Nkɔmhyɛ Nhoma
Nnipa pɛ sɛ wohu nea ɛbɛba daakye. Wɔhwehwɛ biribi a wobetumi de wɔn ho ato so ahu nneɛma a ebesisi, fi wim tebea so kosi sikasɛm so. Nanso mpɛn pii no, sɛ wodi nsɛm a ɛte saa akyi yɛ biribi a, wɔn nsa si fam. Daakye ho nsɛm, anaa nkɔmhyɛ, pii wɔ Bible no mu. Ɔkwan bɛn so na nkɔmhyɛ a ɛte saa yɛ nokware? Ɛyɛ nsɛm a wɔkyerɛwee ansa na ɛresisi? Anaasɛ ɛyɛ nsɛm a atwam na wɔadura ho sɛ nkɔmhyɛ?
WƆKYERƐ sɛ Romani manyɔfo Cato (234-149 A.Y.B.) na ɔkae sɛ: “Ɛyɛ me nwonwa sɛ ɔdebisafo bi hu ne yɔnko ɔdebisafo a ne ho nyɛ no serew.” Nokwasɛm ni, ebesi nnɛ nnipa pii nnye nsɛm a akɔmfo, nsoromma mu ahwɛfo ne adebisafo foforo ka no nni. Mpɛn pi no, wɔka asɛm no hwanyann a obiara betumi akyerɛ ase sɛnea ɔpɛ.
Na Bible nkɔmhyɛ nso ɛ? Biribi wɔ ho a ɛma yɛn adwenem yɛ yɛn nãã? Anaa biribi wɔ hɔ a yebetumi agyina so anya mu ahotoso?
Ɛnyɛ Nsɛm a Wɔhwɛ Tebea Bi Ka Kɛkɛ
Ebia animdefo bɛhwɛ sɛnea nsɛm tebea bi te na wɔagyina so aka daakye asɛm pɛpɛɛpɛ, nanso ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na nsɛm a wɔka no bam. Nhoma a ɛne Future Shock ka sɛ: “Ɔman biara mu no, ɛnyɛ nneɛma a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛba daakye nko na wɔkɔ so ka ho asɛm, na mmom nneɛma pii a wosusuw sɛ ebetumi asisi daakye ne nea obiara susuw sɛ ɛno na ɛyɛ papa nso.” Ɔtoa so sɛ: “Nokwarem no, obiara ntumi ‘nhu’ nea ɛbɛba daakye nyinaa da. Nea yebetumi ayɛ ara ne sɛ yɛbɛda yɛn nsusuwii adi na afei yɛakyerɛ nea yɛhwɛ kwan sɛ ebetumi abam kɛkɛ.”2
Nanso Bible akyerɛwfo no anna “nsusuwii” bi adi ankyerɛ ‘nea wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ebetumi abam’ daakye kɛkɛ. Na saa nso na yentumi nka sɛ wɔn nkɔmhyɛ no yɛ nsɛm hwanyann a obiara betumi akyerɛ ase sɛnea ɔpɛ. Mmom no, wɔn nkɔmhyɛ pii mu da hɔ ma ɛyɛ nwonwa na ɛtaa kyerɛ nsɛm pɔtee a ebesisi, na mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ a nea wɔka ne nea ebia nnipa pii hwɛ kwan bɔ abira. Sɛ nhwɛso no, hwɛ nea Bible ka faa tete kurow Babilon ho ansa na nsɛm no resisi.
Wɔde ‘Ɔsɛe Prae Bɛpra Agu’
Na tete Babilon yɛ “ahenni mu abohene.” (Yesaia 13:19, The New American Bible) Na saa kurow kɛse yi wɔ ɔkwan a efi Persia Faka ano bɛsen kɔ Mediteranea Po so no so, na na ɛyɛ aguadibea a aguadifo fi Apuei ne Atɔe de nneɛma fa po ne asase so ba hɔ bɛtɔn.
Ebeduu afeha a ɛtɔ so nson A.Y.B. mu no, na Babilon abɛyɛ Babilon Ahemman no ahenkurow a na ɛte sɛ nea obiara ntumi ntwi mfa so da. Na Eufrate Asubɔnten no da kurow no mfinimfini, na na wɔatutu suka akɛse a emu dɔ atwe asubɔnten no mu nsuo agu mu de abɔ kurow no ho ban. Afei nso na wɔato afasuo a ɛbɔ ho mmienu a ɛwɔ aban akɛse de abɔ kurow no ho ban. Enti na ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ emufo tee ahobammɔ nka.
Nanso ansa na Babilon rebɛyɛ kurow kunini mpo no, na odiyifo Yesaia aka asie wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so nwɔtwe A.Y.B. mu sɛ ‘wɔde ɔsɛe prae bɛpra’ Babilon. (Yesaia 13:19; 14:22, 23) Afei Yesaia kyerɛɛ ɔkwan pɔtee a Babilon bɛfa so ahwe ase. Na wɔn a wɔbɛto ahyɛ kurow no so no bɛma n’asubɔnten—nea na ɛbɔ ho ban no—‘awe’ ma no ayɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛsɛe no. Yesaia bɔɔ ɔsahene a obehuan kurow no ase no mpo din—“Kores,” Persiafo henkɛse a ‘wobebue apon n’anim a wɔntoto mu’ no.—Yesaia 44:27–45:2.
Na eyi yɛ nkɔmhyɛ a emu yɛ duru. Na ɛbaam? Abakɔsɛm ma ho mmuae.
“Wɔanko”
Yesaia kyerɛw ne nkɔmhyɛ no akyi bɛyɛ mfe ahanu, October 5, 539 A.Y.B. mu no, Medo-Persia asraafo a Kores Ɔkɛseɛ da wɔn ano bɛbɔɔ nsra wɔ Babilon kurow no akyi baabi. Nanso na Babilonfo no wɔ ahotoso. Helani abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Herodotus (afeha a ɛtɔ so nnum A.Y.B.) kyerɛe sɛ na wɔwɔ nnuan ne nneɛma foforo wɔ hɔ a ɛbɛso wɔn mfe pii.3 Afei nso na Eufrate Asubɔnten no ne Babilon afasuo akɛse no nso wɔ hɔ a ɛbɛbɔ wɔn ho ban. Nanso sɛnea Nabonido Beresosɛm kyerɛ no, saa anadwo no ara “Kores asraafo hyɛnee Babilon a wɔanko.”4 Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na ɛbaa saa?
Herodotus kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ na nnipa a wɔwɔ kurow no mu “de asaw ne anigye rehyɛ fa bi.”5 Saa bere yi nyinaa na Kores wɔ kurow no akyi a wɔadan Eufrate mu nsuo no ani ahwɛ baabi foforo. Bere a nsuo no twee kakra no, n’asraafo no te sii mu a na nsuo no deda wɔn srɛ. Wɔfaa afasuo tenten no ho kɔfaa nea Herodotus frɛɛ no “apon a na ɛwɔ nsuo no so,” apon a anibiannaso nti wɔantoto mu no mu hyɛnee kurow no mu.6 (Fa toto Daniel 5:1-4; Yeremia 50:24; 51:31, 32 ho.) Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo foforo, a Xenophon (bɛyɛ 431–bɛyɛ 352 A.Y.B.) ka ho, ne abopon ahorow a fam tutufo ahu foa so sɛ Kores sɛee Babilon prɛko pɛ.7
Eyi maa nkɔm a Yesaia hyɛ faa Babilon ho no baa mu. Anaa amma saa? Ebetumi aba sɛ wɔanhyɛ nkɔm biara na mmom asɛm no sii ansa na wɔrekyerɛw? Nokwasɛm ni, yebetumi abisa nsɛm a ɛte saa ara afa Bible nkɔmhyɛ foforo ho.
Ɛyɛ Abakɔsɛm na Wɔadura Ho sɛ Nkɔmhyɛ?
Sɛ nea Bible adiyifo—a Yesaia ka ho—yɛe ara ne sɛ wɔkyerɛw biribi a atwam maa no bɛyɛɛ sɛ nkɔmhyɛ a, ɛnde na wɔyɛ nnipa a wɔaben paa wɔ kusumdi mu. Ɛdɛn paa na anka ɛbɛma wɔayɛ saa? Nokware adiyifo daa no adi pefee sɛ obiara ntumi mfa adanmude nnaadaa wɔn. (1 Samuel 12:3; Daniel 5:17) Yɛasusuw adanse a emu yɛ duru ho dedaw sɛ na Bible akyerɛwfo (a na wɔn mu pii yɛ adiyifo) no yɛ mmarima anokwafo a na wonsuro sɛ wɔbɛda wɔn ankasa mfomso a ɛyɛ aniwu mpo adi. Ɛbɛyɛ den paa sɛ nnipa a wɔte saa bedi kusum, de abakɔsɛm abiribiri yɛn ani so sɛ nkɔmhyɛ.
Ade foforo wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ yesusuw ho. Bible nkɔmhyɛ pii kasa tiaa adiyifo no man mufo a asɔfo ne ahemfo ka ho esiane wɔn nneyɛe bɔne nti. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Yesaia kasa tiaa Israelfo a na wɔwɔ ne bere so no—wɔn mpanyimfo ne nnipa a aka no nyinaa—esiane wɔn brasɛe nti. (Yesaia 1:2-10) Adiyifo foforo paa asɔfo no nneyɛe bɔne ho ntama. (Sefania 3:4; Malaki 2:1-9) Ɛbɛyɛ nea ntease nnim koraa sɛ obi besusuw sɛ wɔbɛbɔ wɔn srɛ mu ahyɛ nkɔm a ano yɛ den saa atia wɔn ankasa man mufo na asɔfo no nso aboa nnaadaasɛm a ɛte saa.
Afei nso—sɛ yɛfa no sɛ na adiyifo no yɛ nnaadaafo mpo a—ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na wɔatumi akeka nneɛma abobom adaadaa nnipa saa? Na wɔhyɛ akenkan ne akyerɛw ho nkuran wɔ Israel. Wɔkyerɛɛ mmofra akenkan ne akyerɛw fi bere a wosusua pɛɛ. (Deuteronomium 6:6-9) Wɔhyɛɛ ankorankoro nkuran sɛ wɔn ankasa nkenkan Kyerɛwnsɛm no. (Dwom 1:2) Na wɔkenkan Kyerɛwnsɛm no baguam wɔ hyia adan mu Homeda nnawɔtwe biara. (Asomafo no Nnwuma 15:21) Ɛbɛyɛ den paa sɛ wɔde nnaadaasɛm a ɛte saa bebu ɔman mũ a wonim akenkan nim Kyerɛwnsɛm no yiye afa so.
Bio nso nsɛm foforo wɔ Yesaia nkɔmhyɛ a ɛfa Babilon sɛe ho no mu. Nsɛm bi wom a entumi mma sɛ esii ansa na wɔrekyerɛw.
“Obi Rentra Mu Da Biara Da”
Na ɛdɛn na ɛbɛto Babilon bere a ahwe ase akyi no? Yesaia ka siei sɛ: “Obi rentra mu da biara da, na obi renkɔtra hɔ, awo ntoatoaso a edidi so mu, na Arabiani bi rensi ntamadan hɔ, na nguanhwɛfo nso remma wɔn mmoa mmutuw hɔ.” (Yesaia 13:20) Na biribiara nni hɔ a ɛbɛma obi agye adi sɛ ɛbere bi bɛba ma kurow a nnipa di mu akɔneaba yi abɛdan amamfõ koraa a obiara rentra hɔ da. Ebetumi aba sɛ Yesaia kyerɛw ne nsɛm no bere a ohui sɛ Babilon adan amamfõ no?
Bere a Kores dii Babilon so akyi no, nnipa kɔɔ so traa hɔ mfehaha pii—ɛwom sɛ na ennu ne kan asetra no de. Kae sɛ Ɛpo a Awu Nhoma Mmobɔwee no kura Yesaia nhoma no nyinaa a wɔkyerɛw no afeha a ɛtɔ so mmienu A.Y.B. mu. Bɛyɛ sɛ bere a wɔrehwɛ Kyerɛwnsɛm no bi so akyerɛw saa nhoma mmobɔwee no na Partifo bedii Babilon so. Afeha a edi kan Y.B. mu no, na Yudafo bi akyekyere kurow bi wɔ Babilon, na Bible kyerɛwfo Petro kɔɔ hɔ pɛn. (1 Petro 5:13) Saa bere no na Ɛpo a Awu Yesaia Nhoma Mmobɔwee no adi bɛyɛ mfe ahanu. Enti afeha a edi kan Y.B. mu no, na Babilon nnanee amamfõ koraa ɛ, nanso na wɔkyerɛw Yesaia nhoma no wiei akyɛ.a
Sɛnea na wɔaka ho asɛm asie no, akyiri yi koraa no Babilon bɛyɛɛ ‘aboɔ akuwakuw.’ (Yeremia 51:37) Hebri kasa mu ɔbenfo Jerome (afeha a ɛtɔ so nnan Y.B.) kae sɛ ebeduu ne bere so no, na Babilon abɛyɛ baabi a wɔkɔtwee “wuram mmoa horow nyinaa.”9 Babilon yɛ amamfõ besi nnɛ.
Yesaia antra ase anhu Babilon amamfõyɛ. Nanso kurow a kan no na ɛyɛ kokuroko yi amamfõ a ɛwɔ Baghdad anafo fam bɛyɛ kilomita 80 wɔ nnɛ bere mu Iraq no yɛ adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsɛm yi anya ne mmamu: “Obi rentra mu da biara da.” Sɛ wɔsan siesie Babilon sɛ nnipa nkɔsrasra hɔ a, wɔbɛkɔ nanso Babilon “mma ne mmanana” ase atɔre koraa.—Yesaia 13:20; 14:22, 23.
Enti odiyifo Yesaia anka nsɛnhunu bi kɛkɛ a yebetumi de akyerɛkyerɛ daakye asɛm biara mu. Saa ara nso na wankyerɛw abakɔsɛm amma no ammɛyɛ sɛ nkɔmhyɛ. Susuw ho: Ɔdaadaafo bɛn na “ɔbɛhyɛ” biribi a ontumi nyɛ ho hwee ho “nkɔm”—sɛ Babilon kokuroko bɛdan amamfõ afebɔɔ?
Nkɔmhyɛ a ɛfa Babilon asehwe ho yi yɛ nhwɛso baako pɛ a ɛwɔ Bible mu.b Nnipa pii hu nkɔmhyɛ a enya mmamu no sɛ adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ Bible fi obi a ɔkorɔn sen nipa hɔ. Ebia wubegye atom sɛ, anyɛ hwee koraa no, ɛfata sɛ wohwehwɛ saa nkɔmhyɛ nhoma yi mu. Biribi wɔ hɔ a obiara ntumi nnye ho kyim: Nsonsonoe kɛse da nsɛm a enni ti nni nan a nnɛ bere mu nkɔmhyɛfo ka fa daakye ho ne Bible mu nkɔmhyɛ a emu da hɔ fann na esi nsɛm so pɔtee no ntam.
[Ase hɔ nsɛm]
a Adanse a emu yɛ duru wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛw Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm mu nhoma no—a Yesaia nhoma no ka ho—bere tenten ansa na afeha a edi kan Y.B. redu. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Josephus (afeha a edi kan Y.B.) kyerɛe sɛ ansa koraa na wɔrewo no no, na wɔagye Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu nhoma atom sɛ Kyerɛw Kronkron.8 Afei nso wɔhyɛɛ ase kyerɛɛ Hela Septuagint, kyerɛ sɛ Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm a wɔakyerɛ ase kɔ Hela kasa mu, no ase afeha a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa A.Y.B. mu, na ebeduu afeha a ɛtɔ so mmienu A.Y.B. mu no, na wɔawie.
b Sɛ wopɛ sɛ wuhu Bible nkɔmhyɛ foforo ne abakɔsɛm mu kyerɛwtohɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ anya mmamu a, yɛsrɛ wo hwɛ nhoma The Bible—God’s Word or Man’s? a Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., tintimii no nkratafa 117-33.
[Kratafa 28 mfonini]
Na Bible akyerɛwfo no yɛ adiyifo nokwafo anaa wɔn a wɔaben wɔ kusumdi mu?
[Kratafa 29 mfonini]
Tete Babilon amamfõ so