Ademude A Efi Egypt Sumina So
SO WOBƐHWƐ kwan sɛ wubehu Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee a ɛsom bo wɔ sumina so? Wohuu bi wɔ Egypt anhwea mu wɔ afeha a etwaam no awiei. Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na ɛbaa saa?
Efi 1778 besi afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei no, wotuu papyrus a kyerɛw nsɛm pii wɔ so ahu wɔ Egypt. Nanso, mfe ɔha a atwam ni no mu ansa na wɔhyɛɛ da hwehwɛɛ no yiye. Ebeduu saa bere no na ɛhɔnom akuafo renya tete nhoma ahorow toatoa so, na Egypt Exploration Fund a akyigyinafo no ne Britaniafo hui sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wotu nnipa kɔhwehwɛ ansa na aka akyi dodo. Wɔpaw Oxford nhomanimfo baanu, Bernard P. Grenfell ne Arthur S. Hunt, na wɔmaa wɔn kwan sɛ wɔnhwehwɛ Faiyūm mantam mu (ne mfonini na ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no) kuayɛ mansin no anafo.
Grenfell tee nka sɛ wobenya bi wɔ baabi a wɔfrɛ hɔ sɛ Behnesa, esiane ne tete Hela din a ɛne Oxyrhynchus no nti. Esiane sɛ na ɛhɔ na Kristosom wɔ wɔ Egypt nti, na Oxyrhynchus yɛ kurow titiriw wɔ mfeha a ɛto so anan ne anum Y.B. mu. Na tete nkokorafo afie pii bɛn hɔ, na na ɔmansin kurow yi amamfo trɛw yiye. Na Grenfell hwɛ kwan sɛ obehu Kristofo nhoma asinasin wɔ hɔ, nanso wannya hwee wɔ amusiei ne adangow a wɔhwehwɛɛ mu no mu. Na kurow no mu sumina a ahɔre siw no nkutoo na aka, na ebi sorokɔ bɛyɛ mita 9. Na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛte sɛ nea emu a wobetutu ahwehwɛ papyrus kyerɛ sɛ wogye tom sɛ wɔadi nkogu; nanso wɔn a na wɔhwehwɛ no sii gyinae sɛ wɔbɛsɔ ahwɛ.
Wohu Ademude
Wofii ase tuu bi hwɛe wɔ January 1897 mu, na nnɔnhwerew bi ntam no, wohuu tete papyrus nneɛma. Na nkrataa, adwuma nhyehyɛe, ne aban nhoma ka ho. Na anhwea a mframa abɔ abegu hɔ akata so, na wim a ɛyɛ wesee no amma ansɛe wɔ bɛyɛ mfe 2,000 mu.
Asram abiɛsa ne akyi pɛ no, wonyaa papyrus a nkyerɛwee wɔ so bɛyɛ tɔn abien wɔ Oxyrhynchus. Wɔde hyehyɛɛ nnaka akɛse aduonu anum mu na wɔde faa po so hyɛn kɔɔ England. Mfe du a edi hɔ no awɔw bere biara mu no, saa nhomanimfo akokodurufo baanu yi san kɔɔ Egypt kɔhwehwɛɛ bi kaa nea na wɔanya no ho.
Bere bi, bere a na wɔretutu amusiei bi wɔ Tebtunis no, wotutuu adɛnkyɛm afunu a wɔahyɛ no aduru nkutoo. Odwumayeni bi de abasamtu bubuu biako mu. Ne ho dwiriw no bere a ohui sɛ na papyrus hyehyem no. Wohui sɛ wɔayɛ adɛnkyɛm afoforo saa ara, na wɔabobɔw papyrus ahyehyɛ ebinom nso mene mu. Wohuu tete nkyerɛwee asinasin, ne ahemfo mmara ne adwuma ho nhyehyɛe a adwuma ho sikasɛm ne ankorankoro nkrataa frafra mu nso.
Na mfaso bɛn na ɛwɔ nhoma yi nyinaa so? Nkurɔfo ani begyee ho kɛse, efisɛ nnipa a wɔba fam na wɔde Koine, bere no so Hela kasa a na nnipa dodow no ara ka akyerɛw emu pii. Esiane sɛ nsɛmfua a wɔde dii dwuma no mu pii nso pue wɔ Bible Hela Kyerɛwsɛm, “Apam Foforo” no mu nti, ɛbɛdaa adi mpofirim sɛ Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu kasa no nyɛ Bible mu Hela kasa soronko bi, sɛnea nhomanimfo bi akyerɛ no, na mmom na ɛyɛ nea nnipa mpapahwekwa ka no na wɔde kyerɛwee. Enti sɛ wode sɛnea wɔde nsɛmfua a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ da biara nsɛm mu no toto ho a, ntease kɛse da adi wɔ nea Kristofo Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm no kyerɛ no mu.
Bible Nsaano Nkyerɛwee Asinasin
Wohuu Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee asinasin nso, na eyinom a wɔtaa de nkyerɛwee a ɛnyɛ fɛ akyerɛw, na enni nhoma papa so no yɛ nnipa mpapahwekwa no Bible. Ma yɛnhwehwɛ ebinom mu.
Hunt huu Mateo Asɛmpa no ti a edi kan, nkyekyem 1 kosi 9, 12, ne 14 kosi 20, a wɔde nkyerɛwde akɛseakɛse na ɛkyerɛwee wɔ afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa Y.B mu no bi. Na ɛno na ɛbɛyɛ P1, papyrus a nkyerɛwee wɔ so dodow a efi mmeaemmeae, a mprempren no ne dodow reyɛ adu Kristofo Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm no nsaano nkyerɛwee anaa nsaano nkyerɛwee afãfã bi ɔha. Na mfaso bɛn na ɛwɔ nkyekyem kakraa bi a Hunt hui no so? Nkyerɛwee no nkyerɛwde ma wohuu pefee sɛ wɔkyerɛwee wɔ afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa Y.B. mu, na n’akenkan mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe kyerɛe sɛ na ɛne nkyerɛwee foforo koraa wɔ saa bere no mu a ɛne Westcott ne Hort de no hyia. Mprempren P1 wɔ University Museum wɔ Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Nhoma mmobɔwee, anaa nhoma no mu papyrus kratasin bi wɔ Yohane ti 1 fã a ɛwɔ benkum so ne Yohane ti 20 fã a ɛwɔ nifa so. Nea ayera wom a wɔde san hyehyɛɛ mu no kyerɛ sɛ mfiase no na Asɛmpa mũ no nyinaa yɛ nkrataa 25, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na ti 21 ka ho fi teteete. Na ɛyɛ P5, na wɔkyerɛwee wɔ afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa Y.B. mu, na mprempren ɛwɔ British Library wɔ London, England.
Wɔde nkyerɛwde akɛseakɛse a nhomanimfo binom susuw sɛ ebia na ɛyɛ sukuuni abarimaa bi nkyerɛwee na akyerɛw Romafo 1:1-7. Mprempren ne nɔma yɛ P10, na wɔkyerɛwee wɔ afeha a ɛto so anan Y.B. mu.
Nea ɛso sen saa a wohui no kura Hebri nhoma no bɛyɛ nkyem abiɛsa mu biako. Wɔkyerɛw guu nhoma mmobɔwee bi a Romani abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Livy tete nkyerɛwee wɔ anim no so. Dɛn nti na ɛsono nsɛm a ɛwɔ anim ne akyi? Saa bere no mu no, na sɛnea nhoma a wɔde kyerɛw ade ho ayɛ nã na ne bo yɛ den no kyerɛ sɛ na wontumi nsɛe papyrus ahorow dedaw kwa. Mprempren wɔato din sɛ P13, na wɔkyerɛw wɔ afeha a ɛto so anan Y.B. mu.
Papyrus krataa bi a Romafo atiri 8 ne 9 wɔ so, a wɔde nkyerɛwde nketenkete akyerɛw no fi nhoma bi a ne sorokɔ yɛ nsateakwaa anan ne fã, na ne trɛw yɛ nsateakwaa abien pɛ mu. Enti, ɛte sɛ nea na wɔwɔ Kyerɛwnsɛm no bi a wotumi de hyɛ kotoku mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa Y.B. mu. Eyi bɛyɛɛ P27 na ɛne Codex Vaticanus hyia.
Genesis atiri asia afã horow bi wɔ Helafo Septuagint nhoma mmobɔwee no mu nkrataa anan no so. Nhoma mmɔbowee yi ho hia efisɛ wɔkyerɛwee wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien anaasɛ abiɛsa Y.B. mu, na na atiri yi bi nni Codex Vaticanus no mu, na asɛe wɔ Codex Sinaiticus no mu. Wɔato din sɛ Papyrus 656, na nkrataa yi wɔ Bodleian Library, Oxford, England seesei ara.
Asinasin yi nyinaa da no adi sɛ nsonsonoe atitiriw biara nni yɛn tete nsaano nkyerɛwee a ɛwɔ hɔ no mu, enti esi so dua sɛ na wɔde Bible no mema wɔ saa tete bere no mu wɔ nnipa mpapahwekwa a na wɔte Misraim akyirikyiri no mu. Esi yɛn gyidi wɔ nokware a Onyankopɔn Asɛm yɛ ne sɛnea ɛka nsɛm pɛpɛɛpɛ no so dua.
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 27]
Papyri a efi Faiyūm a Yohane ti 1 afa horow bi wom
[Mfonini Fibea]
British Library na ɛmaa ho kwan
[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 26]
Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.