Nzendo Dzekare Dzengarava Musiri muMediterranean

Mazuva ano, zvakajairika kuti vanhu vakwire ndege uye vafambe nayo vachienda kune imwe kondinendi. Zvingakushamisa here kuti kunyange munguva inotaurwa muBhaibheri, vanhu vaifamba madaro akareba?

MAKORE anenge chiuru Kristu asati auya, Mambo Soromoni akagadzira ngarava dzakawanda dzaifamba mumvura pamwe chete nedzamambo wokuTire kuti dziunze zvinhu zvaikosha kuIsraeri zvichibva kure. (1 Madzimambo 9:26-28; 10:22) Muzana remakore repfumbamwe B.C.E., pachiteshi chengarava chokuJoppa kuIsraeri, muprofita Jona akakwira ngarava yaienda kuTashishi.a (Jona 1:3) Muzana remakore rokutanga C.E., muapostora Pauro akafamba nengarava kubva kuKesariya yaiva muIsraeri kuenda kuPuteori, yava kunzi Pozzuoli, kuBay of Naples, kuItaly.

Vanyori venhoroondo dzakaitika kare vanoziva kuti mumazuva aPauro, vatengesi vaibva kuMediterranean vaigara vachifamba nengarava vachipfuura noMugungwa Dzvuku pavaienda kuIndia uye zana remakore rechipiri rava pakati, vamwe vakanga vatosvika kuChina chaiko.b Zvisinei, chii chatinoziva nezvenzendo dzengarava dzaiitwa kumadokero kupfuura Mediterranean? Vafambisi vekare vengarava vaienda kure zvakadii nedivi iroro?

Nzendo Dzengarava Dzaiitwa NevaFenikiya Kare

Mazana emakore nguva yaPauro isati yasvika, vanhu vaifamba nomugungwa vakanga vatanga zvokutengeserana nevanhu vokuMadokero. Zvinonzi vaFenikiya, vaigara mune yava kunzi Lebanon, vakanga vava kusvika kuAtlantic pakazosvika 1200 B.C.E. Munenge muna 1100 B.C.E., vakaita kuti pave nenzvimbo inonzi Gadir, yava chiteshi chengarava kuSpain chinonzi Cádiz, tangoti pfuurei mikwavarara yegungwa yeGibraltar. Zvicherwa zvaicherwa ikoko zvaisanganisira sirivha netin, zvaitengeswa kuna vanamuzvinabhizimisi vokuAtlantic.

Mumwe munyori wenhoroondo dzakaitika kare anonzi Herodotus akanyora kuti muzana remakore rechinomwe B.C.E., Farao Neko wekuIjipiti akaunganidza ngarava dzakawanda dzekuFenikiya, dzaityairwa nevaFenikiya, panotangira Gungwa Dzvuku. Chinangwa chake chaiva chokuti dzitenderere Africa dzichitangira kumabvazuva dzoenda nokumadokero.

Panguva iyoyo, vaFenikiya vakanga vatogara vachifamba nengarava mumhenderekedzo dzeAfrica kwemazana emakore. Kunyange zvakadaro, pamusana pemhepo yakaipisisa, vafambisi vengarava vaienda kumaodzanyemba vaitevedza Mhenderekedzo yeAtlantic vaitofanira kunge vatamburira kuti vasvike kure. Kuti vatange rwendo rutsva rwomumvura, Herodotus anoti, vaFenikiya vaitangira rwendo rwavo paGungwa Dzvuku vofamba nomumhenderekedzo yokumabvazuva eAfrica vakananga kumaodzanyemba vonopinda muIndian Ocean. Gore paraizenge rava pakati, vaibuda mugungwa, vodyara mbeu, vogara panzvimbo yacho kusvikira vakohwa, vozoenderera mberi nerwendo rwavo. Herodotus akati, paizosvika gore rechitatu vainge vakwanisa kutenderera kondinendi yose, uye kupinda muMediterranean nokudzokera kuIjipiti.

Herodotus akagumisa nyaya yake achiti vaFenikiya vairondedzera zvinhu zvakawanda zvaakanga asingakwanisi kubvuma, kusanganisira mashoko okuti pavaitenderera nzvimbo yakadziva kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica, vaiona zuva riri nechokurudyi kwavo. Chokwadi zvainge zvakaoma kuti vaGiriki vekare vabvume izvi. Munhu akararama upenyu hwake hwose ari kuchamhembe kweequator akajaira kuona zuva riri kumaodzanyemba. Saka paanenge achienda kumadokero, zuva rinenge riri kuruboshwe. Asi paCape of Good Hope, iri kumaodzanyemba kweequator masikati zuva rinenge riri kuchamhembe—kurudyi kwemunhu anenge achienda kumadokero.

Kwemazana emakore, vanyori venhoroondo dzekare vave vachikakavadzirana nhoroondo yaHerodotus iyi. Zvingaita sezvinoshamisa kuti kareko vafambisi vengarava vakanga vatotenderera Africa. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti Farao Neko akatuma vanhu kuti vadaro uye kuti zvaiita kufamba rwendo rwakadaro, tichifunga nezveunyanzvi uye ruzivo zvakanga zvava nevanhu panguva yacho. Mumwe munyori wenhoroondo dzekare anoti, “Zvaiita chaizvo kufamba nengarava saizvozvo. Hapana chaigona kutadzisa vanhu vokuFenikiya kuita rwendo rwakadaro panguva yacho uye sokurondedzera kwakaita Herodotus.” Hatinyatsozivi kuti nhoroondo yaHerodotus ndeyechokwadi zvakadii. Asi inongoratidza muchidimbu zvakaedza kuitwa kuti mamwe matunhu akanga asingazivikanwi panguva iyoyo asvikwe nengarava.

Pytheas Anoenda Kuchamhembe Nengarava

Vanhu vokuFenikiya havasi ivo voga vanhu vokuMediterranean vakatanga kuenda kumadokero vakananga kuAtlantic. Imwe yenzvimbo yakawanwa nevafambisi vengarava vechiGiriki yaiva isiri muMediterranean yaiva Massalia, guta rinotaura chiFrench reMarseilles. Guta racho rakabudirira, pamusana pokutengesa zvinhu zvomugungwa nezvisiri. Vanamuzvinabhizimisi vaitumira waini, mafuta, uye zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nebhuronzi zvokuMediterranean, zvichibva paMassalia, zvaienda kuchamhembe, uye kubva kuchamhembe, vaiwana simbi nematombo aigadziriswa zvishongo zvinokosha. Hapana mubvunzo kuti vanhu vokuMassalia vaida kuziva kwaibva zvinhu izvi. Saka munenge muna 320 B.C.E., Pytheas wokuMassalia akatanga rwendo rurefu rwokuenda kunyika idzodzo dzokuchamhembe iye mbune.

Adzoka, Pytheas akanyora nyaya yokufamba kwaakanga aita yaiva nomusoro waiti, Ndiri Munyanza [On the Ocean]. Kunyange zvazvo bhuku chairo raakanyora muchiGiriki risisipo, vanyori 18 vekare vakatora mashoko mariri. Mashoko avakatora imomo anoratidza kuti Pytheas ainyatsorondedzera zvakaita makungwa, mafungu, mamiriro edzimwe nzvimbo, uye uwandu hwevanhu vaigara mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzaakashanyira. Akashandisawo mudziyo wokuongorora nzvimbo, kuti azive chaipo painge paine zuva kana ari masikati pamusi unozivikanwa, uye adaro ndipo paaizofungidzira kuti ainge afamba kure zvakadii achienda kuchemhembe.

Pytheas pachake aifarira zvesayenzi. Zvisinei, chinangwa chake chikuru chingangove chakanga chisiri chesayenzi paakaita rwendo rwomugungwa urwu. Asi nyanzvi dzinoti akanga atumwa uye apiwa mari nevaiita zvemabhizimisi muMassalia, vari ivo vakamutuma kuti atsvage mugwagwa wengarava kunyika idzodzo dzaiva kure kwavaiziva kuti ndiko kwaiwanika zvinhu zvinogadziriswa zvishongo uye tin. Saka Pytheas akaenda kupi?

Akaenda KuBrittany, Britain, Uye Mberi

Zvinoita sokuti Pytheas akafamba nengarava achipoterera Iberia ndokukwidza kumhenderekedzo yeGaul akananga kuBrittany, kwaakazombobuda mugungwa. Tinoziva izvi pamusana pokuyera kwaakaita zuva kana richioneka riri pamusoro pemucheto wenyika, zvaangangove akaitira ari panyika yakaoma—zvinoratidza kuti aiva kuchamhembe kweBrittany.c

Vanhu vaigara kuBrittany vaiva nounyanzvi hwokugadzira ngarava nokudzityaira uye vaidyidzana neBritain. Nzvimbo yainzi Cornwall yaiva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweBritain, yaiva netin yakawanda, chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha pabhuronzi, uye uku ndiko kwakazoendwa naPytheas. Akataura kukura uye maratidzikire aiita Britain, zvichiratidza kuti angangove akatenderera chitsuwa ichi nengarava.

Kunyange tichiita zvokufungidzira pakafambira Pytheas, angangove akafamba nomuBritain neIreland, ndokunogara pakachitsuwa kanonzi Isle of Man, pairi panowirirana nemashoko ake anoratidza panenge paine zuva kubva paequator. Kuyera kwechitatu kwaakaita angangove akakuitira paLewis iri kuOuter Hebrides, kumadokero kwemhenderekedzo yeScotland. Achibva ipapo, angangove akaenda kuchamhembe kuOrkney Islands, kuchamhembe kwenyika yeScotland, nokuti nhoroondo yake yakazotaurwawo nezvayo naPliny Mukuru, inoti kwaiva nezvitsuwa 40.

Chinhambwe chemazuva matanhatu uchifamba nengarava kuchamhembe kweBritain, Pytheas akanyora kuti kune nyika inonzi Thule. Vanyori vakawanda vekare vanotaura zvakambotaurwa naPytheas nezveThule vachiti inyika yaunogona kuona zuva pakati pousiku. Akazonyorazve achiti ukafamba zuva rimwe chete nengarava kubva ipapo, unosvika mugungwa rakaita “chando.” Vanhu vanoitisana nharo chaizvo nezvenzvimbo chaiyo yakanzi naPytheas ndipo paiva neThule—vamwe vanoti iri kuFaeroe Islands, vamwe vanoti iri kuNorway, vamwezve vachiti iri kuIceland. Chero kwaive neThule, vanyori vekare vanoti yaiva “kure kure kwechamhembe kwenzvimbo dzataurwa.”

Zvinonzi Pytheas akadzokera kuBritain achifamba nemaakafamba namo achibva apedza kutenderera chitsuwa chacho. Hatizivi kana akazoenda mberi kuchamhembe kwemhenderekedzo yokuEurope asati adzokera kuMediterranean. Chero zvazviri, Pliny Mukuru anoti Pytheas ndiye aiva nesimba rokutarisira zvose zvaiitwa mumatunhu aiva nezvinhu zvaishandiswa pakugadzira zvishongo. Kare zvinhu izvi zvinokosha zvaiwanika muJutland, iri munzvimbo duku muDenmark iripo mazuva ano, uye kumaodzanyemba kweGungwa reBaltic. Zvechokwadi, Pytheas angangove akaziva nzvimbo idzi paaishanyira zvitsuwa zviri kumabvazuva kweBritain, uye sokuziva kwatinoita, haana hake kutaura kuti akazvishanyira.

Mumwe munhuwo aifamba achiona nzvimbo wokuMediterranean anonzi akanyora nezvokushanyira kwaakaita Britain aiva Julius Caesar, akagara kumaodzanyemba kwechitsuwa ichi muna 55 B.C.E. Pakazosvika 6 C.E., vamwe vaRoma vakanga vasvika kuchamhembe kweJutland.

Kuendesa Ruzivo Kune Dzimwe Nzvimbo

VaFenikiya nevaGiriki vakaita kuti ruzivo rwenzvimbo nenyika ruzivikanwe kwete muMediterranean chete asiwo kuAtlantic, kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica, uye kunyange kutosvika kuchamhembe kweArctic. Nyika yepanguva iyoyo yaiva yokufamba nzendo nechinangwa chokutsvaka nzvimbo, kutengeserana, kuendesa ruzivo kune dzimwe nzvimbo, kufamba madaro akareba chaizvo, uye zvichiguma nokuwedzera kworuzivo nepfungwa itsva.

Zvimwe zvakanyorwa kare zvichiripo zvenzendo dzaiitwa nechinangwa chokutsvaka nzvimbo zvinongotiudza zvishoma chete nezvenzendo dzaiitwa nengarava dzakaitwa nevaifamba mugungwa. Vafambisi vangani vengarava vakadzoka pavakatangira nzendo dzavo asi vasina kunyora kwavakafamba? Uye vangani vakafamba nengarava vachisiya misha yavo vachienda kure kwazvo asi vasina kuzombodzoka? Mibvunzo iyi hapana anogona kuipindura. Asi izvi zvinoita kuti tinzwisise kuparadzirwa kwakaitwa chiKristu kare.—Ona bhokisi riri pamusoro apa.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 29]

Mashoko Akanaka “Akaparidzirwa Zvisikwa Zvose”

Munenge muna 60-61 C.E., muapostora Pauro akanyora kuti mashoko akanaka akanga “aparidzirwa zvisikwa zvose zviri pasi pedenga.” (VaKorose 1:23) Aireva here kuti vaKristu vakanga vatoparidzira muIndia, kuFar East, Africa, Spain, Gaul, Britain, Baltics, uye kunyika yakanzi Thule naPytheas? Vangangove vakanga vasati vaparidzira ikoko, asi hatigoni kutaura zvakananga panyaya iyi.

Zvisinei, hapana mubvunzo kuti mashoko akanaka akanga aparidzirwa munzvimbo dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, vaJudha nevemamwe marudzi vakagamuchira chiKristu paPendekosti muna 33 C.E., vakaenda nedzidziso yavo itsva yavakanga votenda kunyika dzaiva kure dzakadai sePatiya, Eramu, Mesopotamiya, Arabhiya, Ezhiya Maina, dzimwe nzvimbo dzaiva kuRibhiya iri nechokuKurini, uye Roma—dziri nyika dzaizivikanwa nevaiverenga mashoko akanga anyorwa naPauro.—Mabasa 2:5-11.

[Dhigramu/Mufananidzo uri papeji 26, 27]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Herodotus akati vaifamba nengarava pavaitenderera nzvimbo yakadziva kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica, vaiona zuva riri nechokurudyi kwavo

[Mepu]

AFRICA

GUNGWA REMEDITERRANEAN

ATLANTIC OCEAN

INDIAN OCEAN

[Dhigramu/Mufananidzo uri papeji 28, 29]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakafambwa nengarava nomufambisi wengarava wechiGiriki ainzi Pytheas

[Mepu]

Marseilles

CHITSUWA CHEIBERIA

IRELAND

ICELAND

NORWAY

Gungwa Rokuchamhembe

BRITAIN

BRITTANY

CHITSUWA CHEIBERIA

MHENDEREKEDZO YEAFRICA KUCHAMHEMBE

GUNGWA REMEDITERRANEAN

Marseilles