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  • Romans 1:31
    New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures
    • 31 without understanding,+ false to agreements, having no natural affection, and merciless.

  • Romans 1:31
    The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures
    • 31 ἀσυνέτους, (ones) without comprehension, ἀσυνθέτους, engagement breakers, ἀστόργους, (ones) without natural affection, ἀνελεήμονας· merciless;

  • Romans 1:31
    New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References
    • 31 without understanding,+ false to agreements,*+ having no natural affection,+ merciless.+

  • Romans 1:31
    The Bible in Living English
    • 31 senseless, faithless, loveless, pitiless—

  • Romans 1:31
    American Standard Version
    • 31 without understanding, covenant-breakers, without natural affection, unmerciful:

  • Romans 1:31
    The Emphasized Bible
    • 31 Without discernment, regardless of covenants, without natural affection, unmerciful:—

  • Romans 1:31
    King James Version
    • 31 Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful:

  • Romans
    Watch Tower Publications Index 1930-1985
    • 1:31 w72 551; w71 309; w52 318

  • Romans
    Research Guide for Jehovah’s Witnesses—2019 Edition
    • 1:31

      The Watchtower,

      9/15/1972, p. 551

      5/15/1971, p. 309

      5/15/1952, pp. 317-319

  • Romans Study Notes—Chapter 1
    New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Study Edition)
    • 1:31

      false to agreements: Or “opposed to any agreement.” Besides the idea of not abiding by an agreement, the Greek term used here may include the idea of one who is not reliable or who does not keep a promise. According to one reference work, it may also refer to “one who is unwilling to negotiate a solution to a problem involving a second party.”

      having no natural affection: This phrase, rendered “heartless” in some Bibles, translates the Greek word aʹstor·gos, which consists of the prefix a, meaning “without,” and stor·geʹ, meaning “natural affection.” This term is used to refer to the lack of natural affection between members of the same family, especially that of parents toward children and children toward parents. Those who lack natural affection toward family members could hardly be expected to maintain good relations with others. In harmony with Paul’s statement, ancient historians in the Greco-Roman world documented cases where fathers abandoned families; children neglected aged parents; and unwanted children, including the weak or deformed, were put to death by parents. Paul used this term here at Ro 1:31 to describe how far humans have fallen from their original perfection. At 2Ti 3:3, he used it to indicate how people would act in these critical last days.

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