaeus nokukurumidza akashuma zvaakanga awana kushamwari yapedyo yaHenry VIII iyo nokukurumidza yakawana kurambidzwa kwokudhinda kwaQuentell shanduro yaTyndale.

Tyndale nomubetseri wake, William Roye, vakatiza nokuda kwoupenyu hwavo, vachienda namapeji eEvhangeri yaMateo akanga adhindwa. Vakakwasva vachikwira nomurwizi Rhine kuenda kuWorms, uko vakapedza basa ravo. Mukufamba kwenguva, makopi 6 000 echinyorwa chokutanga cheNew Testament yaTyndale akaitwa.b

Kubudirira—Pasinei Zvapo Nechishoro

Kushandura nokudhinda chakanga chiri chinetso. Kuendesa maBhaibheri acho kuBritain chakanga chiri chimwe. Vamiririri vechechi nezviremera zvenyika vakanga vakatsunga kudzivisa mabhuku acho kuyambuka English Channel, asi vatengesi vane ushamwari vakanga vaine mhinduro. Akavigwa mumabhero embatya nedzimwe shavo, mavhoriyamu acho akaverevedzwa kumahombekombe eEngland ndokukwira kupinda muScotland. Tyndale akakurudzirwa, asi kurwa kwake kwakanga kwangovamba chete.

Pana February 11, 1526, Kadhinari Wolsey, achiperekedzwa namabhishopi 36 nevamwe vanoremekedzwa vechechi, vakaungana pedyo neSt. Paul’s Cathedral muLondon “kuti vaone mabhisikiti makuru akazara namabhuku achikandwa mumwoto.” Aibatanidzwa pakati pao akanga ari mamwe makopi eshanduro yaTyndale yaikosha. Nezveichi chinyorwa chokutanga, zvino pangova chete namakopi maviri achiripo. Chimwe bedzi chakakwana (chisina chete peji yomusoro) chiri muBritish Library. Nenzira inosetsa, chimwe chacho, chisina mapeji 71, chakawanwa muSt. Paul’s Cathedral Library. Kuti chakaenda ikoko sei, hapana anoziva.

Asingaodzwi mwoyo, Tyndale akapfuurira kubudisa zvinyorwa zvokuwedzera zveshanduro yake, izvo nenzira ine nhevedzano zvakabvutwa ndokupiswa navafundisi veEngland. Ipapo Tunstall akachinja mazano. Akaita chibvumirano nemumwe mutengesi ainzi Augustine Packington chokutenga mabhuku api naapi akanyorwa naTyndale, kubatanidza New Testament, kuitira kuti aapise. Ikoku kwakarongwa naTyndale, uyo Packington akanga aita chibvumirano naye. Chronicle yeHalle inoti: “Bhishopi akava namabhuku acho, Packington akaonga, uye Tyndale akava nemari. Pashure pezvo apo Testamente Itsva dzakadhindwa, dzakapinda dzakawanda zvikuru kwazvo muEngland.”

Nei vafundisi vaishora zvakakasharara kwazvo shanduro yaTyndale? Nepo Vulgate yechiLatin yaida kufukidza rugwaro rwakafuridzirwa, kushandura kwaTyndale kubva mumagwaro apakuvamba echiGiriki kwenguva yokutanga kwakapa shoko reBhaibheri mumutauro wakajeka kuvanhu veEngland. Somuenzaniso, Tyndale akasarudza kushandura shoko rechiGiriki a·gaʹpe so“rudo” panzvimbo pe“mutsa” muna 1 VaKorinte ganhuro 13. Akaomerera pa“ungano” panzvimbo pe“chechi” kusimbisa vanamati, kwete zvivako zvechechi. Chinhu chokupedzisira chisingatsungiririki nokuda kwavafundisi, zvisinei, chakauya apo Tyndale akatsiva “muprista” no“mukuru” ndokushandisa ku“pfidza” panzvimbo peku“ripa kutadza,” nenzira iyoyo achitorera vafundisi masimba avo aifungidzirwa ouprista. David Daniell anoti muna ikoku: “Purigatori haiko; hakuna kureurura kunotaurwa nokuripa zvitadzo. Zvitsigiso zviviri zvokupfuma kweChechi nesimba zvakakoromoka.” (William Tyndale—A Biography) Iyoyo ndiyo yakanga iri denho shanduro yaTyndale yakapa, uye zivo yazvino uno inotsigira zvizere ururami hwekusarudza kwake mashoko.

Antwerp, Kutengeswa, uye Rufu

Pakati pa1526 na1528, Tyndale akatamira kuAntwerp, uko aigona kunzwa akakotsekana pakati pavatengesi veEngland. Ikoko akanyora The Parable of the Wicked Mammon, The Obedience of a Christian Man, uye The Practice of Prelates. Tyndale akapfuuridzira basa rake rokushandura uye akanga ari wokutanga kushandisa zita raMwari, Jehovha, mushanduro yechiNgezi yaMagwaro echiHebheru. Zita racho rinooneka kanopfuura ka20.

Chero bedzi Tyndale aigara neshamwari yake nomubetseri Thomas Poyntz muAntwerp, akanga akakotsekana pamazano aWolsey nevasori vake. Akava anosanozivikanwa nokuda kwokutarisira kwake vanorwara navarombo. Pakupedzisira, mumwe mugari weEngland Henry Phillips nokunyengera akazviwanira amene chivimbo chaTyndale. Somugumisiro, muna 1535, Tyndale akatengeswa ndokuendeswa kuVilvorde Castle, makiromita gumi kuchamhembe kweBrussels. Ikoko akaiswa mutorongo kwemwedzi 16.

Akashandisa Phillips haagoni kuzivikanwa zvechokwadi, asi anofungidzirwa zvakananga ndiBhishopi Stokesley, uyo panguva iyoyo akanga akabatikana kupisa “vapanduki” muLondon. Ari pedyo nokufa kwake muna 1539, Stokesley “akafara kuti munduramo yake akanga apisa vapanduki vana makumi mashanu,” anodaro W. J. Heaton muThe Bible of the Reformation. Aibatanidzwa munhamba iyoyo akanga ari William Tyndale, uyo akadzipwa muviri wake usati wapiswa pachena muna October 1536.

Nyanzvi nhatu dzakatanhamara dzezvorudzidziso dzaibva kuLouvain University yeKaturike, uko Phillips akanga anyoresa, dzakanga dziri mudare rakatonga Tyndale. Vafundisi vatatu vaibva kuLouvain uye mabhishopi matatu pamwe chete nevamwe vanoremekedzwa vakanga varipowo kuti vaone Tyndale achishurikidzwa nokuda kwokupanduka nokubviswa panzvimbo yake youprista. Vose vakafara nokufa kwake pazera sezvinobvira ramakore 42.

“Tyndale,” akadaro anonyora nhau dzoupenyu hwavanhu Robert Demaus makore anopfuura zana apfuura, “akanga ari panguva dzose aikweva ngwariro nokuda kwokutendeka kwake kwokusatya.” Kuna John Frith, mushandi pamwe wake uyo akapiswa muLondon naStokesley, Tyndale akanyora, kuti: “Handina kutongochinja shoko rimwe reshoko raMwari mukurwisana nehana yangu, handaizoita saizvozvo zuva rino, kunyange kana zvose zviri pasi, zvingava mufaro here, rukudzo, kana kuti pfuma, zvingandipiwa.”

Naizvozvo kwakanga kwakadaro kuti William Tyndale akapa upenyu hwake nokuda kweropafadzo yokupa vanhu veEngland Bhaibheri ravaigona kunzwisisa zviri nyore. Mubhadharo wakadini waakaripa—asi chipo chinokosha zvakadini!

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 29]

SHANDURO DZAPAKUVAMBA

CHIKUMBIRO chaTyndale cheshanduro yeBhaibheri mururimi rwavanhu vose chakanga chisati chiri chisina mufungo kana kuti chisina muenzaniso. Shanduro muAnglo-Saxon yakaitwa muzana ramakore rechigumi. MaBhaibheri akadhindwa akashandurwa kubva muchiLatin akanga atenderera zvakasununguka muEurope mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi15: chiGerman (1466), chiItalian (1471), chiFrench (1474), chiCzech (1475), chiDutch (1477), uye chiCatalan (1478). Muna 1522, Martin Luther akabudisa New Testament yake muchiGerman. Izvo Tyndale akabvunza bedzi zvakanga zviri zvokuti chikonzero nei England isingagoni kubvumirwa kuita zvimwe chetezvo.

[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 26]

Bhaibheri riri seri: © The British Library Board; William Tyndale: By kind permission of the Principal, Fellows and Scholars of Hertford College, Oxford