Sirah may correspond to ʽAin Sarah, a spring or well about 2.5 km (1.5 mi) NW of Hebron.

Josephus claims that Sirah, which he calls Besera, was 20 furlongs (c. 4 km; 2.5 mi) from Hebron.​—Jewish Antiquities, VII, 34 (i, 5).

The site of Three Taverns is 49 km (30 mi) SE of Rome.

The Marketplace of Appius was about 15 km (9.5 mi) farther down the Appian Way.

Upper Beth-horon thus lies about 16 km (10 mi) NW of Jerusalem, with Lower Beth-horon 2.5 km (1.5 mi) WNW of Upper Beth-horon, both sites occupying hilltops.

The camp reached from Beth-jeshimoth to Abel-shittim, a distance of about 8 km (5 mi) according to the suggested sites for these places.

Beth-jeshimoth is presently identified with Tell el-ʽAzeimeh near the NE corner of the Dead Sea and 19 km (12 mi) SE of Jericho.

The ancient name seems to be preserved in modern Tell Nimrin, situated on the S side of the Wadi Nimrin, but the original site is evidently at Tell Bleibil, about 2.5 km (1.5 mi) to the NE, on the N side of the wadi, where investigations show evidence of occupation during the Israelite period followed by abandonment.

It thus lay about 19 km (12 mi) ENE of Jericho.

Nevertheless, Eusebius referred to such a place about six Roman miles (9 km; 5.5 mi) E of Livias (modern Tell er-Rameh). (Onomasticon, 48, 3-5)

On this basis some suggest an identification with Khirbet esh-Sheikh-Jayil about 5 km (3 mi) WNW of the traditional site of Mount Nebo.

The ancient ruins of the site of Julias itself are at et-Tell, about 3 km (2 mi) from the sea; however, remains of a smaller fishing settlement are located at el-ʽAraj right on the shore.

It is also quite possible that the city of Bethsaida had some of its population extending as far as the W bank of the Jordan, about 1.5 km (1 mi) distant.

Penuel is generally identified with Tulul edh-Dhahab esh-Sherqiyeh, about 6 km (3.5 mi) E of Succoth and near the Jabbok, some 14 km (8.5 mi) or so NE of its confluence with the Jordan.

The ruins of ancient Perga are believed to be near the modern village of Murtana, about 13 km (8 mi) inland from the S coast of Asia Minor and some 8 km (5 mi) W of the Cestrus (Aksu) River.

A tentative identification is with Khirbet el-Qaryatein (Tel Qeriyyot), about 19 km (12 mi) S of Hebron; although some prefer Khirbet er-Ras (Horvat Rosh) about 24 km (15 mi) to the W of this site.​—See CHESIL.

It is identified with Tell Sandahannah (Tel Maresha), about 1.5 km (1 mi) S of Beit Jibrin (Bet Guvrin).

Asa pursued the defeated Ethiopian force about 35 km (22 mi) to Gerar, SW of Mareshah. (2Ch 14:9-13)

In view of these circumstances, Bezek, the city of Adoni-bezek, is tentatively located in the Shephelah region at the site of Khirbet Bezqa, about 5 km (3 mi) NE of Gezer.

The fact that this place was no more than a night’s march from Jabesh substantiates the view that it was located at the modern site of Khirbet Ibziq, 21 km (13 mi) NE of Shechem.

Gederah is usually identified with Jedireh (Gedera), about 22 km (14 mi) WNW of the suggested site of Eshtaol.

Some geographers tentatively identify it with Judeira, about 1.5 km (1 mi) NE of Gibeon.

km kilometer(s)

km/​hr kilometers per hour

It is identified with Khirbet Jedur about 12 km (7.5 mi) N of Hebron.

A suggested location is Khirbet el-Gudeira, about 16 km (10 mi) NW of Jerusalem.

A site in the territory of Dan (Jos 19:40, 45) usually identified with el-Yehudiyeh (Yehud), some 13 km (8 mi) E of Tel Aviv-Yafo.

Therefore some scholars link Jehud with a tell near Yazur (Azor), about 6 km (3.5 mi) ESE of Tel Aviv-Yafo.

In the past Gerar was commonly linked with Tell Jemmeh (Tel Gamma), about 12 km (7.5 mi) S of modern Gaza.

But currently it is identified by numerous geographers with Tell Abu Hureirah (Tel Haror), located in the foothills of the mountains of Judea, about 19 km (12 mi) SE of modern Gaza.

On foot and using primitive transport, he moved some 960 km (600 mi) to Haran.

He finally arrived in the heart of Canaan after a journey totaling about 1,650 km (1,025 mi).

The city was about 80 km (50 mi) N of Smyrna (modern Izmir) and about 25 km (15 mi) from the coast of the Aegean Sea.

It is identified with Khirbet Zanuʽ (Horvat Zanoah), about 5 km (3 mi) SE of Beth-shemesh.

It is tentatively identified with Khirbet Beit Amra, about 10 km (6 mi) SSW of Hebron.

The Lydian city of Philadelphia was situated on a hilly plateau S of the Cogamis River, about 45 km (28 mi) SE of Sardis and 80 km (50 mi) NW of Laodicea.

The Greek Septuagint reads “Chabra” instead of Cabbon, and this has led some to relate the town to Khirbet Hibra 5 km (3 mi) ESE of Lachish.

On the basis of the Hebrew name, however, others suggest an identification with Al Qubeiba (Horvat Kefar Lakhish), 5 km (3 mi) SW of Beit Jibrin (Bet Guvrin).

Some scholars link it with present-day El Jabʽa, about 12 km (7.5 mi) WSW of Bethlehem.

Scholars generally identify this city with Tell el-Ful (Givʽat Shaʼul), located about 5 km (3 mi) N of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

This city is identified by some with Umm el-Biyara, about 100 km (60 mi) NNE of the northern tip of the Gulf of ʽAqaba.

Scholars have recently favored identifying Sela with es-Selaʽ, about 4 km (2.5 mi) NNW of Bozrah.

Its position, 2 km (c. 1 mi) NE of ancient Jericho (Tell es-Sultan; Tel Yeriho), corresponds more closely to early literary references (such as those of Josephus and Eusebius) about the distance from Jericho to Gilgal.

Hence this Gilgal is usually linked with Jil Jiliya, a large village atop a hill about 11 km (7 mi) N of Bethel.

Nippur, an ancient Babylonian city about 85 km (50 mi) SE of Babylon, has long been suggested as its site, based on Talmudic tradition and other factors.

They suggest an identification with Kullani of the Assyrian inscriptions in northern Syria (apparently represented today by modern Kullan Köy, about 16 km [10 mi] SE of Arpad), mentioned by Tiglath-pileser III as among the places subjugated during an Assyrian campaign in the west.

Various sites have been suggested for the identification of Ziklag, but Y. Aharoni and others favor identifying it with Tell esh-Shariʽah (Tel Seraʽ), about 7 km (4 mi) E of Gerar and 22 km (14 mi) NW of Beer-sheba.

One of the more important cities of the Promised Land, located about 90 km (56 mi) N of Jerusalem and 31 km (19 mi) SE of the modern city of Haifa.

Some scholars believe that Me-jarkon in the territory of Dan (Jos 19:40, 41, 46) is the Nahr el-ʽAuja (Nahal Yarqon), which enters the Mediterranean Sea about 6 km (3.5 mi) NNE of Joppa.

Its headwaters, among the largest springs in Palestine, surface about 20 km (12 mi) inland near the suggested site of Aphek (No. 3).

However, most Biblical geographers connect the “river Chebar” with the Shatt en-Nil, which has been identified with the naru Kabaru (or “Grand Canal”) mentioned in cuneiform contract tablets found at the city of Nippur, about 85 km (50 mi) SE of Babylon.

The Shatt en-Nil branches off the Euphrates above Babylon and runs in a SE direction, passing near Nippur, to rejoin the Euphrates S of Ur, about 240 km (150 mi) below Babylon.

One of the capitals of ancient Egypt, identified with the ruins at Mit Rahiney, about 23 km (14 mi) S of Cairo, on the W side of the Nile River.

Most historians believe that the seat of government of the earliest dynasties was at Memphis, though perhaps moving to Thebes (Biblical No-amon, about 480 km [300 mi] farther S) for a time.

Some tentatively identify it with Dibseh on the Euphrates River, about 90 km (56 mi) ESE of Aleppo and about the same distance from the confluence of the Euphrates and Balikh rivers.

Khirbet Tafsah, about 10 km (6 mi) WSW of ancient Shechem, bears a similar name but appears to be too far from the assumed site of Tirzah to be the location of this Tiphsah.

Sennacherib’s inscriptions speak of a battle at Eltekeh (c. 15 km [9.5 mi] NNW of Ekron) in which he claims to have defeated an Egyptian army and the forces of “the king of Ethiopia.”

He brought in water from 48 km (30 mi) away, constructing a causeway over the Gomel River, known as the Jerwan Aqueduct.

On the basis of these references, Succoth is generally identified with a site at or near Tell Deir ʽAlla (today called Sukkot), about 5 km (3 mi) E of the Jordan River and just a little N of the Jabbok at the point where it issues forth from the hills.

At best, it can be said that Succoth was evidently about a day’s journey (32 to 48 km; 20 to 30 mi) away from the Wilderness of Etham, which is believed to extend along the northwestern side of the Sinai Peninsula.

The sun is a star about 1,392,000 km (865,000 mi) in diameter, more than a hundred times the diameter of the earth, and more than a million times the volume of the earth.

Its average distance from the earth is over 149,600,000 km (93,000,000 mi).

In the period of the Judges, the Canaanite city was situated on a mound identified with Tell el-Fukhkhar (Tel ʽAkko), about 1 km (0.6 mi) from the bay and 1.8 km (1 mi) E of the present-day Old City walls.

Bible references are not in conflict with its suggested identity with Ras es-Siyaghah, a headland located about 16 km (10 mi) E of where the Jordan empties into the Dead Sea.

Though slightly lower than its neighbor summit, Ras es-Siyaghah is closer to Jericho and affords an unobstructed view of the Dead Sea some 1,000 m (3,300 ft) below, as well as a splendid view of the Jordan Valley, of the central range on which Hebron, Bethlehem and Jerusalem are situated, and of Mount Hermon over 160 km (100 mi) to the N.

It was a mountainous section, taking in the western portion of the Taurus Range, lying N of Pamphylia and S of Galatian Phrygia, with Caria and Lycia on the W and Lycaonia on the E. The region is believed to have been about 190 km (120 mi) from E to W and about 80 km (50 mi) in breadth.

One of the fastest of all flying birds, regularly attaining speeds of over 100 km/​hr (60 mph) and capable of bursts of speed probably of 200 km/​hr (120 mph) or more.