Suasua Yehowa—Bu Atɛntrenee Na Yɛ Adetrenee
“Mene [Yehowa, “NW”] a ɔyɛ adɔe, na obu atɛntrenee, yɛ adetrenee, asase so, na eyi na ɛsɔ m’ani, [Yehowa, “NW”] asɛm ni.”—YEREMIA 9:24.
1. Anidaso a ɛyɛ nwonwa bɛn na Yehowa de hyɛɛ bɔ?
YEHOWA hyɛɛ bɔ sɛ da bi bɛba a obiara behu no. Ɔnam ne diyifo Yesaia so kae sɛ: “Wɔrenyɛ bɔne na wɔrensɛe ade bio, me bepɔw kronkron no nyinaa so, na [Yehowa, NW] hu bɛyɛ asase ma, sɛ nsu kata po so no.” (Yesaia 11:9) Hwɛ sɛnea anidaso no yɛ anigye fa!
2. Sɛ́ obi behu Yehowa no kyerɛ dɛn? Dɛn ntia?
2 Nanso sɛ́ obi behu Yehowa no kyerɛ dɛn? Yehowa daa nea ehia sen biara adi kyerɛɛ Yeremia: “[Nea] onim de ahu me, sɛ mene [Yehowa, NW] a ɔyɛ adɔe, na obu atɛntrenee, yɛ adetrenee, asase so, na eyi na ɛsɔ m’ani.” (Yeremia 9:24) Enti nea Yehowa a yebehu no no kyerɛ ne sɛ yebehu sɛnea obu atɛntrenee na ɔyɛ adetrenee. Sɛ ɛno akyi no, yɛda su a ɛtete saa adi a, n’ani begye yɛn ho. Yɛbɛyɛ dɛn ayɛ saa? Yehowa akora sɛnea ɔne adesamma a wɔnyɛ pɛ adi nsɛm fi teteete no ho kyerɛwtohɔ so wɔ N’asɛm, Bible no mu. Sɛ yesua a, yebetumi ahu Yehowa atɛntrenee ne trenee kwan no, na ama yɛasuasua no.—Romafo 15:4.
Obu Atɛntrenee Nanso Ɔyɛ Mmɔborohunufo
3, 4. Dɛn nti na na Yehowa di bem sɛ ɔsɛee Sodom ne Gomora?
3 Ɔsoro atemmu a wɔde baa Sodom ne Gomora so no yɛ nhwɛso a ɛfata a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ Yehowa atɛntrenee no afã horow pii mu. Ɛnyɛ asotwe a ɛfata nko na Yehowa de bae na mmom, ɔyɛɛ ogye ho nsiesie nso maa wɔn a wɔfata no. So na ɔsɛe a ɔde baa saa nkurow no so no fata ankasa? Mfiase no, Abraham a na ɛda adi sɛ onnim sɛnea Sodomfo bɔne akodu no ansusuw saa. Yehowa maa Abraham awerɛhyem sɛ sɛ ohu atreneefo du pɛ a, ɔrensɛe kurow no. Ɛda adi pefee sɛ, Yehowa mpere ne ho mmu atɛn anaa ɔnyɛ no atirimɔden so.—Genesis 18:20-32.
4 Abɔfo baanu a wɔkɔhwehwɛɛ hɔ no maa sɛnea Sodomfo bra asɛe no daa adi pefee. Bere a kurom hɔ mmarima, “efi mmofra so kosi mpanyimfo so” hui sɛ mmarima baanu abɛsoɛ Lot fie no, wɔto hyɛɛ ne fie no so a na wɔn nyinaa atirimpɔw ne sɛ wɔbɛto wɔn mmonnaa. Nokwarem no, na wɔn ahohwibra no adu akyi ankasa! Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ, atemmu a Yehowa de baa kurow no so no teɛ.—Genesis 19:1-5, 24, 25.
5. Ɔkwan bɛn so na Onyankopɔn gyee Lot ne n’abusuafo fii Sodom?
5 Bere a ɔsomafo Petro aka Sodom ne Gomora sɛe no ho asɛm sɛ kɔkɔbɔ ho nhwɛso akyi no, ɔkyerɛwee sɛ: “[Yehowa, NW] nim sɛnea obeyi wɔn a wɔde fɛre som no afi sɔhwɛ mu.” (2 Petro 2:6-9) Sɛ wɔsɛee ɔtreneeni Lot ne n’abusua kaa Sodom abɔnefo no ho a, anka ɛrenkyerɛ atɛntrenee. Ne saa nti, Yehowa abɔfo no bɔɔ Lot kɔkɔ wɔ ɔsɛe a na ɛreba no ho. Bere a Lot twentwɛnee ne nan ase no, ‘Yehowa’ ma wosusoo ɔno ne ne yere ne ne mmabea no nsa de wɔn fii kurow no mu. (Genesis 19:12-16) Yebetumi anya awerɛhyem sɛ Yehowa bɛda tema a ɛte saa ara adi akyerɛ atreneefo wɔ ɔsɛe a ɛreba nhyehyɛe bɔne yi so no mu.
6. Dɛn nti na ɛnsɛ sɛ yɛma ɔsɛe a ɛreba nneɛma nhyehyɛe bɔne no so no ho asɛm haw yɛn dodo?
6 Ɛwom sɛ nneɛma nhyehyɛe yi awiei bɛyɛ ‘aweredi da’ de, nanso ɛho nhia sɛ yɛma ɛho asɛm haw yɛn dodo. (Luka 21:22) Atɛn a Onyankopɔn bebu wɔ Harmagedon no “nyinaa teɛ.” (Dwom 19:9) Sɛnea Abraham hui no, sɛ́ nnipa no, yebetumi anya Yehowa atɛntrenee a ɛkorɔn sen yɛn de no mu ahotoso koraa. Abraham bisae sɛ: “Nea obu asase nyinaa atɛn no remmu atɛntrenee anaa?” (Genesis 18:25; fa toto Hiob 34:10 ho.) Anaa sɛnea Yesaia ka ma ɛfatae no, ‘hena na ɔkyerɛ Yehowa atemmu kwan?’—Yesaia 40:14.
Adetrenee a Ɔyɛ De Gye Adesamma
7. Abusuabɔ bɛn na ɛda Onyankopɔn atɛntrenee ne ne mmɔborohunu ntam?
7 Ɛnyɛ ɔkwan a Onyankopɔn fa so twe abɔnefo aso no nkutoo na ɛma yehu n’atɛntrenee. Yehowa ka n’ankasa ne ho asɛm sɛ ɔyɛ “Onyankopɔn a ɔteɛ na ogye nkwa.” (Yesaia 45:21) Ɛda adi pefee sɛ, abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den da Onyankopɔn trenee anaa n’atɛntrenee ne ɔpɛ a ɔwɔ sɛ obegye adesamma afi nea bɔne de ba mu ntam. Bere a The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1982 De no, reka kyerɛwsɛm yi ho asɛm no, ɛkae sɛ “Onyankopɔn atɛntrenee hwehwɛ ɔkwan pa a ɛbɛfa so ada Ne mmɔborohunu adi, na adi Ne nkwagye ho dwuma.” Ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ Onyankopɔn de mmɔborohunu ka n’atɛntrenee ho ma ɛkari pɛ, na mmom mmɔborohunu yɛ Onyankopɔn atɛntrenee fã. Agyede nsiesiei a Onyankopɔn ayɛ ama adesamma nkwagye no yɛ ɔsoro atɛntrenee fã yi ho nhwɛso a ɛda nsow sen biara.
8, 9. (a) Asɛm “adetrenee biako” no fa dɛn ho? Dɛn ntia? (b) Dɛn na Yehowa hwehwɛ fi yɛn hɔ?
8 Ná agyede bo no ankasa—Onyankopɔn Ba a ɔwoo no koro, Yesu Kristo nkwa a ɛsom bo no—yɛ nea ɛkorɔn efisɛ Yehowa gyinapɛn ka obiara, na ɔno ankasa di so bi. (Mateo 20:28) Ná Adam asefo ahwere nkwa a ɛyɛ pɛ, Adam de, ma enti na ehia nkwa a ɛyɛ pɛ na wɔde ama Adam asefo nkwa bio. (Romafo 5:19-21) Ɔsomafo Paulo ka Yesu mudi mu kura ne agyede a otuae no ho asɛm sɛ “adetrenee biako.” (Romafo 5:18, NW, ase hɔ asɛm) Dɛn ntia? Efisɛ wɔ Yehowa fam no, sɛ́ obegye adesamma no ne ade a ɛteɛ a ɛfata sɛ ɔyɛ, ɛwom sɛ na ɛbɛma ne ho akɔ mu kɛse de. Ná Adam asefo no te sɛ “demmire a abukaw” a na Onyankopɔn mpɛ sɛ obu mu, anaa na wɔte sɛ “kanea ntamaa a ayɛ wusiwusi” a na ɔmpɛ sɛ odum no. (Mateo 12:20) Ná Onyankopɔn wɔ ahotoso sɛ mmarima ne mmea anokwafo pii befi Adam asefo mu aba.—Fa toto Mateo 25:34 ho.
9 Ɔkwan bɛn so na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛyɛ yɛn ade wɔ ɔdɔ ne atɛntrenee a ɛkyɛn so yi ho? Nneɛma a Yehowa hwehwɛ fi yɛn nkyɛn no mu biako ne sɛ ‘yebebu atɛntrenee.’ (Mika 6:8) Yɛbɛyɛ dɛn atumi ayɛ eyi?
Hwehwɛ Atɛntrenee, Di Asɛntrenee
10. (a) Dɛn ne ɔkwan biako a yɛfa so da atɛntrenee adi? (b) Yɛbɛyɛ dɛn ahwehwɛ Onyankopɔn trenee kan?
10 Nea edi kan koraa no, ɛsɛ sɛ yɛma yɛn abrabɔ ne Onyankopɔn abrabɔ gyinapɛn ahorow hyia. Esiane sɛ Onyankopɔn gyinapɛn ahorow ye na ɛteɛ nti, sɛ yɛbɔ yɛn bra ma ɛne no hyia a, ɛno bɛkyerɛ sɛ yɛrebu atɛntrenee, na yɛreyɛ adetrenee. Ɛno na Yehowa hwɛ kwan sɛ ne nkurɔfo bɛyɛ. Yehowa ka kyerɛɛ Israelfo no sɛ: “Munsua papayɛ, monhwehwɛ atɛntrenee.” (Yesaia 1:17) Yesu tuu n’atiefo fo saa ara wɔ ne Bepɔw so Asɛnka no mu bere a ɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ wɔn sɛ ‘wɔnhwehwɛ Onyankopɔn ahenni ne ne trenee kan no.’ (Mateo 6:33) Paulo hyɛɛ Timoteo nkuran sɛ ‘onni trenee akyi.’ (1 Timoteo 6:11) Sɛ yɛbɔ yɛn bra ma ɛne Onyankopɔn gyinapɛn ahorow hyia na yɛhyɛ nipasu foforo no a, ɛno bɛkyerɛ sɛ yɛredi nokware atɛntrenee ne trenee akyi. (Efesofo 4:23, 24) Ɔkwan foforo so no, yɛnam yɛn ade a yɛbɛyɛ wɔ Onyankopɔn kwan so no so hwehwɛ atɛntrenee.
11. Dɛn nti, na ɔkwan bɛn so na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛko di bɔne so?
11 Sɛnea yenim no, ɛnyɛ mmerɛw bere nyinaa sɛ nnipa a wɔnyɛ pɛ bɛyɛ ade a eye na ɛteɛ. (Romafo 7:14-20) Paulo hyɛɛ Romafo Kristofo no nkuran sɛ wɔnko nni bɔne so, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔde wɔn nipadua a wɔahyira so no bɛma Onyankopɔn sɛ “trenee akode,” a ɛso bɛba Onyankopɔn mfaso de adi n’atirimpɔw ho dwuma. (Romafo 6:12-14) Saa ara na, ɛdenam Onyankopɔn Asɛm a yebesua no daa na yɛde adi dwuma so no, yebetumi anya ‘Yehowa nyansakyerɛ,’ ne ‘trenee mu yɛn.’—Efesofo 6:4; 2 Timoteo 3:16, 17.
12. Sɛ yebetumi ne afoforo adi nsɛm sɛnea yɛpɛ sɛ Yehowa ne yɛn di a, dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkwati?
12 Nea ɛto so abien no, sɛ yɛne afoforo di nsɛm ɔkwan a yɛpɛ sɛ Yehowa ne yɛn di so a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ yebu atɛntrenee. Ɛnyɛ den sɛ yebenya gyinapɛn ahorow abien—nea emu gow ma yɛn ho, ne nea ɛyɛ katee ma afoforo. Ɛnyɛ den mma yɛn sɛ yebeyiyi yɛn ho ano wɔ yɛn ankasa sintɔ ahorow ho, nanso yɛde ahopere kasa tia afoforo mfomso ahorow a ebi mpo a ennu yɛn de ho hwee no. Yesu de akokoduru bisa sɛ: “Adɛn na wohwɛ dua a ɛwɔ wo nua aniwa mu, na wo ankasa aniwa mu mpuran de, wunhu?” (Mateo 7:1-3) Ɛnsɛ sɛ yɛma yɛn werɛ fi da sɛ, sɛ Yehowa rehwehwɛ yɛn mfomso mu a, anka yɛn mu biara ntumi nnyina. (Dwom 130:3, 4) Sɛ Yehowa atɛntrenee ma no kwan ma obu n’ani gu yɛn nuanom mmerɛwyɛ ahorow so a, tumi bɛn na yɛwɔ a enti ɛsɛ sɛ yebu wɔn fɔ?—Romafo 14:4, 10.
13. Dɛn nti na ɔtreneeni te nka sɛ ɛyɛ n’asɛde sɛ ɔka Ahenni ho asɛmpa no?
13 Nea ɛto so abiɛsa no, yɛda Onyankopɔn atɛntrenee adi bere a yɛyere yɛn ho yɛ asɛnka adwuma no. Yehowa tu yɛn fo sɛ: “Mfa yiyeyɛ nkame nea ɛsɛ no, bere a ɛwɔ wo tumi mu sɛ wobɛyɛ no.” (Mmebusɛm 3:27) Ɛrenyɛ papa sɛ yɛn nkutoo bɛkora nimdeɛ a ɛma nkwa a Onyankopɔn fi ayamye mu de ama yɛn no so. Ɛwom, ebetumi aba sɛ nnipa pii bɛpo yɛn asɛm no, nanso bere dodow a Onyankopɔn kɔ so hu wɔn mmɔbɔ no, ɛsɛ sɛ yenya ɔpɛ sɛ yɛbɛboa wɔn ma wɔaba “adwensakra mu.” (2 Petro 3:9) Afei nso, te sɛ Yesu no, sɛ yetumi boa obi ma ɔsan bedi atɛntrenee ne trenee akyi a, yɛn ani gye. (Luka 15:7) Mprempren ne bere a ɛfata sɛ ‘yegu aba trenee mu.’—Hosea 10:12.
‘Asafohene Ma Atɛntrenee’
14. Dwuma bɛn na mpanyimfo di wɔ atɛntrenee mu?
14 Ɛsɛ sɛ yɛn nyinaa fa trenee kwan so, nanso mpanyimfo a wɔwɔ Kristofo asafo no mu na eyi yɛ wɔn asɛyɛde titiriw. ‘Atɛntrenee ne trenee na ɛwowaw’ Yesu ahenni nniso no. Saa ara nso na ɔsoro atɛntrenee yɛ mpanyimfo no gyinapɛn. (Yesaia 9:7) Wɔma nea wɔnam nkɔmhyɛ so aka wɔ Yesaia 32:1 no tra wɔn adwenem: “Hwɛ, trenee so na ɔhene bi bedi hene, na asafohene nso, atemmu [atɛntrenee, NW] so na wobedi asafohene.” Sɛ́ ahwɛfo a wɔnam honhom so apaw wɔn, anaa ‘Onyankopɔn fie ahwɛfo’ no, ɛsɛ sɛ mpanyimfo yɛ nneɛma Onyankopɔn kwan so.—Tito 1:7.
15, 16. (a) Ɔkwan bɛn so na mpanyimfo suasua oguanhwɛfo nokwafo a ɔwɔ Yesu mfatoho no mu no? (b) Ɔkwan bɛn so na mpanyimfo no te nka wɔ wɔn a wɔayera wɔ honhom fam no ho?
15 Yesu ma ɛdaa adi sɛ Yehowa atɛntrenee wɔ ayamhyehye, mmɔborohunu, ne ntease. Nea ɛsen ne nyinaa no, ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛboa wɔn a wɔwɔ nsɛnnennen na ‘wabɛhwehwɛ na wabegye nea ayera.’ (Luka 19:10) Te sɛ Yesu mfatoho no mu oguanhwɛfo a ɔhwehwɛɛ ne guan a wayera no araa kosii sɛ ohuu no no, mpanyimfo no hwehwɛ wɔn a wɔayera wɔ honhom fam no, na wɔbɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔde wɔn bɛba nguankuw no mu bio.—Mateo 18:12, 13.
16 Sɛ́ anka mpanyimfo bebu wɔn a wɔayɛ bɔne a anibere wom fɔ no, wɔbɔ mmɔden sɛ sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yiye a, wɔbɛboa wɔn ma wɔasakra wɔn adwene. Sɛ wotumi boa obi a wayera a, wɔn ani gye. Nanso sɛ ɔbɔnefo bi ankyerɛ ahonu a, ɛma wɔn werɛ how. Ɛba saa a, Onyankopɔn trenee gyinapɛn hwehwɛ sɛ wotu nea wannu ne ho no fi wɔn mu. Ɛno mpo, te sɛ ɔba hohwini no agya no, ɛyɛ a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ da bi, ɔbɔnefo no ‘ani bɛba ne ho so bio.’ (Luka 15:17, 18) Ne saa nti, mpanyimfo di kan kɔ wɔn a wɔatu wɔn no binom nkyɛn kɔbɔ wɔn nkae wɔ ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so aba Yehowa ahyehyɛde mu bio ho.a
17. Sɛ mpanyimfo no redi obi a wayɛ bɔne asɛm a, dɛn ne wɔn botae, na su bɛn na ɛbɛboa wɔn ma wɔadu saa botae no ho?
17 Ne titiriw no, ɛho hia sɛ mpanyimfo suasua Yehowa atɛntrenee bere a wɔredi wɔn a wɔayɛ bɔne asɛm no. Ná nnebɔneyɛfo “twiw bɛn” Yesu efisɛ na wɔte nka sɛ ɔbɛte wɔn ase, aboa wɔn. (Luka 15:1; Mateo 9:12, 13) Ɛwom, Yesu ammoa bɔne. Bere a Sakeo, omimfo a wagye dimmɔne no ne Yesu traa adidi ase bere bi no, ɔsakraa n’adwene na osiesiee amanehunu a na ɔde aba afoforo so no nyinaa. (Luka 19:8-10) Ɛnnɛ, botae koro no ara na mpanyimfo no kura bere a wɔredi asɛm no—sɛ́ wɔbɛboa nea wafom no ma wanu ne ho. Sɛ afoforo tumi bɛn wɔn te sɛ Yesu a, ɛbɛyɛ mmerɛw ama abɔnefo pii sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ wɔn hɔ mmoa.
18. Dɛn na ebetumi aboa mpanyimfo ma wɔayɛ te sɛ “mframa ano hintabea”?
18 Koma a ɛda tema adi bɛboa mpanyimfo ma wɔde ɔsoro atɛntrenee a ɛnyɛ katee anaa ɛnyɛ atirimɔden, adi dwuma. Anigyesɛm ne sɛ, Esra siesiee ne koma, ɛnyɛ n’adwene nko, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obetumi akyerɛkyerɛ Israelfo no atɛntrenee. (Esra 7:10) Koma a ɛwɔ ntease bɛboa mpanyimfo ma wɔde Kyerɛwnsɛm mu nnyinasosɛm a ɛfata adi dwuma, na wɔasusuw ankorankoro nsɛm tebea ho. Bere a Yesu saa ɔbea a mogya tu no no yare no, ɔma ɛdaa adi sɛ nea Yehowa atɛntrenee kyerɛ ne sɛ yɛbɛte mmara no ne adwene a ɛwɔ akyi nso ase. (Luka 8:43-48) Wɔ wɔn a wɔn ankasa mmerɛwyɛ anaa nneɛma nhyehyɛe bɔne yi ama wɔagu asu no fam no, mpanyimfo a wɔde mmɔborohunu bu atɛn no betumi ayɛ sɛ “mframa ano hintabea ne osu ano guankɔbea” ama wɔn.—Yesaia 32:2.
19. Ɔkwan bɛn so na onuawa bi yɛɛ n’ade bere a wɔde ɔsoro atɛntrenee dii dwuma wɔ ne ho no?
19 Onuawa bi a na wayɛ bɔne a anibere wom no ankasa behuu sɛnea ɔsoro atɛntrenee te. Ogye tom sɛ: “Nokwarem no, na misuro sɛ mɛkɔ mpanyimfo no hɔ. Nanso wɔne me dii wɔ mmɔborohunu ne nidi mu. Ná mpanyimfo no nyɛ atemmufo a wɔn tirim yɛ den, na mmom na wɔte sɛ agyanom. Wɔboaa me ma metee ase sɛ sɛ meyɛ m’adwene sɛ mesiesie m’akwan a, Yehowa rempa me. Mankasa mibehuu sɛnea ɔteɛ yɛn so te sɛ Agya a ɔwɔ ɔdɔ no. Mitumi kaa me komam nsɛm kyerɛ Yehowa, a na mewɔ ahotoso sɛ obetie me. Sɛ mibu kɔmpɔ a, metumi aka no nokwarem sɛ, na hyia a me ne mpanyimfo no hyiae mfe ason a atwam ni no yɛ nhyira a efi Yehowa hɔ. Efi saa bere no, me ne ne ntam abusuabɔ mu ayɛ den sen biara.”
Di Atɛntrenee Akyi na Yɛ Adetrenee
20. Dɛn ne mfaso horow a ɛwɔ te a yɛbɛte atɛntrenee ne trenee ase na yɛde adi dwuma no mu?
20 Anigyesɛm ne sɛ, ɔsoro atɛntrenee kyerɛ pii sen di a yɛne obiara bedi sɛnea ɛsɛ no. Yehowa atɛntrenee na ama ɔde daa nkwa ama wɔn a wɔda gyidi adi no. (Dwom 103:10; Romafo 5:15, 18) Onyankopɔn ne yɛn di nsɛm saa kwan yi so efisɛ n’atɛntrenee susuw yɛn nsɛm tebea horow ho, na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ ebegye yɛn nkwa sen sɛ ebebu yɛn fɔ. Nokwarem no, sɛnea Yehowa atɛntrenee te ho ntease pa a yebenya no twe yɛn bɛn no yiye. Na bere a yɛbɔ mmɔden sɛ yebesuasua ne nipasu fã yi no, yɛne afoforo benya nhyira pii wɔ yɛn asetram. Yɛn soro Agya no ani rempa atɛntrenee a yebedi akyi no so. Yehowa hyɛ yɛn bɔ sɛ: “Munni atemmu so, na monyɛ adetrenee, na me nkwagye reyɛ aba, na wɔrebeyi me trenee adi. Nhyira ne ɔdesani a ɔyɛ eyi.”—Yesaia 56:1, 2.
[Ase hɔ asɛm]
So Wokae?
◻ Dɛn na sɛe a wɔsɛee Sodom ne Gomora no ma yehu wɔ Yehowa atɛntrenee ho?
◻ Dɛn nti na agyede no yɛ Onyankopɔn atɛntrenee ne ɔdɔ a ɛyɛ soronko a wada no adi?
◻ Akwan abiɛsa bɛn so na yebetumi abu atɛntrenee?
◻ Ɔkwan titiriw bɛn so na mpanyimfo betumi asuasua ɔsoro atɛntrenee?
[Kratafa 15 mfonini ahorow]
Yɛnam yɛn asɛnka adwuma no so da Onyankopɔn atɛntrenee adi
[Kratafa 16 mfonini]
Sɛ mpanyimfo da Onyankopɔn atɛntrenee adi a, ɛyɛ mmerɛw ma wɔn a wɔwɔ nsɛnnennen sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ wɔn hɔ mmoa