of lawless persons, the apostle Paul wrote: “Clear away the old leaven, that you may be a new lump, according as you are free from ferment. For, indeed, Christ our passover has been sacrificed. Consequently let us keep the festival, not with old leaven, neither with leaven of injuriousness and wickedness, but with unfermented cakes of sincerity and truth.” (1 Cor. 5:7, 8) Since Jesus Christ was sacrificed only once (compare Hebrews 9:25-28) as the reality of the Passover lamb, the entire life course of the Christian, comparable to the festival of unfermented cakes, should be free from injuriousness and wickedness. There must be a willingness to remove what is sinful to maintain personal and congregational purity and thus to ‘keep the festival with unfermented cakes of sincerity and truth.’

TRYPHAENA

(Try·phaeʹna) [dainty].

A Christian woman in Rome whom Paul greets in his letter and commends for her hard labor. (Rom. 16:12) Tryphaena and Tryphosa, with whom she is listed, may have been fleshly sisters, for it was not unusual for family members to have names derived from the same root word, as in this case. Both names were common among women of Caesar’s household; but the record is silent as to whether these two women belonged to that household.—Phil. 4:22.

TRYPHOSA

(Try·phoʹsa) [delicate].

A Christian woman of Rome greeted and commended by Paul.—Rom. 16:12; see TRYPHAENA.

TSADHEH

, or, as commonly anglicized, sadhe [צ; final, ץ].

The eighteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet, later also used, outside the Hebrew Scriptures, as a number to denote ninety. It is one of the five Hebrew letters that have a different form when used as the final letter of a word.

There is no equivalent to this letter in the English alphabet. It has a strong hissing sound similar to the sound of “ts” in English. In the Hebrew, it appears as the initial letter in each of the eight verses in Psalm 119:137-144.

TUBAL

(Tuʹbal).

One of the seven sons of Japheth. (Gen. 10:2; 1 Chron. 1:5) The name is thereafter used as referring to a people or land and usually in association with Meshech, the name of another of Japheth’s sons. Tubal, along with Javan and Meshech, engaged in trading with Tyre, dealing in slaves and copper articles. (Ezek. 27:13) Tubal was included in Ezekiel’s dirge over Egypt as being among the “uncircumcised” ones with whom the Egyptians would lie in Sheol, because of the terror they had wrought. (Ezek. 32:26, 27) They also are included among those uniting with “Gog of the land of Magog” who is called the “head chieftain of Meshech and Tubal” and who comes storming out of “the remotest parts of the north” in a fierce attack against Jehovah’s people. (Ezek. 38:2, 3; 39:1, 2; see GOG No. 2.) In another prophecy, Jehovah foretells that he will send envoys to proclaim his glory to Tubal, Javan and other lands.—Isa. 66:19.

Tubal thus lay to the N of Israel but not so distant as to be out of commercial contact with Tyre in Phoenicia. Most authorities consider the name to refer to the same people as the Tabal or Tabali of Assyrian inscriptions, where Tabal and Mushku (evidently Meshech) are frequently mentioned together. Herodotus, some centuries later, also listed them together as the Ti·ba·re·noiʹ and the Moʹskhoi. On this basis the land of Tubal is considered to have been situated (at least in Assyrian times) to the NE of Cilicia in eastern Asia Minor. The existence of copper mines in this region coincides with the Bible account.

TUBAL-CAIN

(Tuʹbal-Cain).

Son of Lamech by his second wife Zillah; therefore, a descendant of Cain and half brother of Jabal and Jubal. He had a sister named Naamah. (Gen. 4:17-22) Tubal-cain was “the forger of every sort of tool of copper and iron,” which can be taken to mean that he either invented, founded or was prominent in the occupation.

TURBAN

See HEADDRESS.

TURNING AROUND

See REPENTANCE.

TURQUOISE

(turʹquoise).

A semiprecious, opaque, porous gemstone, ranging in color from pale sky blue to dull green. It is composed of hydrous phosphate of aluminum with traces of copper (the blue color source) and iron (the green color source). When the blue stones are heated or exposed to the weather, they turn green, which sometimes happens when the stones lose their natural moisture with the passing of time. This may account for the seeming popularity of green turquoise stones in ancient times. The early Egyptians used turquoise for jewelry, and it is found on the Sinai Peninsula as nodules in a red sandstone. The name “turquoise” comes from an Old French word meaning “Turkish stone,” indicating Turkey as its source for the European market at one time.

Turquoise is easy to engrave because it is a comparatively soft stone. The high priest Aaron wore an engraved turquoise stone on his “breastpiece of judgment.” Inscribed upon it was the name of one of Israel’s twelve tribes and it was positioned first in the second row of stones on the breastpiece. (Ex. 28:2, 15, 18, 21; 39:11) The figurative “covering” worn by the king of Tyre is depicted as being adorned with turquoise along with every other sort of precious stone. (Ezek. 28:12, 13) Edom was Tyre’s “merchant” for turquoise, for which Tyre was willing to give some of its stores in exchange.—Ezek. 27:2, 16.

TURTLEDOVE

[Heb., tor, tohr; Gr., try·gonʹ].

A small wild pigeon, usually with strong migratory habits. The Hebrew name evidently imitates the plaintive cry of “tor-r-r tor-r-r” made by the bird, and this sound is also essentially duplicated in the Latin name turtur.

The varieties of turtledove most frequently found in Palestine are the “common turtledove” and the “collared turtledove,” the latter so named from a narrow black collar at the back of the neck.

Another variety, the “palm turtledove,” does not migrate, spending the whole year in the tropical climate of the Dead Sea valley. The other types, however, do migrate annually, and this is evidently indicated by the reference to the turtledove and other birds and to “the time of each one’s coming in” at Jeremiah 8:7. The turtledove was an unerring harbinger of spring in Palestine, arriving there from the S in early March and ‘making its voice heard in the land.’—Song of Sol. 2:12.

A shy, gentle bird, the turtledove relies on speedy flight as a means of escaping its enemies. (Ps. 74:19) During their season turtledoves are quite abundant throughout Palestine, and, since they feed on grain, seeds and clover, they are easily captured by ground snares. Abraham included a turtledove in his offering at the time Jehovah ‘concluded a covenant’ with him (Gen. 15:9, 10, 17, 18), and thereafter the Mosaic law either specified or allowed for the use of turtledoves in certain sacrifices and purification rites. (Lev. 1:14; 5:7, 11; 12:6, 8; 14:22, 30; 15:14, 15, 29, 30; Num. 6:10, 11) Mary offered either two turtledoves or two pigeons at the temple following Jesus’ birth.—Luke 2:22-24; see DOVE; PIGEON.

TUTOR

[Gr., pai·da·go·gosʹ, a servant who took the child to school, or a child conductor, or a child leader].

The tutor of Bible times was generally, not the actual teacher, but the one who accompanied the