Ubuteko Bwaluba Ubwaseebenye Bakalengulula ba Baibolo

“Kale ilyashi lya kale ilya buteko bwa Ashuri lyali limo ilyacishapo ukubelama mu fipande fya fyalembwa ifya calo.” “Fyonse ifyaishibikwe pa lwa Ninebe wa pa kale fyali mu fyebo fya manshoko ifyasalangana na masesemo yalosha kuli wene muli Baibolo, ne fishibilo fyatantikwa kabili ifyapelebela ifya lyashi lya kale ilya Ashuri muli Diodorus Siculus . . . na bambi.”—Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature, Amavolyumu 1 na 3, 1862.

KALEMBA wa lyashi lya kale umwina Greece Diodorus Siculus aikeleko imyaka 2,000 iyapitapo. Ninebe, e fintu atungile, wali musumba wa fifutu fine; imbali shine shakwete ubwingi bonse ubwa ba stadia 480 ukulepa. Ico cili cintengulusha ca bakilomita 96! Baibolo ipeele cikope capalako, ukulondolola Ninebe ngo musumba wakulisha “uwa lwendo lwa nshiku shitatu.”—Yona 3:3.

Bakalengulula ba Baibolo aba mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 19 balikeene ukusumina ukuti umusumba uushaishibikwa uwa calo ca pa kale pambi wali uwakule fyo. Na kabili batile nga ca kuti Ninebe e ko ali, afwile ali lubali lwa kutumpuluka kwa pa kale uko kwatangilile Babiloni.

Iyi mimwene yali mu kupusana na Ukutendeka icipandwa 10, apalondolola ukuti Nimrode, icishikulula ca kwa Noa, aimike ubuteko bwa bupolitiki ubwa kubalilapo mu citungu ca Babele, nelyo Babiloni. “Mu calo cilya e mo atula,” e fikonkanyapo Baibolo, “ayandatila Ashuri, akuula na Ninebe ne mitambalilo ya uko, na Kala, na Resene pa kati ka Ninebe na Kala (e yalengo musumba ukalamba).” (Ukutendeka 10:8-12) Mona, ilembo lyalondolola imisumba ipya ine iya cina Ashuri nge yaba “umusumba ukalamba.”

Mu 1843 kashula wa fyashikama mu mushili umwina France, Paul-Émile Botta, asangile ifitantaala fye sano ifyo fyashininkishe ukuba ulubali lwa musumba wa cina Ashuri. Lintu ilyashi lya uku kusanga lyafikile ku cintubwingi, lyaleteleko ukucincimuka kukalamba. “Ubuseko bwa cintubwingi bwalisumbene,” e filondolola Alan Millard mu citabo cakwe Treasures From Bible Times ukuti, “lintu cashininkishiwe ukuti isano lyali lya kwa Sarigone, imfumu ya Ashuri iyalumbulwa muli Esaya 20:1, iyo ukubako kwa iko kwatwishikwe pa mulandu wa kuti mu nshila shimbi tayaishibikwe.”

Pali iyo nshita, kashula wa fyashikama mu mushili na umbi, Austen Henry Layard, atampile ukwimba mu fitantaala pa cifulo icitwa Nimrud mupepi na makilomita 42 ku masamba ya kapinda ka ku kulyo aka Khorsabad. Ifitantaala fyashininkishe ukuba Kala—umo uwa misumba ya cina Ashuri ine iyalumbulwa pa Ukutendeka 10:11. Lyene, mu 1849, Layard ashulile ifitantaala fye sano lyakulisha pa cifulo apetwa Kuyunjik, pa kati ka Kala na Khorsabad. Isano lyashininkishe ukuba lubali lwa Ninebe. Pa kati ka Khorsabad na Kala palaala ifitantaala fya mekalo yambi, ukusanshako umupili uwitwa Karamles. “Nga ca kuti twasenda imipili ikalamba ine iya Nimrúd [Kala], Koyunjik [Ninebe], Khorsabad, na Karamles, nge fifutu fya cifulo ca mbali shine ishalingana,” e fyalandile Layard, “calasangwa ukuti imbali sha ciko shine shilalingana bwino sana na ba stadia 480 nelyo amailosi 60 [amakilomita 96] aya kwa kalondolola wa mpanga, ifipanga ulwendo lwa nshiku shitatu ulwa kwa kasesema [Yona].”

Mu kumonekesha, lyene, Yona asanshishemo aya mekalo yonse ngo “musumba ukalamba” umo, ukuyeta kwi shina lya musumba watantikwa uwa ntanshi pa Ukutendeka 10:11, ukuulumbula, Ninebe. Icintu cimo cine cilacitwa ilelo. Ku ca kumwenako, paliba ubupusano pa kati ka musumba wa kutendekelako uwa London ne fibambo fya uko, ifipanga icitwa inshita shimo “London Mukalamba.”

Imfumu ya Cina Ashuri Iyaibililika

Isano pa Ninebe lyakwete imiputule ukucila pali 70, ukukwata mupepi na makilomita yatatu aye linga. Pali aya malinga pali ifyaocewa fyashala ifya fyabaswa ifya kwibukisha ukucimfya kwa bushilika no kutunguluka kumbi. Ifingi fyalyonawilwe icabipisha. Ukulola ku mpela ya kwikala kwakwe, nangu cibe fyo, Layard asangile umuputule umo mu mibele yawamisha iya kusungililwa. Pa fibumba pali icikope icalelangisha ukucandilwa kwa musumba uwacingililwa bwino, mu kuba na bankole ukusendwa mu mulongo pa cinso ca mfumu yaleingilila, iyaikele pa cipuna ca bufumu ku nse ya musumba. Pa muulu wa mfumu paba ifilembo ifyo incenshi mu milembele ya cina Ashuri shipilibula nge fyakonkapo: “Sankeribu, imfumu ya calo conse, imfumu ya Ashuri, aikele pa cipuna ca bufumu ica nimedu kabili alebebeta ifyatapwa (ifyasendelwe) ukufuma kuli Lakishi (La-ki-su).”

Ilelo ici cikope ne filembo kuti fyamonwa mu British Museum. Cilasuminishanya ne ca kuponako ca mu lyashi lya kale icalembwa muli Baibolo pali 2 Ishamfumu 18:13, 14 apatila: “Mu mwaka we kumi na ine ku mfumu Hisekia, e mo Sankeribu imfumu ya Ashuri aniniine imishi yonse ya bena Yuda iya malinga, no kuifyambata. Kabili Hisekia imfumu ya bena Yuda atumine ku mfumu ya Ashuri ku Lakishi, ati, Nimembuka; bwelelenimo ukufuma pali ine; ico mwaningila ndetuula. Awe imfumu ya Ashuri yalingile Hisekia imfumu ya bena Yuda bakikari ba silfere imyanda itatu, na bakikari ba golde amakumi yatatu.”

Ifilembo fimbi fyasangilwe pa kati ka fitantaala fya Ninebe ukupeela ukulonsha kwalundwapo ukwa kusansa Yuda ukwa kwa Sankeribu no mutuulo walipilwe na Hisekia. “Nakalimo fimo ifya mankumanya yamonekesha ifya bunte bwe lyashi lya kale ifyalembwa, ubwingi bwa fyuma fya golde ifyatapilwe ukufuma kuli Hisekia, bakikari amakumi yatatu, bulasuminishanya mu bulondoloshi bubili ubwalekana apakalamba,” e fyalembele Layard. Sir Henry Rawlinson, uwaafwilishe mu kwilula ukulemba kwa cina Ashuri, abilishe ukuti ifi filembo “fishininkishe umupwilapo ukwishibikwa kwa mu lyashi lya kale [ukwa kwa Sankeribu].” Mu kulundapo, mu citabo cakwe Nineveh and Babylon Layard epusha ukuti: “Nga ni ani ali no kusumina cene nge cingacitikako, pa ntanshi uku kusanga takulacitwa, ukuti pe samba lya mwina we loba ne fisooso ifyaishibishe incende ya Ninebe, pali no kusangwa ilyashi lya kale ilya mbuli pa kati ka kwa Hisekia na Sankeribu, ilyalembelwe pa nshita ine lintu shalwikilwe kuli Sankeribu umwine wine, no kushininkisha nelyo fye ni mu kulonsha kwacepesha icalembwa ca mu Baibolo?”

Kwena, ukulonsha kumo ukwa calembwa ca kwa Sankeribu takusuminishanya na Baibolo. Ku ca kumwenako, kashula wa fyashikama mu mushili Alan Millard alandapo ukuti: “Icishinka cacilapo ukumonekesha cisa pa mpela [ya calembwa ca kwa Sankeribu]. Hisekia atumine inkombe yakwe, no mutuulo onse, kuli Sankeribu ‘pa numa, ku Ninebe’. Umulalo wa cina Ashuri tawasendele wene ku mwabo mu kucimfya mu nshila ya lyonse.” Baibolo ilondolola ukuti umutuulo walipilwe pa ntanshi ya kubwela kwa mfumu ya Ashuri ukufuma ku Ninebe. (2 Ishamfumu 18:15-17) Mulandu nshi ubupusano? Kabili mulandu nshi Sankeribu tabelele na maka ya kuitakisha pa lwa kucimfya umusumba ukalamba uwa Yudea, Yerusalemu, mu nshila aitakishishemo pa lwa kucimfya kwakwe ukwe cele lya Yudea Lakishi? Bakalemba ba Baibolo batatu bapeela icasuko. Umo uwa bene, nsangwapo, alembele ukuti: “Malaika wa kwa Yehova afumine, no kuuma mu nkambi ya bena Ashuri abantu amakana umwanda na makumi cinekonsekonse na yasano; ne lintu abantu bacelele ulucelo, moneni, bonse bene fitumbi ifyafwa. E lyo Sankeribu imfumu ya Ashuri alikumbulwike, aile, abweleele na ku Ninebe, no kwikala kulya.”—Esaya 37:36, 37; 2 Ishamfumu 19:35; 2 Imilandu 32:21.

Mu citabo cakwe Treasures From Bible Times, Millard asondwelela ati: “Takwaba umulandu usuma uwa kutwishikila uyu lipoti . . . Mu kumfwika, Sankeribu te kuti alembe akayofi ka musango yo pa kuti impyani shakwe shingabelenga, pantu kuti camuseebanya.” Mu cifulo ca ico, Sankeribu aeseshe ukupanga imimwene ya kuti ukucimfya kwakwe ukwa Yudea kwalitungulwike no kuti Hisekia alitwalilile uwanakila, ukutuma umutuulo ku Ninebe.

Intulo sha Ashuri Shashininkishiwa

Balaibrari abakwatamo amakumi ya makana aya fipaapaatu fye bumba nabo bene balisangilwe mu Ninebe. Ifi ifyalembwa fishininkisha ukuti ubuteko bwa Ashuri bwakwete intuntuko sha buko mu kapinda ka ku kulyo aka Babiloni, nga fintu fye Ukutendeka 10:11 kulangilila. Ukukonka ifi fyebo, bakashula wa fyashikama mu mushili batendeke ukutontomesha ukubombesha kwabo ukutantalila ukulola ku kapinda ka ku kulyo. Encyclopædia Biblica ilondolola ukuti: “Abena Ashuri muli fyonse ifyo basha ku numa yabo balangisha intuntuko ya cina Babiloni. Ululimi lwabo ne milembele, ifitabo fyabo, ubutotelo bwabo, na sayansi wabo fyasendelwe ukufuma ku bena mupalamano babo aba ku kapinda ka ku kulyo lelo mu kuba no kwalula kunono.”

Ifya kusanga pamo nge fili pa muulu fyalipatikisha bakalengulula ba Baibolo ukunashako imimwene yabo. Mu cine cine, ukufwailisha kwafumaluka ukwa Baibolo kusokolola ukuti yalembelwe na bakalemba abasakamana, abafumacumi. Uwali kale shimafunde mukalamba uwa Cilye Cikalamba ica United States, Salmon P. Chase, pa numa ya kufwailisha kwakwe ukwa Baibolo atile: “Kwali kusambilila kwalepa, ukwakakala, kabili ukwashika: kabili ukubomfya ifishinte fimo fine ifya bushininkisho muli uyu mulandu wa butotelo nga fintu lyonse ncita mu milandu ya ku calo, nalisa mu kupingulapo ukuti Baibolo citabo cacila pa cifyalilwa nga nshi, ukuti cafuma kuli Lesa.”—The Book of Books: An Introduction.

Mu cituntulu, Baibolo yalicila pa kuba fye ilyashi lya kale ilyalungika. Cebo ca kwa Lesa icapuutwamo, ubupe ku kunonkelamo kwa mutundu wa muntu. (2 Timote 3:16) Ubushinino bwa ici kuti bwamonwa pa kubebeta ukulondolole mpanga kwa Baibolo. Ici cikalanshanishiwapo mu lukafumo lukakonkapo.

[Ifikope pe bula 6, 7]

Pa muulu: Ukulonsha kutatu ukwafumishiwa pa cabaswa ca pa cibumba

Pe samba: Ukulengwa kwa cabaswa ca pa cibumba ca cina Ashuri ukulangisha ukushingwa kwa kwa Lakishi

[Abatusuminishe]

(Mu kuba no kusuminisha kwa The British Museum)

(Ukufuma muli The Bible in the British Museum, icasabankanishiwe na British Museum Press)

[Abatusuminishe Ukubomfya Icikope pe bula 4]

Mu kuba no kusuminisha kwa Trustees of The British Museum