Yitso 14 Hefatamɔ
Yinɔsaneŋmalɔi kɛɔ akɛ Babilon gbee shi kɛha Koresh asraafoi lɛ yɛ October 539 D.Ŋ.B. Nabonidus ji maŋtsɛ yɛ nakai beaŋ, shi ebinuu Belshazar fata ehe akɛ Babilon nɔ maŋtsɛ. Woloŋlelɔi komɛi eŋmala Tsutsu Babilon maŋtsɛmɛi lɛ agbɛi kɛ afii abɔ ni amɛkɛye maŋtsɛ lɛ, kɛjɛ Nabonidus naagbee afi lɛ nɔ kɛtee sɛɛ aahu kɛyashi Nebukadnezar tsɛ Nabopolasar yinɔ tɔ̃ɔ.
Taakɛ nakai Tsutsu Babilon beaŋ akɔntaabuu lɛ tsɔɔ lɛ, Lumɔ Nebukadnezar ni miiye maŋtsɛ lɛ ye Mizraimbii anɔ kunim yɛ Karkemish ta ni awuu yɛ afi 605 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ mli. (Yeremia 46:1, 2) Yɛ Nabopolasar gbele sɛɛ lɛ, Nebukadnezar ku esɛɛ kɛba Babilon ni ebata maŋtsɛsɛi lɛ nɔ. Eklɛŋklɛŋ nɔyeli afi lɛ je shishi yɛ agbɛinaa be ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ mli (604 D.Ŋ.B.).
Biblia lɛ bɔɔ amaniɛ akɛ Babilonbii ni yɔɔ Nebukadnezar shishi lɛ kpata Yerusalem hiɛ yɛ enɔyeli afi ni ji 18 lɛ nɔ (nɔ ni ji 19 kɛji esɛinɔtamɔ afi lɛ fata he). (Yeremia 52:5, 12, 13, 29) Enɛ hewɔ lɛ, kɛji akpɛlɛ Tsutsu Babilon beaŋ akɔntaabuu ni yɔɔ yiteŋgbɛ lɛ nɔ lɛ, no lɛ Yerusalem amaŋfɔ feemɔ lɛ baaba mli yɛ afi 587/6 D.Ŋ.B. Shi mɛni nɔ nɛkɛ je lɛŋ be he akɔntaabuu nɛɛ damɔ, ni mɛɛ sɔrɔto feemɔ yɔɔ mli kɛ akɛto Biblia be he akɔntaabuu he?
Odaseyeli nibii titri ni yɔɔ kɛha nɛkɛ je lɛŋ be he akɔntaabuu nɛɛ ji:
Ptolemy Woji Lɛ: Claudius Ptolemy ji Hela ŋulamii ahe nilelɔ ko ni hi shi yɛ Ŋ.B. afii ohai enyɔ lɛ mli. E-Woji, loo maŋtsɛmɛi agbɛi ni eto naa lɛ kɛ ŋulamii ahe nilee he wolo ko ni eŋma lɛ yɛ tsakpaa. Ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ yinɔsaneŋmalɔi pii kpɛlɛɔ Ptolemy wiemɔi ni kɔɔ Tsutsu Babilon maŋtsɛmɛi kɛ amɛnɔyeli bei asɛɛkɛlɛ he lɛ nɔ (eyɛ mli akɛ Ptolemy shĩɔ Labashi-Marduk nɔyeli lɛ yɛ mli). Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ, Ptolemy ha eyinɔsane he nibii ni eŋmala lɛ damɔ woji ni aŋmala kɛjɛ Seleucid yinɔ tɔ̃ɔ, ni je shishi yɛ be mli ni Koresh ye Babilon nɔ lɛ sɛɛ, nɔ ni fe afii 250 lɛ anɔ. Enɛ hewɔ lɛ, ebɛ naakpɛɛ akɛ Ptolemy yibɔi lɛ kɛ Berossus, ni ji Babilon osɔfo ko ni hi shi yɛ Seleucid beaŋ lɛ nɔ̃ lɛ kpaa gbee.
Nabonidus Harran Stele (NABON H 1, B): Ayana nɛkɛ akulashiŋ, loo shiŋmlitso ni aŋma nii yɛ nɔ, ni hi shi yɛ nakai be lɛ nɔŋŋ mli nɛɛ yɛ 1956 mli. Etsĩɔ Tsutsu Babilon maŋtsɛmɛi Nebukadnezar, Evil-Merodak, Neriglissar nɔyelii lɛ atã. Yibɔi ni atsɛ kɛha nɛkɛ mɛi etɛ nɛɛ kɛ nɔ ni jɛ Ptolemy Woji amli lɛ kpaa gbee.
VAT 4956: Tɛ-tao ni aŋma nii yɛ nɔ nɛ, ni ekɛ ŋulamii ahe nilee ni abuɔ akɛ eyɛ kɛjɛ 568 D.Ŋ.B. tɔ̃ɔ lɛ haa. Ewieɔ akɛ nibii ni ana nɛɛ jɛ Nebukadnezar afi ni ji 37 lɛ mli tɔ̃ɔ. Enɛ kɛ be he akɔntaabuu ni kɛ enɔyeli afi ni ji 18 lɛ woɔ afi 587/6 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ kpaa gbee. Shi kɛlɛ, akpɛlɛɔ nɔ akɛ akwɛ eko nɔ akɛŋma nɛkɛ tɛ-tao nɛɛ yɛ afii ohai etɛ D.Ŋ.B. lɛ mli, no hewɔ lɛ eeenyɛ ebalɛ akɛ yinɔsane mli nibii ni yɔɔ mli lɛ ji nɔ ni akpɛlɛɔ nɔ yɛ Seleucid beaŋ lɛ kɛkɛ.
Nitsumɔ he tɛ-taoi: Ana Tsutsu Babilon tɛ-taoi ni hi shi yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ akpei abɔ ni aŋmala nitsumɔi ahe saji yɛ nɔ kɛkɛ, ni miitsɔɔ Babilon maŋtsɛ ni yeɔ nɔ lɛ nɔyeli afi nɔ ni nakai nitsumɔ sane lɛ ba. Ana tɛ-taoi ni tamɔ enɛ kɛha Tsutsu Babilon maŋtsɛmɛi ni ale amɛ lɛ anɔyeli afii lɛ fɛɛ yɛ be he akɔntaabuu ni akpɛlɛɔ nɔ yɛ nakai be lɛ he lɛ mli.
Yɛ je lɛŋ bii ashishinumɔ naa lɛ, etamɔ nɔ ni nɛkɛ odaseyeli gbɛ̀i nɛɛ jeɔ Tsutsu Babilon be he akɔntaabuu lɛ shishi kɛ Nebukadnezar afi ni ji 18, (kɛ Yerusalem hiɛkpatamɔ) lɛ yɛ afi 587/6 D.Ŋ.B. Shi kɛlɛ, yinɔsaneŋmalɔ ko bɛ ni baaje he ŋwane akɛ eeenyɛ ebalɛ akɛ Babilon yinɔsane ni ale amrɔ nɛɛ baanyɛ alaka mɔ aloo tɔmɔi yɛ mli. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ lɛ, ale akɛ bei komɛi lɛ blema osɔfoi kɛ maŋtsɛmɛi lɛ tsakeɔ nibii ni aŋmala lɛ yɛ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛyiŋtoi ahewɔ. Aloo, kɛji odaseyeli ni ayana lɛ ja pɛpɛɛpɛ po lɛ, ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ woloŋlelɔi baanyɛ atsɔɔ mli yɛ gbɛ ni ejaaa nɔ, aloo ekolɛ eshɛɛɛ, ni no hewɔ lɛ nibii krokomɛi ni anako lɛ baanyɛ atsake nakai yinɔ lɛ be he akɔntaabuu lɛ kwraa.
Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ ni eyoo nɛkɛ anɔkwa saji nɛɛ hewɔ lɛ, Nilelɔ Edward F. Campbell, Jr., kɛ tao ko fata he, ní Tsutsu Babilon beaŋ akɔntaabuu fata he, ni ekɛ ŋaawoo nɛɛ fata he akɛ: “Esa akɛ awie faŋŋ akɛ aŋmala enɛɛmɛi ni akɛtsu nii kɛyashi be ko kɛkɛ. Kɛji mɔ ko kase be he akɔntaabuu mli naagbai ni yɔɔ blema Bokagbɛ Kpaakpa lɛ he saji titrii lɛ waa lɛ, ehaaa esusu dɔŋŋ akɛ nibii ni aŋmala lɛ eko yɛ ni no ja kɛmɔ shi. Enɛ hewɔ lɛ, abaanyɛ akɛ wiemɔ circa [aaafee] lɛ atsu nii babaoo fe bɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii lɛ.”—The Bible and the Ancient Near East (1965 nɔ lɛ), bf. 281.
Kristofoi ni heɔ Biblia lɛ amɛyeɔ lɛ ena yɛ be kɛ bei amli akɛ ewiemɔi lɛ damɔɔ wiemɔi babaoo ni akɛshiɔ lɛ lɛ naa, ni efee nɔ ni ja ni anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔɔ nɔ. Amɛyooɔ akɛ, ákɛ Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ ni jɛ mumɔŋ lɛ, abaanyɛ akɛtsu nii akɛ susumɔ kpaa ni akɛkaa je lɛŋ yinɔsane kɛ susumɔi akwɛɔ. (2 Timoteo 3:16, 17) Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ lɛ, eyɛ mli akɛ Biblia lɛ wie Belshazar he akɛ Babilon nɔyelɔ moŋ, shi afii ohai abɔ ho ni woloŋlelɔi ayiŋ efutu amɛ yɛ ehe ejaakɛ je lɛŋ niŋmaa ko bɛ ni yeɔ eshihilɛ, kɛ mɔ ni eji, kɛ egbɛhe he odase. Shi, yɛ naagbee lɛ, shitsalɔi ni kaseɔ blema nibii ahe nii lɛ yana je lɛŋ nibii ni aŋmala ni maa Biblia lɛ nɔ mi. Hɛɛ, bɔ ni Biblia mli saji kɛ amɛhe kpaa gbee, kɛ bɔ ni eŋmalɔi lɛ kwɛ jogbaŋŋ yɛ he, yɛ be he akɔntaabuu po mli lɛ, jieɔ yi waa ehaa Kristofonyo lɛ aahu akɛ ehaa hegbɛ ni eyɔɔ lɛ nɔ kwɔɔ kwraa fe je lɛŋ yinɔsaneŋmalɔi asusumɔi ni tsakeɔ be fɛɛ be lɛ.
Shi mɛɛ gbɛ nɔ Biblia lɛ tsɔɔ eyeɔ ebuaa wɔ ni wɔnaa beni akpata Yerusalem hiɛ, ni kɛ akɛto je lɛŋ be he akɔntaabuu he lɛ, mɛni anaa?
Gbalɔ Yeremia tsɔ hiɛ egba efɔ shi akɛ Babilonbii lɛ baakpata Yerusalem hiɛ ni amɛbaafee maŋtiase lɛ kɛ shikpɔŋ lɛ amaŋfɔ. (Yeremia 25:8, 9) Ekɛfata he akɛ: “Ni nɛkɛ shikpɔŋ nɛɛ fɛɛ aaatsɔ olɛŋlɛ kɛ amaŋfɔ, ni nɛkɛ jeŋmaji nɛɛ fɛɛ aaasɔmɔ Babel maŋtsɛ lɛ afii nyɔŋmai kpawo.” (Yeremia 25:11) Afii 70 lɛ ba naagbee beni Koresh Kpeteŋkpele lɛ ŋmɛɛ Yudafoi lɛ ahe yɛ eklɛŋklɛŋ afi lɛ mli, ni amɛku amɛsɛɛ kɛtee amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛshikpɔŋ nɔ lɛ. (2 Kronika 36:17-23) Wɔheɔ wɔyeɔ akɛ Yeremia 25:11 kɛ ŋmalɛi krokomɛi lɛ akanemɔ yɛ gbɛ ni yɔɔ tɛɛ nɔ ji akɛ, afii 70 lɛ baaje shishi kɛjɛ be mli ni Babilonbii lɛ kpata Yerusalem hiɛ ni amɛshi Yuda shikpɔŋ lɛ amaŋfɔ lɛ.—Yeremia 52:12-15, 24-27; 36:29-31.
Ni kɛlɛ, mɛi ni kɛ amɛhe fɔ̃ɔ je lɛŋ saji ni aŋmala ashwie shi lɛ pɛ nɔ kɛha nakai be lɛ he akɔntaabuu lɛ naa akɛ kɛji akpata Yerusalem hiɛ yɛ afi 587/6 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ, no lɛ eka shi faŋŋ akɛ eshɛɛɛ afii 70 ni aye Babilon nɔ kunim ni Koresh ŋmɛ Yudafoi lɛ agbɛ ni amɛku amɛsɛɛ kɛtee amɛshikpɔŋ nɔ lɛ. Yɛ mɔdɛŋ ni amɛbɔɔ ni amɛha nibii akpa gbee hewɔ lɛ, amɛkɛɔ akɛ Yeremia gbalɛ lɛ bɔi mlibaa yɛ afi 605 D.Ŋ.B. Sɛɛ mli niŋmalɔi tsɛɔ Berossus wiemɔi asɛɛ akɛ ekɛɛ akɛ yɛ Karkemish ta lɛ sɛɛ lɛ, Nebukadnezar kpã Babilon hewalɛ mli kɛtee Siria kɛ Palestina fɛɛ, ni beni ekuɔ esɛɛ kɛbaa Babilon (yɛ esɛinɔtamɔ afi ni ji afi 605 D.Ŋ.B.) lɛ, eloo Yudafoi kɛtee nomŋɔɔ mli. Enɛ hewɔ lɛ amɛbuɔ afii 70 lɛ akɛ be sɛɛkɛlɛ ni amɛkɛsɔmɔ Babilon, ni jeɔ shishi yɛ afi 605 D.Ŋ.B. No baatsɔɔ akɛ afii 70 lɛ baaba naagbee yɛ afi 535 D.Ŋ.B.
Shi naagbai wuji babaoo yɛ nɛkɛ saji amlitsɔɔmɔ nɛɛ he:
Eyɛ mli akɛ Berossus kɛɔ akɛ Nebukadnezar loo Yudafoi lɛ kɛtee akɛ nomii yɛ esɛinɔtamɔ afi lɛ mli moŋ, shi tɛ-taoi anɔ niŋmaa ko bɛ ni fiɔ enɛ sɛɛ. Nɔ ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ lɛ, Yeremia 52:28-30 bɔɔ amaniɛ jogbaŋŋ akɛ Nebukadnezar ŋɔ Yudafoi lɛ nom yɛ enɔyeli afi ni ji kpawo, enɔyeli afi ni ji 18 kɛ enɔyeli afi ni ji 23 lɛ nɔ, jeee esɛinɔtamɔ afi lɛ nɔ. Agbɛnɛ hu, Yudafonyo yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Josephus kɛɔ akɛ Nebukadnezar ye Siria kɛ Palestina fɛɛ nɔ kunim, yɛ afi ni awuu Karkemish ta lɛ mli, “ja Yudea pɛ,” ni enɛ teɔ shi ewoɔ Berossus, ni ekɛ wiemɔi ni awieɔ akɛ afii 70 ni Yudafoi lɛ kɛsɔmɔ lɛ je shishi yɛ Nebukadnezar sɛinɔtamɔ afi lɛ mli lɛ kpaaa gbee.—Antiquities of the Jews X, vi, 1.
Kɛfata he lɛ, Josephus wieɔ Yerusalem hiɛ ni Babilonbii lɛ kpata lɛ he yɛ he kroko hu ni eyaa nɔ ekɛɔ akɛ “Yudea kɛ Yerusalem fɛɛ, kɛ sɔlemɔwe lɛ, tee nɔ eka shi amaŋfɔ aahu afii nyɔŋmai kpawo.” (Antiquities of the Jews X, ix, 7) Etee nɔ ewie faŋŋ akɛ “wɔ maŋtiase lɛ ka shi amaŋfɔ yɛ afii nyɔŋmai kpawo ni ho lɛ mli fɛɛ, kɛyashi Koresh gbii lɛ amli.” (Against Apion I, 19) Enɛ kɛ 2 Kronika 36:21 kɛ Daniel 9:2 lɛ kpaa gbee akɛ, afii 70 ni agba afɔ shi lɛ ji afii 70 pɛpɛɛpɛ ni shikpɔŋ lɛ kɛbaaka shi amaŋfɔ. Afii ohai enyɔ (Ŋ.B.) niŋmalɔ Theophilus ni jɛ Antiokia lɛ hu tsɔɔ akɛ afii 70 lɛ je shishi yɛ be mli ni akpata sɔlemɔ tsu lɛ hiɛ, beni Zedekia eye maŋtsɛ afii 11 lɛ sɛɛ.—Kwɛmɔ 2 Maŋtsɛmɛi 24:18–25:21 hu.
Shi Biblia lɛ kɛ odaseyeli ni mli wa waa haa kɛteɔ shi ewoɔ wiemɔi ni awieɔ akɛ afii 70 lɛ je shishi yɛ afi 605 D.Ŋ.B., ni ákɛ akpata Yerusalem hiɛ yɛ afi 587/6 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ. Taakɛ wɔtsĩ tã lɛ, kɛji wɔmiikane kɛmiijɛ afi 605 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ, afii 70 baatsa nɔ aahu kɛbashɛ afi 535 D.Ŋ.B. Shi, Biblia ŋmalɔ Ezra ni akɛ mumɔ tsirɛ lɛ lɛ bɔ amaniɛ akɛ afii 70 lɛ tsa nɔ aahu kɛbashi “Koresh, Persia maŋtsɛ lɛ,” mɔ ni wo akpo ni ŋmɛ Yudafoi lɛ agbɛ ni amɛku amɛsɛɛ kɛtee amɛshikpɔŋ nɔ lɛ “yinɔ klɛŋklɛŋ afi lɛ nɔ.” (Ezra 1:1-4; 2 Kronika 36:21-23) Yinɔsaneŋmalɔi kpɛlɛɔ nɔ akɛ Koresh ye Babilon nɔ kunim yɛ October 539 D.Ŋ.B. ni Koresh klɛŋklɛŋ nɔyeli afi lɛ je shishi yɛ afi 538 D.Ŋ.B. agbiɛnaa be mli. Kɛji Koresh akpɔ lɛ ba yɛ eklɛŋklɛŋ nɔyeli afi lɛ naagbee gbɛ lɛ, no lɛ eyɛ mlɛo kɛha Yudafoi lɛ akɛ amɛaanyɛ amɛshɛ amɛshikpɔŋ nɔ yɛ nyɔŋ ni ji kpawo (Tishri) nɔ, taakɛ Ezra 3:1 kɛɔ lɛ; enɛ baafee October 537 D.Ŋ.B.
Shi kɛlɛ, nilee gbɛ ko bɛ ni aaatsɔ nɔ akpã Koresh klɛŋklɛŋ afi lɛ mli kɛjɛ 538 aahu kɛbashi 535 D.Ŋ.B. Mɛi ni eka akɛ amɛkɛ naajiemɔ ko aaatsɔɔ naagba lɛ mli lɛ kɛ hefimɔ ewie akɛ kɛji Ezra kɛ Daniel miiwie “Koresh klɛŋklɛŋ afi lɛ” he lɛ, belɛ amɛkɛ Yudafoi asusumɔ krɛdɛɛ ko ni esoro no kwraa yɛ Koresh nɔyeli be lɛ he akɔntaabuu diɛŋtsɛ he lɛ miitsu nii. Shi anyɛŋ akpɛlɛ enɛ nɔ, ejaakɛ amralo ko ni jeee Yudanyo, kɛ wolo ko ni jɛ Persia blema woji atoohe fɛɛ kpɛlɛɔ nɔ akɛ akɛ akpɔ lɛ ha yɛ Koresh klɛŋklɛŋ afi lɛ mli, taakɛ Biblia ŋmalɔi lɛ je gbɛ amɛbɔ he amaniɛ ni emli ka shi faŋŋ hu lɛ.—Ezra 5:6, 13; 6:1-3; Daniel 1:21; 9:1-3.
Yehowa “wiemɔ kpakpa” lɛ kɛ be sɛɛkɛlɛ ni ji afii 70 lɛ yɛ tsakpaa ko, ejaakɛ Nyɔŋmɔ wie akɛ:
“Bɔ ni Yehowa kɛɛ nɛ: ‘Kɛ afii nyɔŋmai kpawo shɛ ha Babel lɛ, mabasara nyɛ ni maha miwiemɔ kpakpa ni miwie yɛ nyɛhe, akɛ maha nyɛku nyɛsɛɛ kɛba biɛ nɛɛ lɛ, aba mli!’ ” (Yeremia 29:10)
Daniel kɛ ehiɛ fɔ nakai wiemɔ lɛ nɔ, kɛ hekɛnɔfɔɔ akɛ afii 70 lɛ jeee ‘yibɔ ni aleee efalɛ pɔtɛɛ,’ shi moŋ yibɔ pɔtɛɛ ko ni abaanyɛ akɛ he afɔ nɔ. (Daniel 9:1, 2) Ni ebalɛ nakai pɛpɛɛpɛ hu.
Nakai nɔŋŋ hu wɔ hu wɔmiisumɔ ni Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ lɛ titri atsɔɔ wɔ gbɛ, moŋ fe be he akɔntaabuu ni damɔ je lɛŋ odaseyeli nɔ titri, aloo nɔ ni kɛ Ŋmalɛi lɛ kpaaa gbee. Etamɔ nɔ ni anaa faŋŋ akɛ shishinumɔ ni yɔɔ mlɛo, ni yɔɔ tɛɛ hu fe fɛɛ, ni kɔɔ Biblia mli wiemɔi sɔrɔtoi lɛ ahe ji akɛ, afii 70 lɛ je shishi beni ashi Yuda maŋ lɛ afɔ shi amaŋfɔ kwraa yɛ Yerusalem hiɛkpatamɔ lɛ sɛɛ lɛ. (Yeremia 25:8-11; 2 Kronika 36:20-23; Daniel 9:2) No hewɔ lɛ, kɛ wɔkane afii 70 kɛtee sɛɛ, kɛjɛ beni Yudafoi lɛ ku amɛsɛɛ kɛtee amɛshikpɔŋ nɔ yɛ afi 537 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ, ekɛ wɔ bashɛɔ afi 607 D.Ŋ.B. akɛ afi nɔ ni Nebukadnezar kpata Yerusalem hiɛ, yɛ enɔyeli afi ni ji 18 lɛ mli, ni ejie Zedekia kɛjɛ maŋtsɛsɛi lɛ nɔ, ni ekɛ Yudea maŋtsɛmɛi ni taraa maŋtsɛsɛi nɔ yɛ shikpɔŋ nɔ Yerusalem lɛ ba naagbee lɛ.—Ezekiel 21:19-27.