Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura
Chikamu 16: Zana Ramakore Rechi 9-16 N.V.—Rudzidziso Runoda Chinjo Zvikurukuru
“Ushati huri hwose hunofanira kuchinjwa.”—Voltaire, munyori wenhau nowezvenhau wechiFrench womuzana ramakore rechi 18
MAKRISTU apakuvamba haana kudzidzisa kunatswa (purgatory), haana kunamata mifananidzo, haana kukudza “vasande,” uye kuremekedza zvisaririra zvitsvene. Haana kupinda mune zvamatongerwe enyika uye haana kutendeukira kuhondo yokunyama. Asi pakuzosvika pazana ramakore rechi 15, hapana nokumwe kwaikoku kwakanga kuchirizve kwechokwadi kuvazhinji vaikambira kuva vatevedzeri vao.
“Vatsauki” Vanoda Chinjo
“Manyuko okutanga okutsauka [mukurwisana nechiKaturike cheRoma] akaoneka muFrance nokuchamhembe kweItaly munenge mugore ra 1000,” rinodaro The Collins Atlas of World History. Vamwe vavanonzi vatsauki vapakuvamba vaiva vatsauki bedzi mumeso echechi. Nhasi kwakaoma kusarudza nomutoo wakarurama kuti vatsauki vamwe navamwe vakanga vakanamatira kuchiKristu chapakuvamba kusvikira kuukurui. Hunyanguvezvo, kuri pamhene kuti vanenge vamwe vavo vaiedza kuita kudaro.
Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechipfumbamwe, Bishopi Mukuru Agobard weLyons akashora kunamatwa kwemifananidzo uye nokunyengeterera kwa“vasande.”a Mudhikoni mukuru womuzana ramakore rechi 11, Berengar weTours, akatandwa nokuda kwokubvunza kuchinjwa kwechimiro chechinhu kuva chimwe chimiro, kambiro yokuti chingwa newaini zvinoshandiswa paMisa yavaKaturike zvinoshandurwa kuva muviri chaizvoizvo newaini zvomuviri waKristu neropa.b Zana ramakore pashure Peter de Bruys naHenry veLausanne vakaramba rubhapatidzo rwavacheche uye kunamatwa kwechipiyaniso.c Nokuda kwokuita kudaro, Henry akarashikirwa norusununguko rwake; Peter akarashikirwa noupenyu hwake.
“Pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi namaviri mataundi oKumadokero kweEurope akanga azadzwa namasekete avatsauki,” anoshuma kudaro wezvenhau Will Durant. Rakaisvotanhamara raaya mapoka raiva ramaWaldenses. Vakawana utanhamari pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 12 mukutungamirira kwomuzvinashavo wechiFrench Pierre Valdès (Peter Waldo). Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, vakasabvumirana nechechi pakunamatwa kwaMaria, kureurura kuvaprista, Misa dzavakafa, regererwo dzezvivi dzoupapa, kusaroora kwavaprista, uye kushandiswa kwezvombo zvokunyama.d Sangano racho rakakurumidza kupararira muFrance mose mose uye kuchamhembe kweItaly, pamwe chete nomuFlanders, Germany, Austria, uye Bohemia (Czechoslovakia).
Kuri zvino, muEngland, muzivi wapaOxford John Wycliffe, gare gare akazozivikanwa sa“nyamasase weChinjo yamaNgezi,” akanga achishora ‘boka ravafundisi rinokara kudzora’ romuzana ramakore rechi 14. Kupfurikidza nokushandurira Bhaibheri rose muchiNgezi, iye navasonganiri vake vakariita kuti riwanike zvikurukuru kuvagariwo zvavo vemo kwenguva yokutanga. Vateveri vaWycliffe vakatumidzwa kunzi vaLollard. VaLollard vaiparidzira pamhene, vachigovera maturakiti nezvikamu zveBhaibheri. Chiito chakadaro cho“kutsauka” hachina kusanogamuchirwa nechechi.
Pfungwa dzaWycliffe dzakapararira kwose kwose. MuBohemia vakatapa ngwariro yaJan Hus (John Huss), mukuru mukuru weYunivhesiti yePrague. Hus akapanikira kubvumirwa pamutemo kwoupapa uye akaramba kuti chechi yakanga yateiwa pana Petro.e Pashure pokuitirana nharo pamusoro pokutengeswa kweregererwo dzezvivi, Hus akatongerwa mhaka yokutsauka ndokupisirwa padanda rokutambudzira muna 1415. Mukuwirirana nedzidziso yechiKaturike, regererwo dzezvivi igadziriro iyo chirango chezvivi chinogona kuregererwa kupfurikidza nayo murutivi kana kuti zvizere, kupfurikidza nakwo ndokupfupikisa kana kuti kubvisa nhambo yenguva iyo munhu anotambura mairi chirango chechinguvana uye kuchenurwa mukunatswa asati apinda denga.
Kuda kuchinja kwakapfuurira. Girolamo Savonarola, muparidzi wechechi yeDominic weItaly womuzana ramakore rechi 15, akataura mukurwadziwa, kuti: ‘Vanapapa namabhishopi vanoshora rudado negwinyiro, uye ivo vakanyura makuri kusvikira kunzeve dzavo. Vanoparidza rucheno bva vanochengeta zvifeve. Vanongofunga bedzi nezvenyika nezvinhu zvenyika; ivo havane mhaka nemweya.’ Kunyange makadhinani avaKaturike akaziva chinetso chacho. Muna 1538, muchiyeuchidzo chakatumirwa kuna Pope Paul III, vakarereudzira ngwariro yake kukushandiswa zvisino kufanira kwechiremera choufundisi, mari, kutonga mhaka, uye tsika. Asi vanapapa vakakundikana kuita chinjo dzinooneka dzinodikanwa, uye ikoku kwakamutsa Chinjo yavaPurotesitendi. Vatungamiriri vapakuvamba vaibatanidza Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, uye John Calvin.
Luther ne‘Bingo Romuzana Ramakore Rechi 16’
Pana October 31, 1517, Luther akapisa nyika yorudzidziso kupfurikidza nokuroverera ndaza yamapfundo 95 okupokanidza pamukova wechechi muWittenberg.
Kutengeswa kweregerero kwakavamba muHondo dzoRudzidziso, apo dzaipiwa kuvadaviri vanodisa kupinza mungozi upenyu hwavo muhondo “tsvene.” Gare gare dzakatambanudzirwa kuvanhu vanopira tsigiro yemari kuchechi. Nokukurumidza, regererwo dzakava mutoo wakakodzera wokuita nawo mari nokuda kwokuvaka machechi, misha yamamongi, kana kuti zvipatara. “Zvifananidzo zvechirangaridzo zvinokudzwa kwazvo zvomuNhambo Yapakati zvaiwanirwa mari neiyi nzira,” anodaro purofesa wenhau yorudzidziso Roland Bainton, achitumidza zita romusere reregererwo kuti “bingo romuzana ramakore rechigumi namatanhatu.”
Kupfurikidza namashoko anobaya mwoyo awo iye akava anocherekedzwa kupfurikidza nawo, Luther akabvunza, kuti: “Kana papa asina simba rokusunungura munhu upi noupi ari mukuchenurwa [pahwaro hweregererwo], neiko muzita rorudo iye asingapedzi kuchenurwa kupfurikidza nokuita kuti munhu ari wose abude?” Pakukumbirwa kupira mari kubasa rechivako chavaRoma, Luther akapindura kuti papa “angaita zviri nani zvikuru kutengesa St. Peter’s ndokupa mari yacho kuvarombo vari kupambwa navatengesi verengerero.”
Luther akadenhawo kuvengwa kwavaJudha navaKaturike, achipangira, kuti: “Kuna vaJudha tinofanira kushandisa mutemo waKristu worudo kwete wapapa.” Uye pamusoro pokunamatwa kwezvisaririra zvitsvene, iye akashora, achiti: “Munhu anotaura kuva ane munhenga unobva pabapiro rengirozi Gabrieri, uye Bhishopi weMainz ane rimi rinobva pagwenzi rinobvira mwoto raMosesi. Uye kunodaro sei kuti vaapostora vane gumi navasere vanovigwa muGermany nepo Kristu akanga ane gumi navaviri bedzi?”
Chechi yakapindura denho dzaLuther kupfurikidza nokutanda. Mambo Mutsvene wavaRoma Charles V, achitera padzvinyiriro yapapa, akarambidza Luther. Ikoku kwakamutsa nharo zvikuru zvokuti muna 1530 Gungano Rorudzi reAugsburg rakadanwa kuzokurukura nhau yacho. Nhamburiko dzokubvumirana pane zvisino kufanira dzakakundikana, nokudaro kutaura kwehwaro kwechitendero chedzidziso chaLuther kwakabudiswa. Kwakanzi Kubvuma kweAugsburg, kwakaparira kubudiswa kwechiziviso chechechi yokutanga yechiPurotesitendi.f
Zwingli naLuther Vanosabvumirana
Zwingli anosimbisa Bhaibheri kuva riri chiremera chokupedzisira uye bedzi nokuda kwechechi. Kunyange zvazvo achikurudzirwa nomuenzaniso waLuther, iye akaramba kuva anonzi muLuther, achitaura kuti iye akanga adzidza dzidziso yaKristu muShoko raMwari, kwete kuna Luther. Kureva idi, akasabvumirana naLuther pazvimwe zvinhu zveChidyo Chamadekwana chaShe pamwe chete napamusoro poukama hwakafanira hwomuKristu kuzviremera zvenzvimbo.
Vachinji vaviri vakasangana kamwe bedzi, muna 1529, pane icho bhuku rinonzi The Reformation Crisis rinoidza kuti “rudzi rwedare gurusa rorudzidziso.” Bhuku racho rinoti: “Ava varume vaviri havana kuparadzanisa shamwari, asi . . . mushumo wakabudiswa pakupera kwedare racho, wakasainwa navatori rutivi vose, wakavanza nomutoo wounyanzvi ukuru hwomukaha.”
Zwingli akangawo ane zvinetso navateveri vake amene. Muna 1525 boka rakati kuti rakabva, risingabvumirani naye panhau yechiremera cheHurumende paChechi, icho iye akabvuma uye ivo ndokuramba. Vachiidzwa kuti vaAnabaptist (“vanobhapatidzazve”), vakarangarira rubhapatidzo rwavacheche somuitiro usina maturo, vachitaura kuti rubhapatidzo rwakanga rwuri bedzi rwavadaviri vakura. Ivo vakashorawo kushandiswa kwezvombo zvokunyama, kunyange mune dzinonzi hondo dzakarurama. Zviuru zvavo zvakaurawa nokuda kwezvitendero zvavo.
Rutivi rwaCalvin muChinjo
Vazivi vazhinji vanorangarira Calvin somukurusa wavachinji. Akaomerera pakuti chechi inofanira kudzokera kunheyo dzapakuvamba dzechiKristu. Nepo imwe yedzidziso dzake huru, kudeya kutemerwa mugumo, chiyeuchidzo chedzidziso dzomuGirisi yekare, umo vaStoiko vaitaura kuti Zeus anosarudza zvinhu zvose uye kuti vanhu vanofanira kuzviisa vamene kune chisingadzivisiki. Nomutoo wakajeka dzidziso yacho haiziri yechiKristu.
Mukati mezuva raCalvin vaPurotesitendi vechiFrench vakazivikanwa savaHuguenot, uye vakatambudzwa nomutoo wakakomba. MuFrance, kuvambira pana August 24, 1572, muKuurawa Kwavazhinjisa kweZuva raSt. Bartholomew, mauto avaKaturike akauraya zviuru zvavo, kutanga muParis uye tevere munyika yose. Asi vaHuguenot vakatorawo munondo uye vakava nomutoro wokuuraya vazhinji mukati mehondo dzorudzidziso dzechishava mukati morutivi rwapashure rwezana ramakore rechi 16. Nokudaro vakasarudza kufuratira havo murairidzo wakapiwa naJesu, unoti: “Rambai muchida vavengi venyu uye kunyengeterera avo vanokutambudzai.”—Mateo 5:44, NW.
Calvin akanga agadza muenzaniso, achishandisa mitoo yokusimudzira nayo pwiso dzake dzorudzidziso idzo mufundisi wavaPurotesitendi Harry Emerson Fosdick mushakabvu akarondedzera kuva dzoutsinye nedzinokatyamadza. Mukutungamirira kwomutemo wechechi uyo Calvin akabudisa kuGeneva, vanhu 58 vakaurawa uye 76 vakatandwa mukati mamakore mana; pakuzosvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 16, vanokarakadzwa kuva vane 150 vakanga vapisirwa padanda rokutambudzira. Mumwe waivava aiva Michael Servetus, chiremba uye mufundisi weSpain, akaramba dzidziso yoUtatu, nenzira iyeyo achiva “mutsauki” woMunhu ari wose. Zviremera zvavaKaturike zvakamupisa mumufananidzo wechidhori chinomumirira; vaPurotesitendi vakapfuurirazve mberi mukuita nhano inocherekedzwa kupfurikidza nokumupisira padanda rokutambudzira.
Pakupedzisira, “Zvokwadi Inotyisa”
Vachingunobvumirana havo naLuther pakureva nezvezvinhu zvikuru, vamwe vaizova vachinji vakarega. Mumwe aiva muzivi wechiDutch Desiderius Erasmus. Muna 1516 iye akava wokutanga kubudisa “Testamende Itsva” muchiGiriki vapakuvamba. “Iye akanga ari muchinji,” chinodaro chinyorwa chinonzi Edinburgh Review, “kutozosvikira Chinjo yava zvokwadi inotyisa.”
Zvisinei, vamwe vakapfuurira mberi neChinjo, uye muGermany neScandinavia, dzidziso yaLuther yakapararira nokukurumidza. Muna 1534 England yakapamuka paudzori hwavapapa. Scotland, mukutungamirira kwomutungamiriri weChinjo John Knox, yakatevera nokukurumidza. MuFrance nePoland, chiPurotesitendi chakawana kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo pamberi pokupera kwezana ramakore rechi 16.
Hungu, sokutaura kwakaita Voltaire nomutoo wakakodzera zvikuru, “Ushati huri hwose hunofanira kuchinjwa.” Asi Voltaire akawedzera mashoko akakodzera, “Kutoti kana chinjo ine ngozi zvikuru kupinda ushati ihwo humene.” Kuti unzwisise zviri nani zvikuru huchokwadi hwamashoko iwawo, iva nechokwadi chokurava inoti “ChiPurotesitendi—Ichinjo Chaiyoiyo Here?” inotevera nyaya ino.
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
a Nokuda kwoufakazi hwokuti idzi dzidziso nemiitiro zvakanga zvisingazivikanwi kumaKristu apakuvamba, ona Kurangarira muMagwaro, rakabudiswa neWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., pasi pemisoro inoti “Kutsiviwa Kwavaapostora,” “Rubhapatidzo,” “Kureurura,” “Chipiyaniso,” “Kutemerwa Mugumo,” “Zvifananidzo,” “Maria,” “Misa,” “Kusatora Rutivi,” uye “Vasande.”
b Nokuda kwoufakazi hwokuti idzi dzidziso nemiitiro zvakanga zvisingazivikanwi kumaKristu apakuvamba, ona Kurangarira muMagwaro, rakabudiswa neWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., pasi pemisoro inoti “Kutsiviwa Kwavaapostora,” “Rubhapatidzo,” “Kureurura,” “Chipiyaniso,” “Kutemerwa Mugumo,” “Zvifananidzo,” “Maria,” “Misa,” “Kusatora Rutivi,” uye “Vasande.”
c Nokuda kwoufakazi hwokuti idzi dzidziso nemiitiro zvakanga zvisingazivikanwi kumaKristu apakuvamba, ona Kurangarira muMagwaro, rakabudiswa neWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., pasi pemisoro inoti “Kutsiviwa Kwavaapostora,” “Rubhapatidzo,” “Kureurura,” “Chipiyaniso,” “Kutemerwa Mugumo,” “Zvifananidzo,” “Maria,” “Misa,” “Kusatora Rutivi,” uye “Vasande.”
d Nokuda kwoufakazi hwokuti idzi dzidziso nemiitiro zvakanga zvisingazivikanwi kumaKristu apakuvamba, ona Kurangarira muMagwaro, rakabudiswa neWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., pasi pemisoro inoti “Kutsiviwa Kwavaapostora,” “Rubhapatidzo,” “Kureurura,” “Chipiyaniso,” “Kutemerwa Mugumo,” “Zvifananidzo,” “Maria,” “Misa,” “Kusatora Rutivi,” uye “Vasande.”
e Nokuda kwoufakazi hwokuti idzi dzidziso nemiitiro zvakanga zvisingazivikanwi kumaKristu apakuvamba, ona Kurangarira muMagwaro, rakabudiswa neWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., pasi pemisoro inoti “Kutsiviwa Kwavaapostora,” “Rubhapatidzo,” “Kureurura,” “Chipiyaniso,” “Kutemerwa Mugumo,” “Zvifananidzo,” “Maria,” “Misa,” “Kusatora Rutivi,” uye “Vasande.”
f Nomutoo une revo, shoko rokuti “Purotesitendi” rakatanga kushandiswa paGungano Rorudzi reSpeyer ra 1529 kuvateveri vaLuther, uyo akaramba kubata ushe kunobvumira rusununguko rworudzidziso rukuru zvikuru kuna vaKaturike kupinda kwavari.
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 18]
Martin Luther, akaberekerwa muGermany muna 1483, akagadzwa pauprista pazera ramakore 23, akafundira ruzivo rwoumwari paYunivhesiti yeWittenberg, akava purofesa waMagwaro Matsvene paWittenberg muna 1512, akafa pazera ramakore 62
Huldrych Zwingli, akaberekerwa muSwitzerland mwedzi miviri pashure paLuther, akagadzwa pauprista muna 1506, akafira muhondo pazera ramakore 47 somufundisi wamauto wePurotesitendi
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Kunstmuseum, Winterthur
John Calvin, akaberekwa makore 25 pashure paLuther naZwingli, akatamira kuSwitzerland achibva kuFrance sejaya, akagadza hurumende chaiyo yechechi muGeneva, akafa pazera ramakore 54