Ubulwi bwa Baibolo ya Cispanish ku Kupusunsuka

PA BUSHIKU bumo ubwa October mu 1559, baKatolika bamo abena Spain 200,000 bakonkomokele ku musumba wa ku kapinda ka ku kuso aka Valladolid. Ukucebusha kwali kusefya kwa bupingushi bwa kuputunkanya ku kulubulwisha kwa butotelo, uko “ifinakabupalu babili baocewe aba mweo, ikumi banyongelwe imikoshi.” Baali “abakaanya icisumino.”

Imfumu yalumbuka iyacaice Philip II ayangalile ico ca kucitika. Lintu umwaume wasenwikwe apaapaatile nkumbu, imfumu yaotweke ukuti: “Nga ca kuti umwana umwaume wandi aali umuwelewele ukupala fintu waba, ine wine kuti nasenda inkuni ku kuyamoca.” Musoka nshi uwe shamo wali uwa cinakabupalu? Alebelenga fye Baibolo.

Pa nshita imo ine, ukuteyanya kwa Kulubulwisha kwa Butotelo ukwa baKatolika kwali ukwapamfiwa mu musumba wa Andalusia uwa Seville. Kulya, ibumba lya bashimbe baume aba butotelo pa cikuulwa cabo ica San Isidro del Campo, e lintu fye bapokelele Baibolo ya mu bumfisolo mu ciSpanish. Bushe aba kubaseba bali no kubafutuka? Bamo abaishibe ukuti bali mu busanso bwa mfwa balifulumwike ukufuma mu calo. Lelo 40 aba abo bashele balisheme kabili balyocewe pa cimuti, pa kati kabo pali no mwaume wine uwafyushishe amaBaibolo ukwingisha mu calo. Spain ya mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga ikumi limo na mutanda yali cifulo ca busanso kuli bakabelenga ba Baibolo—abanono balifyukile amaka ya Kulubulwisha kwa Butotelo.

Pa kati ka abo banono pali uwali kale umushimbe mwaume uwa butotelo, Casiodoro de Reina (mupepi na 1520-94). Afulumukile ku London, lelo nangu fye ni kulya kwine tali na kusanga ukucingililwa. Ukulubulwisha kwa Butotelo kwatambike icilambu ku kwikatwa kwakwe, kabili inkombe ya Spain ku cilye ca ku England yapangile ukumubeleleka ukubwelela ku ncende yalelamwa na Spain mu nshila iili yonse. Mu nshita ipi, ukupeelwa imilandu kwa bufi ukwa bulalelale no kulaalana kwa ba bwamba bumo bwine fyamupatikishe ukufuma mu England.

Mu kuba no bukumu bwapelebela no lupwa lwalekula lyonse ulwa kusunga, mu kubalilapo asangile umwa kushina mu Frankfurt. Pa numa, ukufwailisha kwakwe ukwa kucingililwa kwa butotelo kwamutungulwile ku France, Holland, kabili mu kupelako Switzerland. Nalyo line mu kati ka nshita yonse iyi, atwalilile ukuba uwapamfiwa. ‘Ukufumyako fye inshita intu nali umulwele nelyo pa lwendo, . . . akalembelo takafumine mu minwe yandi,’ e fyo alondolwele. Apoosele imyaka iingi ukupilibula Baibolo ukutwala mu ciSpanish. Ukupulinta kwa makope 2,600 aya Baibolo ya kwa Reina mu kupelako kwalitendeke mu 1568 mu Switzerland no kupwishishiwa mu 1569. Ulubali lumo ulwapulamo ulwa bupilibulo bwa kwa Reina lwali lwa kuti abomfeshe Iehoua (Jehová) ukucila Señor (Shikulu) kuli Tetragramatoni, amakalata yane aya ciHebere aye shina lya pa lwakwe ilya kwa Lesa.

Baibolo ya ciSpanish mu Kupangwa

Mu kupusanako, cili ca kutootela ku kupangwa kwa bamashini ba kupulintila, pa nshita lintu amaBaibolo yaleingilishiwako mu mpendwa mu Europe, mu Spain yabele aya limo limo. Tacali lyonse muli iyi nshila. Pa myanda ya myaka Baibolo cali citabo cacilishepo ukwananishiwa ica mu Spain. Amakope yalembwa ku minwe e ko yali mu ciLatin kabili, pa myanda ya myaka inono, nangu fye mu lulimi lwa ciGoth. Kalemba umo uwa lyashi lya kale alondolwele ukuti mu kati ka Nkulo sha Pa Kati, “Baibolo—pamo nga intulo ya kupuutwamo no bulashi, pamo nga icipimo ca citetekelo ne myendele—yali iyacilapo kulumbuka mu Spain ukucila mu Germany nelyo England.” Amalyashi ya kale aya Baibolo ayalekanalekana, Psalters (nelyo, Amalumbo), imitande ya bulondoloshi, amalyashi ya mibele isuma, ne fitabo fimbi ifyapalako fyabele ifishitishiwa mu kwangufyanya nga nshi ifya ilya nkulo.

Bakambula bakanshiwa mu kusakamanisha baleteleko bamanyuskripiti ba Baibolo abawamisha. Nangu cingati casendele bakalemba 20 umwaka onse ku kulembwa kwa manyuskripiti ya mibele yawamisha, amaBaibolo ayengi aya ciLatin na makana ya fya kulandapo pali Baibolo ya ciLatin fyaleananishiwa mu Spain ukufika mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 15.

Mu kulundapo, lintu ululimi lwa ciSpanish lwatendeke ukulunduluka, ubuseko bwalimine mu kukwata Baibolo mu lulimi lwa cikaya. Mu kubangililako kwa mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 12, Baibolo yalipilibwilwe ukutwalwa mu ndimi shafuma ku ciLatin, nelyo iciSpanish ca mu kubangilila, ululimi ulo abantuuntu fye balelanda.

Ukushibuka kwa pa Kashita Kanono

Lelo ukushibuka takwali nakutwalilila. Lintu aba cakaniko ca kwa Waldo, Lollard, ne ca kwa Hus babomfeshe Amalembo ku kucingilila ifisumino fyabo, ukwankulako kwali ukwayangufyanya kabili ukwa lukaakala. Amabulashi ya ciKatolika yamwene ukubelenga kwa Baibolo mu kuba no mutunganya, kabili amabupilibulo yapya mu ndimi sha cikaya yalishimawilwe umupwilapo.

Icilye ca ciKatolika ica Toulouse (France), icakumene mu 1229, cabilishe ukuti: “Tulebinda ukuti umuntuuntu fye uuli onse ekwata amabuku ya Cipingo ca Kale nelyo Icipya ayapilibulwa ukutwalwa mu lulimi lwa munsaunte. Nga ca kuti umuntu uwaipeelesha ku fya butotelo atemwa, kuti pambi akwata Psalter nelyo Breviary [ibuku lya nyimbo na mapepo] . . . lelo talingile nangu fye panono ukukwata amabuku yalumbulwa pa mulu ayapilibulwa ukutwalwa mu ndimi shafuma ku ciLatin.” Imyaka ine pa numa, James I uwa ku Aragon (imfumu pa citungu cikalamba ica cisumbu) apeele bonse abo bakwete Baibolo mu lulimi lwa munsaunte inshiku fye cinekonsekonse ku kuyatwala kuli shikofu wa cikaya ku koca. Ukufilwa ukucita ifyo, nampo nga ni kuli shibutotelo nelyo ku muntuuntu fye, cali no kulenga uwakwata ukutunganishiwa ku kukaanya icisumino.

Te mulandu no ku kubinda—uko kushakonkelwe mu kukosa—abena Spain bamo bali no kuitakisha ulwa kukwata Baibolo ya mu ndimi shafuma ku ciLatin mu kati ka ciputulwa ca kulekelesha ica Nkulo sha Pa Kati. Ici caishile ku mpela ya kupumikisha mu kuba no kwimikwa kwa Kulubulwisha kwa Butotelo ukwa ku Spain pe samba lya kwa Namfumu Isabella ne Mfumu Ferdinand mu 1478. Mu 1492, mu musumba wa Salamanca weka, amakope yaumo mutengo ayalembwa ku minwe 20 aya Baibolo yalyocewe. Bamanyuskripiti ba Baibolo beka fye aba ndimi shafuma ku ciLatin abapusunswike bali ni abo ababikilwe mu malaibrare ya bantu pa lwabo aya mfumu nelyo aya bantu banono abalumbuka aba maka abo abashaletunganishiwa.

Pa myaka imyanda ibili iyakonkelepo, Baibolo fye yeka iya ciKatolika iya mu bulashi iyasabankashishiwe mu Spain—pa mbali ya Vulgate ya ciLatin—yali ni Complutensian Polyglott, Baibolo ya kubalilapo iya ndimi ishingi, iyaafwilishiwe mu fya ndalama kuli Kardinala Cisneros. Mu cituntulu yali citabo casapikwa, mu kushininkisha icishapangilwe umuntu yawe yawe. Makope fye 600 e yapangilwe, kabili banono bali no kuyumfwikisha pa mulandu wa kuti yalikwete ilembo lya Baibolo ya mu ciHebere, iciAramaic, iciGreek, ne ciLatin—te mu ciSpanish. Mu kulundapo, umutengo wali uwa pa mulu. Yashitishiwe ama ducat ya golde yatatu (ukulinganishiwa ku malipilo ya myeshi mutanda aya kwa cibombebombe).

Baibolo ya ciSpanish Yaba mu Bumfisolo

Mu kubangilila kwa mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 16, “Tyndale” umwina Spain aliimine mu buntu bwa kwa Francisco de Enzinas. Umwana mwaume wa kwa mwine mpanga umukankaala umwina Spain, atendeke ukupilibula Amalembo ya Bwina Kristu aya ciGreek ukutwala mu ciSpanish ilintu aali acili fye umusambi wacaice. Pa numa apulintile ubo bupilibulo mu Netherlands, kabili mu 1544 mu bulamba aeseshe ukupoka ulusa lwa cifumu ku kwananishiwa kwa buko mu Spain. Kateka wa mu Spain, Charles I, aali mu Brussels pali iyo nshita, kabili Enzinas ashukiile ili shuko lya mu nshita ku kwipusha ukusuminisha kwa cifumu ku mulimo wakwe.

Ukulanshanya kwaibela pa kati ka aba baume babili kwalicitwa lipoti nge fyakonkapo: “Musango nshi uwa citabo ici?” e fyaipwishe kateka. Enzinas ayaswike ukuti: “Ulu lubali lwa Malembo ya Mushilo ayetwa Icipingo Cipya.” “Kalemba wa citabo ni ani?” e fyo aipushiwe. “Mupashi wa mushilo,” e fyo ayaswike.

Kateka asuminishe ulo lupapulo lelo pa cipangano cimo—ica kuti shimapepo wa pa lwakwe uwacilapo uwa pa mbali, umushimbe mwaume wa butotelo umwina Spain, na o wine apeele icipope ca kusuminisha. Kwi shamo lya kwa Enzinas, uko kusuminisha takwaishile, lelo mu kwangufyanya aisangile mu cifungo ku Kulubulwisha kwa Butotelo. Pa numa ya myaka ibili ali na maka ya kufyuka.

Imyaka inono pa numa, ubupilibulo bwapitulukwamo ubwa uku kupilibula bwalipulintilwe mu Venice, Italy, kabili cali ni ubu bupilibulo ubwa Malembo ubo Julián Hernández mu bumfisolo asendele ukutwala mu Seville, Spain. Lelo aliketwe, kabili pa numa ya myaka ibili iya kulungulushiwa no kubikwa mu cifungo, aliputunkanishiwe capamo na basambi ba Baibolo banankwe bambi.a

Pa Cilye ca Trent (1545-63), Icalici lya ciKatolika lyabwekeshepo ukusenuka kwa liko ukwa mabupilibulo ya Baibolo mu lulimi lwa cikaya. Lyasabankenye icisontelelo ca fitabo fyabindilwe, ifyasanshishemo yonse ayo mabupilibulo ya Baibolo ayo yaletelweko ukwabula ukusuminisha kwe calici. Mu cituntulu ici capilibwile ukuti amaBaibolo yonse aya ndimi sha cikaya aya ciSpanish tayali ya mwi funde no kuti ukukwata fye kwa imo kwali no kufumamo incitilo ya mfwa ya muntu.

Imyaka inono pa numa ya lupapulo lwa bupilibulo bwa kwa Reina, Cipriano de Valera, na umbi uwali kale umushimbe mwaume uwa butotelo uwafyukile icipyu ca Kulubulwisha kwa Butotelo mu Seville, alibupitulwikemo. Ubu bupilibulo bwapulintilwe mu Amsterdam mu 1602 C.E., kabili amakope yamo yasendelwe mu Spain. Mu mabupilibulo ya buko aya kutendekelako na yapitulukwamo, Baibolo ya kwa Reina na Valera icili yaba ubupilibulo bwacilishapo kubomfiwa mu kusaalala pa kati ka baProtestanti balanda iciSpanish.

Impongolo Shaisuka

Mu kupelako, mu 1782 icilye ca Kulubulwisha kwa Butotelo cabilishe ukuti Baibolo kuti yasabankanishiwa cikulu fye yasanshishemo ifyebo pa lyashi lya kale ne cisumino. Mu 1790 shikofu wa ciKatolika uwa Segovia, Felipe Scio de San Miguel, ukubomfya Vulgate ya ciLatin, apilibwile Baibolo ukutwala mu ciSpanish. Ku ce shamo, yalikwatishe umutengo—ama real (indalama sha ciSpanish) 1,300, umutengo wabindilwe pali iyo nshita—kabili amashiwi yali ayayafya nga nshi ukumfwa, ica kuti kalemba wa lyashi lya kale umo umwina Spain ailondolwele nga “iyashama apakalamba.”

Imyaka imo pa numa, imfumu ya ku Spain Fernando VII akambishe shikofu wa ku Astorga, Félix Torres Amat, ukubombela pa bupilibulo bwawaminako, na kabili ukushimpwa pali Vulgate ya ciLatin. Ubu bupilibulo bwafumine mu 1823 kabili bwalyananishiwe mu kusaalala ukucila ubupilibulo bwa kwa Scio. Nangu cibe fyo, apantu tabwashintilile pa ciHebere ca kutendekelako ne ciGreek, bwakwete ubwafya bumo bwine ubwa bupilibulo bwa bupilibulo.

Te mulandu na uku kulunduluka, icalici na bakateka ba calo bacili baali abashashininwa ukuti Amalembo yalingile ukubelengwa ku bantuuntu fye. Lintu George Borrow, umwiminishi wa bena Britain na Foreign Bible Society (Sosaite ya Baibolo iya Cilendo), aipwishe ulusa muli ba 1830 ku kupulinta Baibolo mu Spain, aebelwe kuli minista wa kamfulumende Mendizabal ukuti: “We mwaume we, te ma Baibolo tulefwaya, lelo ukucila tulefwaya imfuti na maluti, ifya kwipailako ifipondo, kabili maka maka, indalama, isho pambi twingalipila imilalo ya fita.” Borrow alitwalilile ukupilibula Ilandwe lya kwa Luka ukutwala mu lulimi lwa baGypsy ba ku Spain, kabili mu 1873 alibikilwe mu cifungo ku kubombesha kwakwe!

Mu kupelako, ibimbi talyali na kulamwa na kabili. Mu 1944 icalici lya ku Spain lyapulintile ubupilibulo bwa liko ubwa kubalilapo ubwa Malembo ya Mushilo ayashimpilwe pa ndimi sha kutendekelako—imyaka imo 375 pa numa ya bupilibulo bwa kwa Casiodoro de Reina. Ubu bwali bupilibulo bwa basambilila aba ciKatolika Nácar na Colunga. Ici cakonkelwepo mu 1947 no bupilibulo bwa kwa Bover na Cantera. Ukutula ilyo kwalibako amabupilibulo ayengi aya Baibolo aya ciSpanish.

Ukucimfya Kwaebekeshiwa

Nangu cingati Baibolo ya ciSpanish pa myanda ya myaka yali no kushomboka ku kupusunsuka, ubulwi mu kupelako bwalicimfiwe. Amalambo yakalamba aya bakapilibula ba bulamba ukupala Reina mu kushininkisha tayali apa fye. Bantu banga abashita Baibolo ilelo abashikatala no kutontonkanya ulwa nshita lintu ukukwata Baibolo kwali ukwabindwa?

Ilelo, Baibolo yaba iyacilapo ukushitwa mu Spain na mu fyalo ifilanda iciSpanish, kabili amabupilibulo ayengi eko yaba. Ayasanshiwamo pa kati ka aya ni Versión Moderna (Ukulembwa kwa Nomba, 1893), ubo mu kukonkesha bubomfya ishina lya kwa Lesa, Jehová; Pauline Edition of the Bible (1964), ububomfya ishina Yavé mu Malembo ya ciHebere; Nueva Biblia Española (Baibolo ya ciSpanish Iipya, 1975), iyo ku ce shamo ishibomfya atemwa Jehová nelyo Yavé; na Traducción del Nuevo Mundo (Ubupilibulo bwa Calo Cipya, 1967), iyasabankanishiwa na Watch Tower Society, iibomfya ishina Jehová.

Inte sha kwa Yehova balatandalila amayanda ya mamilioni ya bantu balanda iciSpanish cila mulungu pa kubaafwa ukutesekesha umutengo wa Baibolo ya Mushilo—icitabo cawaminwa ukufwilapo, icitabo cawaminwa ukwikalilako. Na kuba, ilyashi lya bulwi bwa Baibolo ya ciSpanish ku kupusunsuka lili bushinino bumo bwalundwako ubwa kuti “icebo ca kwa Lesa wesu [cikeminina] umuyayaya.”—Esaya 40:8.

[Futunoti]

[Icikope pe bula 10]

Complutensian Polyglott yalilembwa cipya cipya na muli ifyo kuti yabebetwa ukwabulo bwafya. (Moneni ibula 8)

[Abatusuminishe]

Mu kuba no kusuminisha kwa Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Spain