Blema Kiunifɔm kɛ Biblia Lɛ

BENI atɔ̃tɔ̃ adesai anaa yɛ Babel lɛ, abaná gbɛ̀i srɔtoi ni atsɔ̃ɔ nɔ aŋmaa nii. Mɛi ni hi Mesopotamia, tamɔ Sumerbii kɛ Babilonbii lɛ kɛ kiunifɔm bɔi nitsumɔ. Aná wiemɔ ni ji kiunifɔm lɛ kɛjɛ Latin wiemɔ mli, ni eshishi ji niŋmaa okadi ni yɔɔ koji etɛ. Afeɔ niŋmaa okadi nɛɛ awoɔ nɔ ko naa, ni akɛshimɔɔ sũ ni yɔɔ bɔdɔɔ nɔ, kɛkɛ lɛ etɛŋ ewo nɔ.

Mɛi ni kaseɔ blema nibii ahe nii lɛ etsa shi, ni amɛna kiunifɔm niŋmaai ni wieɔ gbɔmɛi kɛ nifeemɔi ni atsĩ tã yɛ Ŋmalɛi lɛ amli lɛ ahe. Mɛni ale yɛ blema niŋmaa nɛɛ he? Ni mɛɛ odase niŋmaai nɛɛ yeɔ yɛ ja ni Biblia lɛ ja lɛ he?

Niŋmaai ni Sɛɛ Etsɛ Waa

Woloŋlelɔi susuɔ akɛ shishijee mli lɛ, mɛi ni hi shi yɛ Mesopotamia lɛ kɛ okadi loo mfoniri tsu nii yɛ amɛniŋmaa mli, ni okadii loo mfonirii lɛ eko fɛɛ eko damɔ shi kɛha nɔ ko. Ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, shishijee mli lɛ atɛŋɔ nɔ ko tamɔ tsina yitso ni akɛdamɔɔ shi ahaa tsina. Shi beni saji aŋmalamɔ kɛ shishwiemɔ bafee nɔ ko ni he hiaa waa lɛ, amɛkɛ kiunifɔm niŋmaa bɔi nitsumɔ. Wolo ni ji NIV Archaeological Study Bible lɛ tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Agbɛnɛ lɛ abaanyɛ akɛ okadii adamɔ shi aha wiemɔi kɛ blawafɛmɔi, abaanyɛ atsara okadii lɛ babaoo koni akɛná wiemɔ kome.” Sɛɛ mli lɛ, abaná kiunifɔm niŋmaa okadii srɔtoi aaafee 200 “ní anyɛɔ akɛŋmaa wiemɔi srɔtoi ni yɔɔ hwanyaŋŋ po.”

Beni shɛɔ Abraham beaŋ yɛ afi 2,000 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ, no mli lɛ kiunifɔm lɛ kɛ nitsumɔ ehe shi waa. Yɛ afii 2000 ni nyiɛ sɛɛ kɛba lɛ mli lɛ, maji srɔtoi aaafee 15 kɛbɔi nitsumɔ. Aŋmala kiunifɔm niŋmaai ni nine eshɛ nɔ lɛ 100 mlijaa 99 yɛ taoi ni akɛ sũ fee lɛ anɔ. Yɛ afii 150 ni eho lɛ amli lɛ, ana taoi nɛɛ babaoo yɛ Ur, Uruk, Babilon, Nimrud, Nippur, Ashur, Ninive, Mari Ebla, Ugarit, kɛ Amarna. Wolo ni ji Archaeology Odyssey lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “Woloŋlelɔi tsɔɔ mli akɛ atsa shi ni ana kiunifɔm taoi aaafee akpekpe kome kɛmiimɔ akpekpei enyɔ, ni daa afi lɛ anaa aaafee 25,000.”

Taoi nɛɛ babaoo bua shi ni esa akɛ woloŋlelɔi ni ekase kiunifɔm niŋmaai ahe nii lɛ atsɔɔ shishi, ni amɛshishitsɔɔmɔ hu wa. Abu akɔntaa ko akɛ “kiunifɔm niŋmaa ni yɔɔ amrɔ nɛɛ lɛ ateŋ nyɔŋma mlijaa ekome pɛ anyɛ akane.”

Kiunifɔm okadii ni aŋmala yɛ wiemɔi enyɔ loo etɛ mli awo tao kome nɔ lɛ ji nɔ titri ni haa anyɛɔ atsɔɔ kiunifɔm okadii lɛ ashishi. Woloŋlelɔi yɔse akɛ nibii ni akɛ kiunifɔm okadii ŋmala awo taoi anɔ nɛɛ kɔɔ nɔ̃ kome too lɛ nɔŋŋ he yɛ maji anɔ wiemɔi srɔtoi lɛ amli. Nɔ ni ye kɛbua amɛ ní amɛna nɔ ni okadii lɛ tsɔɔ lɛ ji akɛ, bei pii lɛ atĩɔ gbɛi, sablai, nɔyelɔi awekutɔkpai, kɛ wiemɔi ni mɛi kɛjie amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛyi lɛ amli.

Beni shɛɔ afi 1850 afii lɛ amli lɛ, woloŋlelɔi nyɛɔ amɛkaneɔ wiemɔ titri ni awieɔ yɛ blema Middle East, Akkadbii awiemɔ, loo Ashur kɛ Babilonbii awiemɔ ni akɛ kiunifɔm okadii eŋmala lɛ. Encyclopædia Britannica lɛ tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Akɛni anyɛ anu Akkadbii awiemɔ lɛ shishi hewɔ lɛ, anyɛ anu kiunifɔm okadii ni akɛŋmala lɛ ashishi, ni no ye ebua ni anyɛ atsɔɔ kiunifɔm okadii ni akɛtsu nii yɛ maji anɔ wiemɔi krokomɛi amli lɛ ashishi.” Mɛɛ tsakpãa yɔɔ niŋmaai nɛɛ kɛ Ŋmalɛ lɛ teŋ?

Odaseyeli ni Kɛ Biblia lɛ Kpãa Gbee

Biblia lɛ wie akɛ Kanaan maŋtsɛmɛi lɛ ji mɛi ni ye Yerusalem nɔ kɛyashi David ye maŋ lɛ nɔ kunim yɛ aaafee afi 1070 D.Ŋ.B. (Yosh. 10:1; 2 Sam. 5:4-9) Shi woloŋlelɔi komɛi je enɛ he ŋwane. Ni kɛlɛ yɛ afi 1887 lɛ, kosɛɛ yoo ko na tao ni akɛ sũ fee yɛ Amarna yɛ Egypt. Sɛɛ mli lɛ, ana sũ taoi aaafee 380 ni aŋmala nɔ nii yɛ jɛmɛ, ni ayɔse akɛ amɛji saji ni Egypt maŋtsɛmɛi (Amenhotep III kɛ Akhenaton) kɛ Kanaan maŋtsɛmɛi lɛ ŋmala kɛmajemajee amɛhe. Yerusalem nɔyelɔ ‘Abdi-Heba ŋmala amɛteŋ ekpaa.

Wolo ni ji Biblical Archaeology Review lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “Bɔ ni sũ taoi ni ana yɛ Amarna lɛ fee lɛ faŋŋ akɛ Yerusalem ji maŋ shi moŋ jeee shihilɛhe kɛkɛ, kɛ agbɛnɛ hu akɛ ‘Abdi-Heba ji . . . amralo ni yɔɔ shĩa kɛ Mizraim asraafoi 50 yɛ Yerusalem lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ Yerusalem ji maŋ ni yɔɔ gɔŋ nɔ kɛ enɔ maŋtsɛ.” Wolo nɛɛ saa ekɛɛ akɛ: “Sũ taoi ni ana yɛ Amarna lɛ baanyɛ aha wɔná nɔmimaa akɛ [Yerusalem] fata maŋtiasei ni ale jogbaŋŋ yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ ahe.”

Gbɛi ni Ana yɛ Ashur kɛ Babilonbii Aniŋmaai Amli

Ashurbii lɛ ŋmala amɛyinɔsaji amɛwo sũ taoi anɔ, kɛ agbɛnɛ hu yɛ kpuji kɛ tɔkpoi ahe, ni sɛɛ mli lɛ Babilonbii lɛ hu fee nakai nɔŋŋ. No hewɔ lɛ, beni woloŋlelɔi tsɔɔ kiunifɔm ni Akkadbii lɛ ŋmala lɛ shishi lɛ, amɛna akɛ atsĩtsĩi gbɛi komɛi ni yɔɔ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ atã yɛ niŋmaai lɛ amli.

Wolo ni ji The Bible in the British Museum lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “Beni woloŋlelɔ kpanaa Samuel Birch kɛ kuu hee ni ato he gbɛjianɔ ni ji Society of Biblical Archaeology lɛ wieɔ yɛ afi 1870 lɛ, enyɛ etsɔɔ Hebri maŋtsɛmɛi ni ji Omri, Ahab, Yehu, Azaria . . . , Menahem, Peka, Hoshea, Hezekia kɛ Manase, [gbɛii ni akɛ kiunifɔm okadii eŋmala] kɛ agbɛnɛ hu Ashur maŋtsɛmɛi ni ji Tiglat-Pileser . . . [III], Sargon, Sanherib, Esar-Hadon kɛ Ashurbanipal, . . . kɛ Aram maŋtsɛmɛi ni ji Ben-Hadad, Hazael kɛ Rezin.”

Wolo ni ji The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating lɛ kɛ nibii ni Biblia lɛ wie yɛ Israel kɛ Yuda he lɛ to blema kiunifɔm niŋmaai komɛi ahe. Mɛni ana? “Ana Yuda kɛ Israel maŋtsɛmɛi 15 loo 16 gbɛi yɛ nibii ni maji krokomɛi ŋmala amɛshwie shi lɛ amli, ni enɛɛmɛi kɛ gbɛi kɛ bei ni atsɔɔ yɛ Maŋtsɛmɛi [awoji ni yɔɔ Biblia lɛ mli] lɛ kpãa gbee pɛpɛɛpɛ. Maŋtsɛmɛi ni atsĩ amɛtã yɛ nibii ni maji krokomɛi amli bii eŋmala amɛshwie shi lɛ amli nɛɛ fɛɛ agbɛi yɛ Maŋtsɛmɛi Awoji lɛ amli.”

Kiunifɔm niŋmaa ni ehe gbɛi waa ni ji Koresh Kpulu ni ana yɛ afi 1879 lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ beni Koresh ye Babilon nɔ kunim yɛ afi 539 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ, eha nomii lɛ ku amɛsɛɛ kɛtee hei ni amɛjɛ. Yudafoi lɛ fata mɛi ni ná nifeemɔ nɛɛ he sɛɛ lɛ ahe. (Ezra 1:1-4) Woloŋlelɔi babaoo ni hi shi yɛ afi 1800 afii lɛ amli lɛ je akpɔ nɛɛ ni atsĩ tã yɛ Biblia lɛ mli nɛɛ he ŋwane. Shi kiunifɔm niŋmaai ni Koresh Kpulu lɛ fata he, ní aŋmala beni Persia ji jeŋ hewalɛ lɛ yeɔ odase faŋŋ akɛ nibii ni aŋmala yɛ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ ja kɛmɔ shi.

Yɛ afi 1883 lɛ, ana taoi ni fa fe 700 ní kiunifɔm niŋmaai yɔɔ nɔ, yɛ Nippur ni bɛŋkɛ Babilon lɛ. Ayɔse akɛ mɛi 2,500 ni atsĩ amɛgbɛi atã lɛ ateŋ 70 ji Yudafoi. Yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Edwin Yamauchi tsɔɔ akɛ Yudafoi ni atsĩ amɛgbɛi atã nɛɛ “ji mɛi ni kɛ mɛi miifee kpaŋmɔ, mɛi ni damɔ nitsumɔi anaa, odasefoi, toohelɔi, kɛ maŋtsɛwe sɔɔlɔi.” Anɔkwale ni eji akɛ Yudafoi lɛ tee nɔ amɛtsu nibii ni tamɔ nɛkɛ he nii yɛ hei ni bɛŋkɛ Babilon yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ sa kadimɔ waa. Enɛ kɛ Biblia mli gbalɛ kpãa gbee akɛ, eyɛ mli akɛ Israelbii ní aŋɔ amɛ nom kɛtee Ashur kɛ Babilon lɛ ateŋ “mɛi ni eshwɛ” lɛ ateŋ mɛi komɛi ku amɛ sɛɛ kɛtee Yudea moŋ, shi amɛteŋ mɛi babaoo efeee nakai.—Yes. 10:21, 22.

Yɛ klɛŋklɛŋ afii 1,000 D.Ŋ.B. mli lɛ, no mli lɛ akɛ kiunifɔm niŋmaai kɛ niŋmaa okadii ni wɔkɛtsuɔ nii ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ lɛ fɛɛ tsuɔ nii. Shi yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ, Ashurbii lɛ kɛ Babilonbii lɛ kɛ kiunifɔm niŋmaai lɛ kpa nitsumɔ.

Ayɛ taoi akpei ohai abɔ yɛ blema nibii atoohei ní kpaako abaakase amɛhe nii. Amɛteŋ nɔ ni woloŋlelɔi enyɛ amɛtsɔɔ shishi lɛ maa nɔ mi waa akɛ Biblia lɛ ja. Namɔ aaale odaseyelii krokomɛi ni niŋmaai ni kpaako abaakase amɛhe nii lɛ baaha aná?

[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 21 lɛ Jɛ]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum