Mauyire Akaita Bhaibheri Kwatiri—Chikamu Chechipiri

Marimi omoto akakwira kudenga sezvo huni dzakawanda dzaitutirwa pamoto waibvira. Asi uyu wakanga usiri  motowo zvawo. Moto wacho waikuchidzirwa namaBhaibheri sezvo vaprista nemabhishopi vaitarisa. Asi, kupfurikidza nokutenga maBhaibheri kuti agoaparadza, bhishopi weLondon haana kuziva kuti aibatsira mushanduri wacho, William Tyndale, kuti atsigire kubudiswa kwezvimwe zvinyorwa nemari!

Chii chakaita kuti vairwisana vatsunge zvakadaro? Muchinyorwa chakapfuura, takarangarira nhau yokubudiswa kweBhaibheri muMiddle Ages. Zvino tasvika pakuvamba kwenhambo itsva apo shoko nechiremera zveShoko raMwari zvakanga zvoda kuchinja zvikuru nzanga.

Muvambi Anooneka

John Wycliffe, nyanzvi inoremekedzwa yeOxford, yakaparidza ndokunyora zvine simba ichirwisana nemiitiro isiri yeBhaibheri yeChechi yeKaturike, achivakira kutaura kwake pa‘mutemo waMwari,’ kureva Bhaibheri. Akatuma vadzidzi vake, vaLollard, munyika yeEngland kunoparidza shoko reBhaibheri muchiNgezi kumunhu upi noupi aizoterera. Asati afa muna 1384, akatanga kushandura Bhaibheri kubva muchiLatin kuisa muchiNgezi chezuva rake.

Chechi yacho yakawana zvikonzero zvakawanda zvokushora Wycliffe. Kutanga, akapa mhaka vafundisi nokuda kwekunyanyisa kwavo nomufambiro wavo wounzenza. Mukuwedzera, vakawanda vaiyeva Wycliffe vakashandisa dzidziso dzake zvisina kufanira kuti varuramise kupanduka kwavo. Vafundisi vacho vakapa mhaka Wycliffe, kunyange pashure pokufa kwake, kunyange zvazvo asina kutongotsigira kumukira kwamasimba masimba.

Mutsamba yaienda kuna Pope John XXIII muna 1412, Bhishopi mukuru Arundel akanongedzera kuna “John Wycliffe” akaipa uye anonetsa, anoyeukwa somunhu akaipa, mwanakomana uya wenyoka yekare, mwana weanorwisana naKristu akafanotaurwa chaiye.” Achipedzisa kushora kwake, Arundel akanyora kuti: “Kuti azadzise utsinye hwake, akatanga shanduro itsva yemagwaro mururimi rwaamai.” Zvirokwazvo, zvakatsamwisa vatungamiriri vemachechi zvikuru ndezvokuti Wycliffe aida kupa vanhu Bhaibheri mumutauro wavo.

Kunyange zvakadaro, vanhu vashomanene vakatanhamara vakanga vachigona kuwana Magwaro mumitauro yavo. Mumwe wacho akanga ari Anne wokuBohemia, akaroorwa naMambo Richard II weEngland muna 1382. Akanga ane shanduro dzechiNgezi dzaWycliffe dzeEvhangeri, dzaaifunda nguva dzose. Paakava mambokadzi, chimiro chake chendangariro chakanaka chakabetsera kufambisira mberi chinangwa cheBhaibheri—uye kwete muEngland bedzi. Anne akakurudzira vadzidzi vaibva kuPrague University muBohemia kuti vauye kuOxford. Ikoko vakafunda nenzira ine mbavarira mabhuku aWycliffe ndokuenda nemamwe acho kuPrague. Kukurumbira kwedzidziso dzaWycliffe paPrague University gare gare kwakashanda setsigiro yaJan Hus, uyo akafunda uye pakupedzisira akadzidzisa ikoko. Hus akaita shanduro inoverengeka yechiCzech kubva mushanduro yeSlavonic yekare. Nhamburiko dzake dzakatsigira kushandiswa kweBhaibheri muBohemia uye munyika dzaiva pedyo.

Chechi Inotsiva

Vafundisi vakatsamwirawo Wycliffe naHus nokuda kwokudzidzisa “rugwaro rwusina kugadziridzwa,” Magwaro apakuvamba akafuridzirwa pasina chakawedzerwa, akanga ane chiremera chikuru kupfuura “pfupiso,” kutsanangura kusingabatsiri kwegamuchidzanwa mumaBhaibheri akabvumirwa nechechi. Rakanga riri shoko risina kumbogadziridzwa reShoko raMwari iro ava vaparidzi vakashuva kuti riwanikwe kuvanhu vose zvavo.

Avimbiswa chengeteko yenhema, Hus akanyengedzwa kuti auye pamberi peCatholic Council of Constance, Germany, muna 1414 kuzodzivirira mirangariro yake. Dare racho raiumbwa nevaprista 2 933, mabhishopi, uye vafundisi vakuru. Hus akabvuma kurega kana dzidziso dzake dzaigona kubvumikiswa kuva dzenhema neMagwaro. Kudare racho, haisiriyo yaiva nhau yacho. Kudenha kwake chiremera chavo kwakanga kuri chikonzero chakakwana chokuti vamupise padanda muna 1415, sezvaainyengetera zvainzwika.

Dare rimwe cheteri rakaitawo chiito chokupedzisira chokushora uye kunyomba John Wycliffe kupfurikidza nokurayira kuti mapfupa ake anofanira kugurwa muEngland ndokupiswa. Uyu murayiro wakanga uri woutsinye zvikuru zvokuti hauna kuitwa kutozosvikira muna 1428, pakurayira kwapapa. Senguva dzose, kunyange zvakadaro, chishoro chinotyisa chakadaro hachina kuderedza kushingaira kwavadi vechokwadi. Panzvimbo pezvo, chakawedzera kutsunga kwavo kuti vabudise Shoko raMwari.

Migumisiro Yokudhinda

Pakasvika 1450, makore 35 bedzi pashure pokufa kwaHus, Johannes Gutenberg akavamba kudhinda nomuchina unosimudzika muGermany. Bhuku rake guru rokutanga rakanga riri chinyorwa cheVulgate yechiLatin, chakapedzwa munenge muna 1455. Pakasvika 1495 rutivi rweBhaibheri kana kuti rose zvaro rakanga radhindwa muchiGerman, chiItalian, chiFrench, chiCzech, chiDutch, chiHebheru, chiCatalan, chiGiriki, chiSpanish, chiSlavonic, chiPutukezi, uye chiSerbian—zvakatevedzana kudaro.

Nyanzvi yechiDutch Desiderius Erasmus yakabudisa kopi yokutanga yechinyorwa chakadhindwa cherugwaro rwechiGiriki muna 1516. Erasmus aishuva kuti Magwaro “ashandurwe mumitauro yose yavanhu vose.” Zvisinei, akazengurira kuisa pangozi mukurumbira wake mukuru kupfurikidza nokuashandura iye. Kunyange zvakadaro, vamwe vakatevera vakanga vakashinga zvikuru. Aiva akatanhamara pakati pavanhu ivava aiva William Tyndale.

William Tyndale neBhaibheri rechiNgezi

Tyndale akadzidza kuOxford uye munenge muna 1521 akauya kumba kwaSir John Walsh somudzidzisi wavana vake. Nguva dzokudya patafura yaWalsh dzaiwanzoita kuti Tyndale aitirane nharo nevafundisi vomunzvimbomo. Tyndale sezviri pachena akashora mifungo yavo kupfurikidza nokuvhura Bhaibheri nokuvaratidza magwaro. Pashure penguva yakati, Baba naMai Walsh vakapwiswa nezvaitaurwa naTyndale, uye vafundisi vakakokwa apo neapo uye vaisagamuchirwa nomufaro. Sezvingakarirwa, izvi zvakatsamwisazve vafundisi mukurwisana naTyndale nezvitendero zvake.

Pane imwe nguva mukati mokuitirana nharo, mumwe wavashori vorudzidziso vaTyndale akati: “Zvingava nani kusava nemitemo yaMwari pane kusava neyaPapa.” Fungidzira kupwiswa kwaTyndale sezvaakapindura kuti: “Ndinozvidza Papa nemitemo yake yose. Kana Mwari akandibvumidza kurarama, makore akawanda asati apera ndichaita kuti mukomana anobata gejo azive Magwaro akawanda kupfuura zvamunoita.” Kutsunga kwaTyndale kwakanga kwasimbiswa. Gare gare akanyora kuti: “Ndakanga ndaziva kupfurikidza noruzivo rwokuzviwanira kuti zvakanga zvisingabviri sei kudzidzisa vanhuwo zvavo chokwadi chipi nechipi, kunze kwokunge rugwaro rwaiswa pamberi pamaziso avo mururimi rwavo rwaamai, kuti vaone pfundo guru renhau yacho, nhevedzano, uye zvinorehwa norugwaro rwacho.”

Panguva yacho, hapana Bhaibheri rakanga rambodhindwa muchiNgezi. Naizvozvo muna 1523, Tyndale akaenda kuLondon kunotsvaka tsigiro yaBhishopi Tunstall yokutanga basa rokushandura. Arambidzwa, akabuda muEngland kuti aronde donzo rake, asingazotongodzoki. MuCologne, Germany, hofisi yake yokudhindira yokutanga yakavhozhokerwa, uye Tyndale akapunyuka achitiza namamwe mapeji anokosha akanga asati abatanidzwa. KuWorms, Germany, zvisinei, makopi anenge 3 000 e“New Testament” yake yechiNgezi akapedzwa. Iwaya akatumirwa kuEngland ndokuvamba kuparadzirwa ikoko pakuvamba kwa1526. Mamwe aiwawa akanga ari maBhaibheri ayo Bhishopi Tunstall akatenga ndokupisa, asingazivi kuti aitobatsira Tyndale kupfuurira nebasa rake!

Kunzvera Kunounza Kunzwisisa Kwakajeka Zvikuru

Tyndale sezviri pachena aifarikanya basa rake. Sokunyora kunoita The Cambridge History of the Bible, “Rugwaro rwakamuita kuti afare, uye pane chimwe chinhu chokukurumidzira uye chinofadza mumutinhimira wake chinoratidzira mufaro wake.” Vavariro yaTyndale yakanga iri yokuita kuti Magwaro ataure kumunhu wose mumutauro wakafanana uye wakapfava sezvinobvira. Zvidzidzo zvake zvakanga zvichimuratidza revo yemashoko eBhaibheri akanga avanzwa mudzidziso dzechechi kwamazana amakore. Asingavhundutswi nokutyisidzira kworufu kana kuti zvimwe kunyora kwomuvengi wake ane simba Sir Thomas More, Tyndale akabatanidza zvaaiwana mukushandura kwake.

Achishandura kubva murugwaro rwechiGiriki chapakuvamba rwaErasmus panzvimbo pechiLatin, Tyndale akasarudza kushandisa “rudo” panzvimbo pe“mutsa” kuti aratidze zvinoreva shoko rechiGiriki rokuti a·gaʹpe zvizere zvikuru. Akashandisawo “ungano” panzvimbo pa“chechi,” “pfidza” panzvimbo pa“reurura,” uye “vakuru” panzvimbo pa“vaprista.” (1 VaKorinte 13:1-3; VaKorose 4:15, 16; Ruka 13:3, 5; 1 Timotio 5:1, Tyndale) Gadziridzo idzi dzakanetsa chiremera chechechi yacho uye miitiro yegamuchidzanwa yorudzidziso, yakadai sokureurura kuvaprista.

Tyndale nenzira yakafanana akadzorera shoko rokuti “rumuko,” achiramba purigatori uye kuziva zvinhu pashure pokufa sokusiri kweBhaibheri. Pamusoro pavakafa, akanyorera More kuti: “Mukuvaisa mudenga, hero, uye purigatori, [iwe] unoramba kutaura kunoshandiswa naKristu naPauro kuti vabvumikise rumuko.” Munhau iyi, Tyndale akanongedzera kuna Mateo 22:30-32 na1 VaKorinte 15:12-19. Nenzira yakarurama akasvika pakudavira kuti vakafa vanoramba vasingazivi chinhu kutozosvikira murumuko rwenguva yemberi. (Pisarema 146:4; Muparidzi 9:5; Johane 11:11, 24, 25) Izvi zvakareva kuti gadziriro yose yomunyengetero kuna Maria nava“sande” yakanga isingashandi nemhaka yokuti vakanga vasingagoni kunzwa kana kuti kupindura mumamiriro avo ezvinhu okusaziva.

Tyndale Anoshandura Magwaro echiHebheru

Muna 1530, Tyndale akabudisa chinyorwa chePentateuch, mabhuku mashanu okutanga eMagwaro echiHebheru. Nokudaro akava munhu wechiNgezi wokutanga kushandura Bhaibheri kubva muchiHebheru kuendesa muchiNgezi zvakananga. Tyndale akanga ariwo mushanduri wokutanga kushandisa zita rokuti Jehovha. Nyanzvi yeLondon David Daniell inonyora kuti: “Zvirokwazvo zvingava zvakaorora zvikuru varavi vaTyndale kuti zita raMwari rakajekeswa patsva.”

Mukuedza kwake kuti ajekese, Tyndale akashandisa mashoko echiNgezi akasiyana-siyana kuti ashandure shoko rimwe rechiHebheru. Zvisinei, akatevedzera maumbirwe omutauro wacho zvikuru. Mugumisiro wacho unochengetedza simba rechiHebheru. Iye pachake akati: “Mavara omutauro wechiHebheru anobvumirana kane chiuru nechiNgezi kupfuura nechiLatin. Mataurire acho akafanana zvikuru; zvokuti kasingaverengeki unongofanira kushandurira muchiNgezi, shoko neshoko.”

Uyu mutoo wakarunga shanduro yaTyndale namashoko echiHebheru. Mamwe awo anofanira kuva akaratidzika kuva asina kurovedzeka pakurava kwokutanga. Bva, Bhaibheri pakupedzisira rakava rakarovedzeka zvikuru zvokuti kwakawanda kwouku kutaura zvino rutivi rwomutauro wechiNgezi. Mienzaniso inobatanidza “munhu unofadza mwoyo wake” (sepana 1 Samueri 13:14), “paseka,” uye “mbudzi.” Kupfuura izvozvo, varavi veBhaibheri rechiNgezi nokudaro vakaziva mufungo wechiHebheru, zvichivapa nzwisiso iri nani yeMagwaro akafuridzirwa.

Bhaibheri naTyndale Zvinorambidzwa

Kubvira kwokurava Shoko raMwari mumutauro wavanhu kwakanga kuchifadza. Vanhuwo zvavo vechiNgezi vakagamuchira kupfurikidza nokutenga zvose zvaigona kuverevedzwa munyika yacho, zvakaputirwa semabhero ehembe kana kuti zvimwewo zvinhu. Munguvayo, vafundisi vakarangarira kurasikirwa kwavo kusingadzivisiki nenzvimbo yavo kana Bhaibheri rikarangarirwa sechiremera chikuru. Nokudaro, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akaramba achiva nhau youpenyu norufu nokuda kwomushanduri navatsigiri vake.

Achinetswa nguva dzose neChechi neHurumende, Tyndale akapfuurira kushanda akavanda muAntwerp, Belgium. Zvisinei, akatsaurira mazuva maviri kuyaaidana kuti nguva yake—yokushumira kuvamwe vapoteri vechiNgezi, varombo, uye vairwara. Akapedza mari yake yakawanda nenzira iyi. Asati agona kushandura chimwe chikamu cheMagwaro echiHebheru, Tyndale akatengeswa nomumwe muNgezi ainyepera kuva shamwari. Achiurawa muVilvoorde, Belgium, muna 1536, mashoko ake okupedzisira akanga ari okuti, “Ishe! vhurai maziso aMambo weEngland.”

Pakasvika 1538, Mambo Henry VIII nokuda kwezvikonzero zvake akarayira kuti maBhaibheri aiswe muchechi iri yose muEngland. Kunyange zvazvo Tyndale akanga asiri kurangarirwa, shanduro yakasarudzwa yakanga iri yake. Nenzira iyi Bhaibheri raTyndale rakava rinozivikanwa kwazvo uye rinodiwa zvokuti raka“shandiswa neshanduro dzakawanda dzinokosha zvikurusa” muchiNgezi. (The Cambridge History of the Bible) Inosvika 90 muzana yeshanduro yaTyndale yakakoperwa zvakananga muKing James Version ya1611.

Kuwana Bhaibheri pachena kwakareva chinjo huru nokuda kweEngland. Kurukurirano dzakaitwa pamusoro pemaBhaibheri mumachechi dzakava dzinofadza zvokuti padzimwe nguva dzaivhiringidza minamato! “Vanhu vakwegura vakadzidza kurava kuitira kuti vazive Shoko raMwari zvakananga, uye vana vakakumbanira vakuru vavo kuteerera.” (A Concise History of the English Bible) Munhambo iyoyi makawedzerwawo zvikuru kuparadzirwa kweBhaibheri mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope nemitauro. Asi kufamba kweBhaibheri muEngland kwakanga kuri kwokushandisa pesvedzero yenyika yose. Izvozvi zvakaitika sei? Uye kuwanazve nokunzvera kwakatapura sei maBhaibheri atiri kushandisa nhasi? Tichapedzisa nhoroondo yedu nenyaya inotevera munhevedzano dzino.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

“New Testament” yaTyndale ya1526—rimwe ramakopi maviri bedzi anozivikanwa akapukunyuka marimi omoto

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© The British Library Board

[Chati/Mifananidzo iri papeji 26, 27]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Makore Anokosha Mukubudiswa kweBhaibheri

Nguva Yavose

Bhaibheri raWycliffe Rakavamba (b. 1384)

1400

Hus akaurawa 1415

Gutenberg—Bhaibheri Rokutanga Kudhindwa c. 1455

1500

Zvakatanga Kudhindwa Zvomutauro Wemo

Rugwaro rwechiGiriki rwaErasmus 1516

“New Testament” yaTyndale 1526

Tyndale akaurawa 1536

Henry VIII anorayira kuti maBhaibheri aiswe mumachechi 1538

1600

Bhaibheri raKing James 1611

[Mifananidzo]

Wycliffe

Hus

Tyndale

Henry VIII