danger or the grave, “the land of darkness.”—Job 10:21, 22; 24:17; 38:17; Ps. 23:4.

The way in which a shadow changes in size and finally is no more as a result of the sun’s progress is used as a simile of man’s being short-lived or transient. (1 Chron. 29:15; Job 8:9; 14:1, 2; Ps. 102:11; 144:4; Eccl. 6:12; 8:13) For an individual’s days to be “like a shadow that has declined” signifies that his death is near. (Ps. 102:11; 109:23) Whereas shadows cast by the sun are always changing in size and direction as the earth rotates, Jehovah is unchangeable. As the disciple James wrote: “With him there is not a variation of the turning of the shadow.”—Jas. 1:17.

The shadow or dark image that an object casts on a surface is not substantial, not the real thing. Yet it can give an idea of the general shape or design of the reality that casts it. In this connection Paul explained that the Law, including its festivals, tabernacle and sacrifices, had a shadow that represented greater things to come. He wrote: “The reality belongs to the Christ.”—Col. 2:16, 17; Heb. 8:5; 9:23-28; 10:1.

Regarding the miraculous reversing of the shadow mentioned at 2 Kings 20:9-11 and Isaiah 38:8, see SUNDIAL.

SHADRACH

(Shaʹdrach) [possibly a corruption of “Marduk”; or, perhaps, “command of Aku (Sumerian moon god)”].

The Babylonian name of a Jewish exile elevated to a high position in the government of Babylon. Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, the three companions of Daniel, are always mentioned together, and Shadrach is always listed first, perhaps, because their corresponding Hebrew names, Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah, always appear in alphabetical order according to the Hebrew characters. The Babylonian names were given to them after they had been taken to Babylon. There they received training, since they had been observed to be without blemish, good-looking and intelligent youths. By the end of three years’ study, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego were found to be ten times better than the wise men of Babylon. Certainly they had Jehovah’s blessing, which, in turn, no doubt, was partly due to their steadfast refusal to pollute themselves with the Babylonian delicacies. (Dan. 1:3-20) Their next-recorded appointment was to the administration of the jurisdictional district of Babylon. (Dan. 2:49) They temporarily lost the king’s favor when they refused to bow to his great image, but after Jehovah brought them out of the fiery furnace unharmed, they were restored to their former position.—Dan. 3:1-30.

SHAGEE

(Shaʹgee).

A Hararite whose son Jonathan was one of David’s mighty men. (1 Chron. 11:26, 34) The parallel passage at 2 Samuel 23:32, 33 reads, “Jonathan, Shammah the Hararite.” It is usually agreed that the words “son of” have somehow been lost, which, if supplied, would make the text read “Jonathan [the son of] Shammah the Hararite,” Shammah apparently being an alternate name for Shagee.

SHAHARAIM

(Sha·ha·raʹim) [perhaps, double dawning].

A Benjamite who lived in Moab for a time and whose three named wives bore him many sons, some of whom became family heads.—1 Chron. 8:8-11.

SHAHAZUMAH

(Sha·ha·zuʹmah) [possibly, lofty places].

A boundary site of Issachar. (Josh. 19:17, 22) Some modern geographers would place it at Tell el-Muqarqash, about five miles (8 kilometers) E-SE of Mount Tabor.

SHALISHAH

(Shalʹi·shah) [a third part].

A “land” or district Saul journeyed through while searching for his father’s she-asses (1 Sam. 9:3, 4), likely the area in which Baal-shalishah was located. (2 Ki. 4:42) This latter site is identified with Kefr Thilth, about thirteen and a half miles (22 kilometers) NW of Gilgal.—See BAAL-SHALISHAH.

SHALLECHETH

(Shalʹlech·eth) [casting out].

A gate situated to the W of the sanctuary at Jerusalem.—1 Chron. 26:16.

SHALLUM

(Shalʹlum) [recompense].

1. Last-named son of Naphtali. (1 Chron. 7:13) Spelled Shillem in other texts.—See SHILLEM.

2. Son of Shaul, grandson of Simeon and father of Mibsam.—1 Chron. 4:24, 25.

3. Son of Sismai and father of Jekamiah in the Jerahmeelite genealogical division in Judah.—1 Chron. 2:4, 5, 9, 25, 40, 41.

4. A head gatekeeper of the sanctuary who at one time was stationed at the king’s gate to the E; a descendant of Korah. Though the name appears mainly in lists of those returning from Babylon and living in Jerusalem (1 Chron. 9:2, 3, 17-19, 31, 34; Ezra 2:1, 42; Neh. 7:45), references such as to “the dining room of Maaseiah the son of Shallum the doorkeeper” in Jeremiah’s time (Jer. 35:4) might indicate that the name appearing in the postexilic lists refers to a paternal house or family of gatekeepers descended from an earlier Shallum. Added assurance that this is so would be given if he is the same as the Shelemiah and Meshelemiah mentioned in 1 Chronicles 26:1, 2, 9, 14 as the gatekeeper E of the sanctuary during David’s reign.

5. Sixteenth king of the ten-tribe kingdom; son of Jabesh. In a conspiracy Shallum killed Zechariah, the last of Jehu’s ruling descendants, and became king in Samaria for one lunar month c. 791 B.C.E., only to be murdered by Menahem.—2 Ki. 15:8, 10-15.

6. An Ephraimite whose son Jehizkiah was one of the tribal leaders who objected to making captives of their brothers from Judah.—2 Chron. 28:12, 13.

7. A descendant of Aaron in the high-priestly line. Shallum’s son or descendant Hilkiah officiated during Josiah’s reign. (1 Chron. 6:12, 13; 2 Chron. 34:9) Ezra also descended from him. (Ezra 7:1, 2) He is elsewhere called Meshullam.—1 Chron. 9:11: Neh. 11:11; see MESHULLAM No. 4.

8. Husband of Huldah, the prophetess whom King Josiah’s delegation visited; son of Tikvah. He was presumably the “caretaker of the garments”, either for the priests or the king. (2 Ki. 22:14; 2 Chron. 34:22) Possibly the same as No. 10 below.

9. A son of Josiah, and king of Judah for three months before being exiled by Pharaoh Nechoh. (1 Chron. 3:15; 2 Ki. 23:30-34; Jer. 22:11, 12) He is elsewhere called Jehoahaz.—See JEHOAHAZ No. 3.

10. Jeremiah’s paternal uncle. From Shallum’s son Hanamel, Jeremiah bought a field in 608 B.C.E. (Jer. 32:1, 7-9) The time period would allow for him to be the same as No. 8 above.

11. One of the gatekeepers who agreed to dismiss their foreign wives and sons after Ezra returned to Jerusalem. (Ezra 10:24, 44) He is likely related in some way to No. 4 above.

12. One of the sons of Binnui who also dismissed their foreign wives and sons.—Ezra 10:38-42, 44.

13. A prince of half the district of Jerusalem who, with his daughters, joined in doing repair work on Jerusalem’s wall; a son or descendant of Hallohesh.—Neh. 3:12.

SHALLUN

(Shalʹlun) [recompense].

A prince of the district of Mizpah; son of Colhozeh. Shallun helped Nehemiah to rebuild a section of Jerusalem’s wall and repaired the Fountain Gate.—Neh. 3:15.

SHALMAN

(Shalʹman).

The despoiler of the house of Arbel whom Hosea mentions when prophesying against the faithless northern kingdom of Israel. Though neither Shalman nor Arbel are otherwise mentioned in the Bible, Hosea’s incidental but emphatic reference to them suggests that the incident was apparently fresh in the mind of his audience.—Hos. 10:14.

The Annals of Tiglath-pileser III refer to a prince of