the Law served as a tutor leading to Christ (Gal. 3:23-25) and had a shadow or prophetic picture of greater realities. (Heb. 8:4, 5; 10:1-5) Providing a shadow, the Law, though truthful, was not the full truth and, therefore, had to give way to the realities that it foreshadowed. This point is emphasized by the apostle Paul in his letter to the Colossians: “Let no man judge you in eating and drinking or in respect of a festival or of an observance of the new moon or of a sabbath; for those things are a shadow of the things to come, but the reality belongs to the Christ.” (Col. 2:16, 17) Accordingly, the “truth came to be through Jesus” in the sense that he put the things foreshadowed by the Law into the realm of actual truth. As he himself was no shadow but the reality, Jesus was “the truth.” Jesus also became ‘a minister in behalf of God’s truthfulness’ in that he fulfilled God’s promises made to the forefathers of the Jews by ministering to the circumcised Jews and proselytes.—Rom. 15:8; see JESUS CHRIST (His Ministry: ‘Bearing Witness to the Truth’), page 924.

Similarly, the apostle Paul’s reference to the “truth in the Law” does not imply that there was any falsehood in it (Rom. 2:20) but shows that the Law was not the full truth.

“THE SPIRIT OF THE TRUTH”

The spirit that proceeds from Jehovah God is pure and holy. It is “the spirit of the truth.” (John 14:17; 15:26) Jesus Christ told his disciples: “I have many things yet to say to you, but you are not able to bear them at present. However, when that one arrives, the spirit of the truth, he will guide you into all the truth, for he will not speak of his own impulse, but what things he hears he will speak, and he will declare to you the things coming.”—John 16:12, 13.

God’s spirit would teach them everything they needed to know to carry out their work, recalling and opening up to their understanding things they had previously heard from Jesus but had not understood. (John 14:26) God’s spirit would also declare to them the “things coming.” This could include bringing to light the significance of Jesus’ death and resurrection, as these events were then yet future and were among the things that his disciples did not understand. (Matt. 16:21-23; Luke 24:6-8, 19-27; John 2:19-22; 12:14-16; 20:9) Of course, God’s spirit later also enabled Christ’s followers to foretell future happenings. (Acts 11:28; 20:29, 30; 21:11; 1 Tim. 4:1-3) Being the “spirit of the truth,” God’s holy spirit could never be the source of error but would protect Christ’s followers from doctrinal falsehoods. (Compare 1 John 2:27; 4:1-6.) It would bear witness to the truth regarding Jesus Christ. From Pentecost, 33 C.E., onward God’s spirit bore witness in aiding Jesus’ disciples to understand the prophecies that clearly proved that Jesus was the Son of God. On the basis of these prophecies, they bore witness to others. (John 15:26 27; compare Acts 2:14-36; Romans 1:1-4.) Even before Pentecost, though, the “spirit of the truth” had been bearing witness to the fact that Jesus was the Son of God (1 John 5:5-8), for it was by this spirit that Jesus was anointed and enabled to perform powerful works.—John 1:32-34; 10:37, 38; Acts 10:38; see SPIRIT.

GOD’S WORD IS TRUTH

God’s Word presents things as they really are, revealing Jehovah’s attributes, purposes and commands, as well as the true state of affairs among mankind. God’s Word of truth shows what is required of one to be sanctified or made holy, set apart for us by Jehovah in his service, and then to remain in a sanctified state. Hence, Jesus could pray respecting his followers: “Sanctify them by means of the truth; your word is truth.” (John 17:17; compare James 1:18.) Their obedience to the revealed truth of God’s Word led them into sanctification, the truth being the means by which they purified their souls. (1 Pet. 1:22) Thus they stood out as “no part of the world” that did not adhere to God’s truth.—John 17:16.

‘WALKING IN THE TRUTH’

Those who desire to gain God’s approval should walk in his truth and serve him in truth. (Josh. 24:14; 1 Sam. 12:24; Ps. 25:4, 5; 26:3-6; 43:3; 86:11; Isa. 38:3) This would include abiding by God’s requirements and serving him in faithfulness and sincerity. To a Samaritan woman Jesus Christ said: “The hour is coming, and it is now, when the true worshipers will worship the Father with spirit and truth, for, indeed, the Father is looking for suchlike ones to worship him. God is a Spirit, and those worshiping him must worship with spirit and truth.” (John 4:23, 24) Such worship could not be based on imagination but would have to conform to what is in harmony with the actual state of things, consistent with what God has revealed about himself and his purposes.

Christianity is the “way of the truth” (2 Pet. 2:2), and those who assist others in furthering the interests of Christianity become “fellow workers in the truth.” (3 John 8) The entire body of Christian teachings, which later became part of the written Word of God, is the “truth” or the “truth of the good news.” Adherence to or ‘walking’ in this truth is essential for an individual to gain salvation. (Rom. 2:8; 2 Cor. 4:2; Eph. 1:13; 1 Tim. 2:4; 2 Tim. 4:4; Titus 1:1, 14; Heb. 10:26; 2 John 1-4; 3 John 3, 4) In the case of those who conduct themselves aright, the truth, the conformity of their ways to God’s Word and the actual results of their course, testifies to the fact that they are examples worthy of imitation. (3 John 11, 12) On the other hand, a person who departs from one of the basic teachings of Christianity, either by conducting himself improperly or by advocating false doctrine, is no longer “walking” in the truth. This was the situation of those who insisted that circumcision was necessary for one to gain salvation. Their teaching was contrary to Christian truth and those who accepted it ceased to obey the truth or walk in it. (Gal. 2:3-5; 5:2-7) Similarly, when the apostle Peter, by his actions, made an improper distinction between Jews and non-Jews, the apostle Paul corrected him for not “walking” in harmony with the “truth of the good news.”—Gal. 2:14.

THE CHRISTIAN CONGREGATION, “A PILLAR AND SUPPORT OF THE TRUTH”

The Christian congregation serves as a “pillar and support of the truth,” preserving the purity of the truth and defending and upholding it. (1 Tim. 3:15) For this reason it is especially important that those entrusted with oversight in the congregation be able to handle the “word of the truth” aright. Proper use of God’s Word enables them to combat false teaching in the congregation, instructing “those not favorably disposed; as perhaps God may give them repentance leading to an accurate knoweldge of truth.” (2 Tim. 2:15-18, 25; compare 2 Timothy 3:6-8; James 5:13-20.) Not all qualify to do this kind of instructing or teaching in the congregation. Men who have bitter jealousies and are contentious have no basis for bragging about their being qualified to teach. Their claim would be false. As the disciple James wrote: “Who is wise and understanding among you? Let him show out of his fine conduct his works with a meekness that belongs to wisdom. But if you have bitter jealousy and contentiousness in your hearts, do not be bragging and lying against the truth.”—Jas. 3:13, 14.

For the Christian congregation to be “a pillar and support of the truth,” the members thereof must, through fine conduct, manifest the truth in their lives. (Eph. 5:9) They have to be consistent and undeviating in right conduct, as if “girded about with truth.” (Eph. 6:14) Besides maintaining personal purity, Christians must be concerned about congregational purity. When emphasizing the need to keep the Christian congregation clean from the defilement of lawless persons, the apostle Paul wrote: “Clear away the old leaven, that you may be a new lump, according as you are free from ferment. For, indeed, Christ our passover has been sacrificed. Consequently let us keep the festival, not with old leaven, neither with leaven of injuriousness and wickedness, but with unfermented cakes of sincerity and truth.” (1 Cor. 5:7, 8) Since Jesus Christ was sacrificed only once (compare Hebrews 9:25-28) as the reality of the Passover lamb, the entire life course of the Christian, comparable to the festival of unfermented cakes, should be free from injuriousness and wickedness. There must be a willingness to remove what is sinful to maintain personal and congregational purity and thus to ‘keep the festival with unfermented cakes of sincerity and truth.’

TRYPHAENA

(Try·phaeʹna) [dainty].

A Christian woman in Rome whom Paul greets in his letter and commends for her hard labor. (Rom. 16:12) Tryphaena and Tryphosa, with whom she is listed, may have been fleshly sisters, for it was not unusual for family members to have names derived from the same root word, as in this case. Both names were common among women of Caesar’s household; but the record is silent as to whether these two women belonged to that household.—Phil. 4:22.

TRYPHOSA

(Try·phoʹsa) [delicate].

A Christian woman of Rome greeted and commended by Paul.—Rom. 16:12; see TRYPHAENA.

TSADHEH

, or, as commonly anglicized, sadhe [צ; final, ץ].

The eighteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet, later also used, outside the Hebrew Scriptures, as a number to denote ninety. It is one of the five Hebrew letters that have a different form when used as the final letter of a word.

There is no equivalent to this letter in the English alphabet. It has a strong hissing sound similar to the sound of “ts” in English. In the Hebrew, it appears as the initial letter in each of the eight verses in Psalm 119:137-144.

TUBAL

(Tuʹbal).

One of the seven sons of Japheth. (Gen. 10:2; 1 Chron. 1:5) The name is thereafter used as referring to a people or land and usually in association with Meshech, the name of another of Japheth’s sons. Tubal, along with Javan and Meshech, engaged in trading with Tyre, dealing in slaves and copper articles. (Ezek. 27:13) Tubal was included in Ezekiel’s dirge over Egypt as being among the “uncircumcised” ones with whom the Egyptians would lie in Sheol, because of the terror they had wrought. (Ezek. 32:26, 27) They also are included among those uniting with “Gog of the land of Magog” who is called the “head chieftain of Meshech and Tubal” and who comes storming out of “the remotest parts of the north” in a fierce attack against Jehovah’s people. (Ezek. 38:2, 3; 39:1, 2; see GOG No. 2.) In another prophecy, Jehovah foretells that he will send envoys to proclaim his glory to Tubal, Javan and other lands.—Isa. 66:19.

Tubal thus lay to the N of Israel but not so distant as to be out of commercial contact with Tyre in Phoenicia. Most authorities consider the name to refer to the same people as the Tabal or Tabali of Assyrian inscriptions, where Tabal and Mushku (evidently Meshech) are frequently mentioned together. Herodotus, some centuries later, also listed them together as the Ti·ba·re·noiʹ and the Moʹskhoi. On this basis the land of Tubal is considered to have been situated (at least in Assyrian times) to the NE of Cilicia in eastern Asia Minor. The existence of copper mines in this region coincides with the Bible account.

TUBAL-CAIN

(Tuʹbal-Cain).

Son of Lamech by his second wife Zillah; therefore, a descendant of Cain and half brother of Jabal and Jubal. He had a sister named Naamah. (Gen. 4:17-22) Tubal-cain was “the forger of every sort of tool of copper and iron,” which can be taken to mean that he either invented, founded or was prominent in the occupation.

TURBAN

See HEADDRESS.

TURNING AROUND

See REPENTANCE.

TURQUOISE

(turʹquoise).

A semiprecious, opaque, porous gemstone, ranging in color from pale sky blue to dull green. It is composed of hydrous phosphate of aluminum with traces of copper (the blue color source) and iron (the green color source). When the blue stones are heated or exposed to the weather, they turn green, which sometimes happens when the stones lose their natural moisture with the passing of time. This may account for the seeming popularity of green turquoise stones in ancient times. The early Egyptians used turquoise for jewelry, and it is found on the Sinai Peninsula as nodules in a red sandstone. The name “turquoise” comes from an Old French word meaning “Turkish stone,” indicating Turkey as its source for the European market at one time.

Turquoise is easy to engrave because it is a comparatively soft stone. The high priest Aaron wore an engraved turquoise stone on his “breastpiece of judgment.” Inscribed upon it was the name of one of Israel’s twelve tribes and it was positioned first in the second row of stones on the breastpiece. (Ex. 28:2, 15, 18, 21; 39:11) The figurative “covering” worn by the king of Tyre is depicted as being adorned with turquoise along with every other sort of precious stone. (Ezek. 28:12, 13) Edom was Tyre’s “merchant” for turquoise, for which Tyre was willing to give some of its stores in exchange.—Ezek. 27:2, 16.

TURTLEDOVE

[Heb., tor, tohr; Gr., try·gonʹ].

A small wild pigeon, usually with strong migratory habits. The Hebrew name evidently imitates the plaintive cry of “tor-r-r tor-r-r” made by the bird, and this sound is also essentially duplicated in the Latin name turtur.

The varieties of turtledove most frequently found in Palestine are the “common turtledove” and the “collared turtledove,” the latter so named from a narrow black collar at the back of the neck.

Another variety, the “palm turtledove,” does not migrate, spending the whole year in the tropical climate of the Dead Sea valley. The other types, however, do migrate annually, and this is evidently indicated by the reference to the turtledove and other birds and to “the time of each one’s coming in” at Jeremiah 8:7. The turtledove was an unerring harbinger of spring in Palestine, arriving there from the S in early March and ‘making its voice heard in the land.’—Song of Sol. 2:12.

A shy, gentle bird, the turtledove relies on speedy flight as a means of escaping its enemies. (Ps. 74:19) During their season turtledoves are quite abundant throughout Palestine, and, since they feed on grain, seeds and clover, they are easily captured by ground snares. Abraham included a turtledove in his offering at the time Jehovah ‘concluded a covenant’ with him (Gen. 15:9, 10, 17, 18), and thereafter the Mosaic law either specified or allowed for the use of turtledoves in certain sacrifices and purification rites. (Lev. 1:14; 5:7, 11; 12:6, 8; 14:22, 30; 15:14, 15, 29, 30; Num. 6:10, 11) Mary offered either two turtledoves or two pigeons at the temple following Jesus’ birth.—Luke 2:22-24; see DOVE; PIGEON.

TUTOR

[Gr., pai·da·go·gosʹ, a servant who took the child to school, or a child conductor, or a child leader].

The tutor of Bible times was generally, not the actual teacher, but the one who accompanied the