Kurerutsa Mitoro Yorufu

TSIKA dzamariro nemiitiro yokuviga zvinosiana zvikuru munyika nenyika uye mutsika netsika. Mitemo yehurumende ingaraira miitiro yakati kuti inofanira kuteverwa. Zvisinei, chitemeso chinoisvosarudza chinowanzova zvitendero zvorudzidziso zvemhuri uye nzanga. “Fundo yemiitiro yorufu uye tsika inoratidzira nomutoo unoorora wirirano iri pakati pechitendero chorudzidziso nomuitiro wakakurumbira mukuvapo kwanyakufa,” inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica.

Rangarira mariro echiHindu muIndia. Chitunha chinogadzirirwa kupiswa mukuwirirana nemiitiro yesekete rakati kuti. “Mvura tsvene,” zvikurukuru inobva muRwizi rweGangas, inomwaiwa pahuriri. Jira jena ipapo rinoiswa pane iyi nzvimbo, uye chitunha chinovanzarikwa pariri. Zvinopiswa zvinopfungaira utsi zvinonhuwira zvakanaka zvinopiswa muchitendero chokuti zvichaunza midzimu yakachena kunzvimboyo. Mukanyiwa womusandalwood nomupfu mutsvuku zvinozorwa kumeso. Chitunha chinogezwa dzokonokei chofukidzwa nejira jena iro pamusoro paro panoradzirwa maruva. Ipapo chitunha chinotakurwa musoro uri mberi pahwanyanza hwomusengere kuenda kuchikuva chokupisira (nzvimbo yokupisira). Ikoko hwanyanza hunoshandurwa kugadza chitunha makumbo ari mberi, kuchikuva chokupisira, kuratidzira kuti chiri kutarisira mberi kuupenyu hwomunguva yemberi. Murwi wehuni dzokupisa chitunha unobviriswa mwoto nomwanakomana mukurusa, nokuti kunodavirwa kuti “mweya” wanyakufa unowana rugare neiyi nzira bedzi. Pashure pezvi, marota anounganidzwa ndokuendeswa kuimwe yenzizi “tsvene” dzeIndia.

MuPapua New Guinea, ndokwomuitiro kuti hama dzokunyama dzirambe dzichionana nechitunha, dzichichitsvoda, dzichichichemera, dzichichiitira zvipikirwa, uye dzichikumbira kanganwiro nokuda kwezvivi zvakaitirwa nyakufa. Kuchema kwacho kukuru, uye kuimbira pasi nziyo dzamariro kunowedzera rusuruvaro. Muitiro kuva namandodyachipi maviri paimwe nguva pashure porufu kukudza “mudzimu” wanyakufa uye kudzivisa matsive api naapi aungaunza.

MuAfrica, miitiro yamariro namagamuchidzanwa zvinoisa simbiso pachitendero mukusafa kwomweya. Kudikanwa kwokufupa vakafa kunonzwiwa, kukasadero vangaparira ngozi hama dzavo dzokunyama. Mari yakawanda inopedzwa uye zvibairo zvakawanda zvinopirwa mutariro dzokuti vakafa vacharatidzira vapenyu nyasha. Vazhinji vanodavira mukuberekwa kutsva muno mumwe muviri, kuti nyakufa achadzokera semhuka kuti akudzwe mukunamata kana kuti zvimwe somumwe mutezo wemhuri kupfurikidza nomudzimai ane pamuviri panguvayo. “Nokudaro,” mushumo wokuNigeria unodaro, “tarisiro yokungwarira inoitwa vachingunopfekedza chitunha kuva nechokwadi chokuti chinhu chiri chose chiri mumugariro wacho. Somuenzaniso, kunodavirwa kuti kana ruoko rwanyakufa rwusina kutwasuka mubhokisi, ruchaoneka sohurema hwokuberekwa nahwo apo munhuyo anoberekwa patsva mune mumwe muviri. Kana kuti nyakufa asingapfekedzwi zvakafanira achaberekwa patsva mune mumwe muviri somunhu anopenga.” Kutyiwa kwavakafa noudzori hwavo hunorangarirwa pavanhu vapenyu zvinowanzova zvitemeso mumuitiro pamariro omuAfrica.

Mumativi mazhinji omumaruwa eGirisi, zvinoitika zvenguva refu nezvamaoresa zvinoitikawo pashure porufu. “Mukati mamakore mashanu anotevera, hama dzokunyama dzechikadzi dzanyakufa dzinogadzira uye dzinotungamirira minamato yechirangaridzo yakawanda,” inodaro magazini inonzi Science. “Kuna vadzimai, vanamai, uye vanasikana, kuchema kunova rutivi runoratidzira. Vachashanyira guva usiku humwe nohumwe kundobvirisa makenduru, kuchenesa dombo rokumusoro, kutaura kuna nyakufa, kuimba nziyo dzamariro, uye kuchema. Ivo vanodavira kuti kuitwa kwakakwana kweiyi miitiro kuchabetsera mweya womudikanwi kupinda mudenga.” Pakupedzisira, mafupa anyakufa anofukunyurwa ndokuiswa munzvimbo yavose yomumusha.

Mariro mazhinjisa muJapan anowirirana nemiitiro yechiBuddha. Pashure pokunge chitunha chagezwa uye chapfekedzwa, chinofukidzwa nejira jena, uye banga rinoiswa pachifuva kudzivisa midzimu yakaipa. Makenduru nezvinopiswa zvinopfungaira utsi zvazvinobvira, muprista achadzokorora sutras (mashoko omuchinyorwa chamanyoro matsvene chechiBuddha) parutivi pohuvato ndokupa nyakufa zita rechiBuddha rapashure porufu iro, kuchitsamira pachiverengero chamabhii anoshandiswa, chitsama chikuru chemari chinofanira kuripirwa nokuda kwaro. Ipapo chitunha chinoiswa mubhokisi ramariro ramapuranga risina kupendwa. Kupupudza kana kuti kupupudza kwehafu kunoitwa kuchema nyakufa uye kunyengeterera zororo romweya. Muprista zvaanodzokorora sutras, vachemi vanoita majana mukupisa mutsunwa wezvinopiswa zvinonhuwira. Miitiro yakafanana inoitika zuva rinotevera mukati mehurukuro yamariro pamberi peatari apo bhokisi, mufananidzo wanyakufa, nemimwe midziyo zvomuitiro wechiBuddha zvinoiswa. Kupisa, kunodikanwa nomutemo, kunoitika panguva iyeyo. Kwenguva yakati kuti pashure pacho, zvinopiswa zvinopfungaira utsi zvichapiswa panhambo nenhambo uye muprista achadzokorora sutras kutozosvikira kwadavirwa kuti mweya warasikirwa nepesvedzero yawo pazvinhu zvavanhu uye unobatana mukuva mweya watateguru vechisiko chapose pose.

Zivisa Zvishuvo Zvako

Panzvimbo pokuderedza nhamo inova pamwe chete norufu rwomudikanwi, miitiro yamariro yakadai seiyi inowanzowedzera mitoro mikuru zvikuru. Mumwe indyiko. Mariro amaoresa haana kuchipa. Vaprista vanowanzokarira mipiro mikuru kana kuti mibhadharo nokuda kwamabasa avo. Mandodyachipi nezvinoitika zvinodhurawo zvikuru. Pangatova nedzvinyiriro yokupfuura chishuvo chanyakufa kana kuti kupinda mumiitiro iyo iye asaidavira. Chinyunyuto chinobva mumhuri kana kuti shamwari chinogona kuva kudanidzira kukuru chokuti nyakufa haasati achizovigwa zvakakodzera uye zvakanaka mukuwirirana nemipimo yenzanga. Kana une zvishuvo zvipi nezvipi pamusoro pokuti mariro ako achaitiswa sei, uchava akachenjera kuzvinyora ndokuita kuti rugwarorwo rwupupurirwe.

Mudzimai wapamba weJapan akadzidza chifundo ichochi apo baba vake vezera ramakore 85 vakafa. Ivo vakanga vakumbira mariro akareruka paine mitezo yemhuri bedzi iripo. Zvisinei, ikoku kwakaunza kutsoropodza kukuru kwakabva kuna avo vaida purogiramu yamariro amagamuchidzanwa. Pashure pacho, mwanasikana wavo akanyorera pepanhau rinonzi Asahi Shimbun reTokyo, achiti: “Kana munhu achida kuva namariro akasiana namamwe, zvisinei nokuti angaratidzika kuva ane mufungo zvakadini kwaari amene, kwakanakisisa kuataura nemhuri yokwako mukurukurirano yezuva nezuva ndokuva nebvumiro yavo papfungwayo. Kunokoshawo kusia zvishuvo zvako zvakanyorwa kuti mitezo yemhuri inofirwa igone kubata nokutsoropodza.”

Kunotokosha zvikuru kuita kudaro paunenge une zvitendero zvakasimba zvorudzidziso zvinorwisana nomuitiro womunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, mumwe muKristu womuJapan angatya kuti kana iye akafa, hama dzake dzokunyama dzisiri maKristu dzingapfugama murukudzo rwokunamata pamberi pebhokisi rake ramariro kana kuti pomufananidzo panguva yamariro sezvadzaizoita pamberi peatari yechiBuddha. Naizvozvo angagona kuraira pachine nguva mberi mumirairidzo yake yakanyorwa kuti pashure pokunge vanhu vaonekana naye pamusha, chitunha chake chinofanira kupiswa uye pashure pezvi chinoitika chakapfava chamariro chiitwe uko kusina bhokisi ramariro kana kuti mufananidzo zviripo. Kudzivisa zvinetso, hama dzokunyama dzinogona kuziviswa nezvomuitiro wacho pachine nguva mberi.

Kubata Nezvokutengeserana Zvorufu

Kusvikira kuanenge makore anenge ane zana akapfuura, vanhu vazhinjisa vaifira pamusha, vakakomberedzwa neshamwari nemhuri. Vana vakanga vasingabviswi pakuvapo pahuvato hworufu uye vakadzidza nezvorufu mune uyu mutoo. Asi ikoku kwose kwakachinja munyika dzakavandudzika, dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzenyika. Vanhu vazhinji vari kufa vanomhanyiswa kuzvipatara, uye nhamburiko dzinoitwa dzokurebesa upenyu hwavo. “Panzvimbo pokurangarira rufu sechimwe chinhu chomuzvarirwo, vanachiremba vazvino uno vakasvika pakuruona sorwakashata kana kuti rwechienzi, kukurirwa kwenhamburiko dzavo dzose dzokurapa, padzimwe nguva runodokuva sorukundo rwomunhu oga,” inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica. “Chirwere chinorapwa nezvombo zvose zvinobvira, kazhinji kazhinji pasina mufungo wakaringanira nokuda kwomunhu anorwara—padzimwe nguva kunyange pasina mufungo kana pachitongova no‘munhu.’”

Marirowo zvawo muUnited States zvino anodya mari inopfuura $3 000—uye iyeyo haibatanidzi mutengo wenzvimbo yamakuva. Kombamiro yokubata nomutarisiri wamariro anonzwira urombo ndeyokukanganwa kuti iye ari mubhizimisi rokuita mari. “Vavariro yemhindu imhenyu zvikuru kwazvo mugadziriro dzokupedzisira dzebhizimisi,” inodaro magazini inonzi Changing Times. “Uye somunyika ipi neipi yezvokutengeserana, mutengi anodzinyirirwa kuti apedze mari, apinzwe mumukoto, achajwe zvinopfuura mwero kana kuti anyengedzwe nomutengesi asina tsika. Chokwadi, ngozi ihuru zvikuru nokuti vanhu vazhinjisa vari kutenga kwenguva yokutanga, vanofirwa uye vanofanira kuita chiito nokukurumidza.”

Zvisinei, kune zvimwe zvisarudzo. Chimwe ndechokuisa parutivi mari nokuda kwamariro ako umene. Ikoku kunogona kuitwa kupfurikidza nokuva nebhuku chairo rebhangi rinobatwa nebhangi riri muzita rako umene rinobhadharwa parufu rwako kumunhu waunodudza anosara ari mupenyu. Mukuwirirana nemitemo yamabhangi U.S., mari iri mubhuku rakadaro (inonzi Totten trust) inogona kutorwa neanogara nhaka pfuma pakuratidza zivikanwo nechibvumikiso chorufu. Munguva ino, mari inogara iri muudzori hwako. Inishuwarenzi youpenyu nekambani yakatsiga, ine mukurumbira ndichimwe chisarudzo. Kana wakaroora, iva nechokwadi chokuti mukwanyina wako anoziviswa, zvikurukuru pamusoro penhau dzemari. Kuita chido chenhaka kunobetserawo zvikuru. Hakubviri kuti imi mose muri vaviri mufe panguva imwe cheteyo. Mune zvinoitika zvakawanda vadzimai vanosiiwa navarume vavo. Kazhinji kazhinji vadzimai vanozviwana vamene vasingazivi izvi zvinhu, uko kunowedzera kukunetseka kwavo nokurwadziwa. Rufu zvarungauya rwusingakarirwi, usanonozetsa kukurukura idzi nhau nemhuri yako.

Kutarisira Nhamo

Munhu akatsungirira kurasikirwa nomudikanwi wake akatambura kuvadziko huru. Dikanwo yokurira nokuchema icharamba iripo kutozosvikira rufu rwagona kugamuchirwa. Urefu hwomuitiro wokuchema hunosiana-siana muvanhu vamwe navamwe. Vamwe mukusuruvara vangagonana nokurasikirwa kwavo nokukurumidza zvikuru, nepo vamwe vangatora gore kana kuti kupfuura. Vashomanene havatongoregi kuchema. Munhu anogona sei kugonana nako?

Kunokosha kuti urege kuzvitsauranisa umene uye kubva pana vamwe. Kudzokera mumuitiro woupenyu uye kuramba uchionana neshamwari nehama dzokunyama kupfurikidza norunhare kana kuti kupfurikidza neshanyo kuri madikanwa kukunaya pakusuruvara. Kunyange zvazvo pane nguva apo unoda kuva woga, hakufaniri kuva muitiro. Betsera vanhu kukurukura newe nokukubetsera kupfurikidza nokukurukura navo.

Zano rakanaka rakapiwa nomurume akatambura kurasikirwa nehama dzokunyama dzapedyo shanu munhambo yamakore matatu bedzi, kubatanidza mai vake nomudzimai wake anodiwa wamakore 41, uyo akanga ane hondo yenguva refu nekenza. Akatsinhira, kuti: “Zvamazvirokwazvo ndakava nomugove wangu munhamo. Padzimwe nguva ndaichema. Asi unotofanira kutarira paupenyu nomutoo chaiwoiwo. Unofanira kugamuchira upenyu sezvahuri, kwete sezvaungada kuti huve. Unodikanirwa kuchinjira kunhamo ndokugamuchira rufu, panzvimbo pokuchema zvisingagumi.”

Kunokosha kupa tsigiro norukurudziro kuna vanochema. Sezvineiwo, vazhinjisa vedu tinonzwa tisingakwaniriswi kuita kudaro uye tinotambudzika pamusoro pechokutaura. Tingatonzwa tichikwenudzwa kana isu kana kuti vakafirwa tikatanga kuchema. Naizvozvo kombamiro ndeyokudzivisa kuonana nomuchemi—apo iyeyo anotida zvikurusa chaizvo. Vamwe vakatopomerwa kuve vakadarika mugwagwa ndokufamba nokune rumwe rutivi kuti vadzivise bedzi kuva vanofanira kutaura nomumwe munhu akafirwa! Imwe chirikadzi yakataura, kuti: “Ndakasiiwa ndiri ndoga kuti ndicheme. Mukupererwa nezano ndaida kutaura bva hapana munhu aiteerera.”

Vamwe vanochimbidzika kuuya ndokupa betsero panguva yorufu kazhinji kazhinji vanorega kubetsera nokukurumidza kwazvo. “Pashure porufu, padzimwe nguva kunotora mavhiki kana kuti mwedzi nyakufirwa asati agona kukurira katyamadzo yokutanga. Ipapo ndipo apo tsigiro inokosha zvikurusa uye inowanikwa zvishoma,” anodaro purofesa wezvoruzivo rwendangariro Patricia Minnes. Uye chikanganiso kutaura kuti avo vasingaratidziri kutambudzika kukuru havana tsitsi kana kuti rudo, vachiramba kurasikirwa, kana kuti zvimwe vapedza kusuruvara. Vamwe vangava havo nesimba guru zvikuru romukati kuti vatsungirire nhamo yavo, asi vanodawo nyaradzo netsigiro.

Kunoshamisa sei, ipapoka, apo shamwari dzinopinda kuzobetsera nyakufirwa kutarisira zvinhu ndokuwana magwaro anodikanwa! Kunopa chivimbo sei kuva nebetsero yomumwe munhu yakatsiga, yokutsigira uye mberi kwakajeka apo gadziriro dzamariro dzinoitwa! Kunoongwa sei apo mumwe munhu anobetsera vana uye kutarisira zvinodikanwa zvehama dzokunyama dzashanya uye shamwari! Kune mufungo sei apo shamwari uye vavakidzani vanounza zvokudya zuva nezuva uye vachikarakadzira kuita mabasa kana kuti kuendesa vachemi kwavanoda kuenda! Kwakaisvonaka sei kuva nomumwe munhu uyo vanochema vanogona kukurukura naye kunzwa kwavo! Kunonyaradza sei kunzwa mashoko enyaradzo ndokunzwa kubata kwoushamwari! Kwakanaka sei apo, kunyange mwedzi gare gare, kubvunza kunoitwa kuti vachemi vari sei uye shoko rorudo rinotaurwa!

Asi kuva netariro nokuda kwenguva yemberi kunobetsera zvikurusa. Kune tariro yakadaro here?

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 23]

“Unofanira kugamuchira upenyu sezvahuri, kwete sezvaunoda kuti huve”

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

Chii Chatichaudza Vana?

Vaudzei zvokwadi, mukuwirirana nemwero yokunzwisisa kwavo. Taurai nezvorufu nezvokufa sezvakadaro, uye dzivisai mashoko asinganzwisisiki. Kana mukati, “Sekuru vaenda” kana kuti, “Tarasikirwa naSekuru,” vana vangakarira Sekuru kudzoka kana kuti kuva “vanowanwa.” Betserai vana kunzwisisa huchokwadi hworufu, uye pindurai mibvunzo muMagwaro. Mwana anogona kusumwa kurufu kupfurikidza nomuzvarirwo. Mungatsanangura rufu rwemhuka, shiri, kana kuti mapete. Shivirirai, uye ruramisai mifungo isina kururama ingave yakawanwa nomwana mumabhaisikopo kana kuti TV. Kuvharidzira zvakakwana vana parufu kungaparira kutsamwa kana kuti kutyiwa kwavasingazivikanwi.

Mwana muduku anganzwa ane mutoro nokuda kworufu, zvikurukuru kana akanga akatsamwira nyakufa. Betserai mwana kunzwisisa kuti iye haana mhaka, kuti mudzivise kunzwa kwokuva nemhaka.

Kutya kwokusiiwa ndokwechokwadi chaizvo kuvana varasikirwa nomubereki. Vanyaradzei zvikuru sezvingabvira, uye vaitei kuti vazive kuti ivo vachadiwa uye vachatarisirwa. Mwana anganzwawo akatsamwa. Kana akaudzwa kuti Mwari akatora mubereki wake, angavenga Mwari. Kuziva zvokwadi yeBhaibheri kunobetsera mune idzi nhau. Isa chivimbo mumwana, uye mupe rudo netsigiro.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Ipa tsigiro norukurudziro kuna vanochema