Ani Nyɔŋmɔ Buɔ Ohe Akɔntaa Lɛlɛŋ?
ANI OWO ohiɛ nɔ gbɛkɛ ko okwɛ je muu fɛɛ nɛɛ pɛŋ? Ani osusu he ni onaa ŋwɛiniiaŋ kɛyashɛɔ, aloo ŋulamii abɔ ni onyɛɔ okɛ ohiŋmɛi naa lɛ he? Kɛkɛ lɛ akɛni ŋwɛi agbojee kpeteŋkpele nɛɛ eha onaa ekpɛ ohe hewɔ lɛ, ani obi ohe pɛŋ akɛ, Ani Nyɔŋmɔ buɔ gbɔmɔ ni jeee fɛi nɛɛ he akɔntaa lo? Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ ani Nyɔŋmɔ susuɔ mihe akɛ mɔ aŋkro?
Afii akpei etɛ ni eho nɛ ni Hebri lalafolɔ kɛ maŋtsɛ David tsɔɔ bɔ ni enaa ekpɛ ehe lɛ yɛ nɛkɛ wiemɔi nɛɛ amli: “Kɛ mikwɛ oŋwɛi lɛ ni ji owaabii anaa nitsumɔi lɛ, nyɔŋtsere kɛ ŋulamii ni osaa oto lɛ: Mɛni ji adesa, ni ojwɛŋɔ enɔ? aloo gbɔmɔ bi hu, ni osaraa lɛ po?” (Lala 8:4, 5) Hɛɛ, eyɛ mli akɛ David yɔseee moŋ, shi ekɛ ehiŋmɛi diɛŋtsɛ nɛɛ miikwɛ ŋwɛiniiaŋ, he ni ejɛkɛmɔ shɛɔ aaafee la-afiia ashitooi 600,000. Enaa kpɛ ehe akɛ ŋwɛiniiaŋ kpeteŋkpele nɛɛ Bɔlɔ lɛ hu aaasusu gbɔmɔ he.
David kɛ susumɔ ko ni tamɔ nakai nɔŋŋ ha yɛ Lala 144, he ni wɔkaneɔ yɛ akɛ: “Yehowa, mɛɛ ji gbɔmɔ ni odiɔ esɛɛ? aloo adesa bi ni ojwɛŋɔ ehe? Gbɔmɔ lɛ etamɔ kɔɔyɔɔ; egbii lɛ hu tamɔ hɔ̃ɔŋ ni hoɔ.” (Kukuji 3, 4) Shi kɛlɛ, yɛ bɔ ni gbɔmɔ jeee nɔ ko kwraa ni ehoɔ eyaa kɛkɛ lɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ lɛ, David le akɛ Nyɔŋmɔ susuɔ gbɔmɔ he. Te eeefee tɛŋŋ ena enɛ he nɔmimaa? Ejaakɛ ekɛ Yehowa ebote wekukpaa ko mli.
Mɛɛ Wekukpaa Nɛkɛ Baanyɛ Ahi?
Te wɔfeɔ tɛŋŋ wɔleɔ akɛ wekukpaa diɛŋtsɛ ko ka David kɛ Nyɔŋmɔ teŋ? David lalai loo lala-foo wiemɔi lɛ ekomɛi amlikwɛmɔ kuku fa bɔ ni aaatsɔ wɔyiŋ yɛ enɛ he. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ lɛ, nyɛhaa wɔŋɔa Lala 23, ni wɔtsɔ emli wiemɔi ni mli ka shi faŋŋ lɛ anɔ wɔyoo hekɛnɔfɔɔ ni mli wa ni David yɔɔ yɛ e-Kwɛlɔ, Yehowa Nyɔŋmɔ mli lɛ.
“Yehowa ji mikwɛlɔ,
Nɔ ko nɔ ko ehiaŋ mi.
Ehaa mibuɔ shi yɛ lɛɛhei ni yɔɔ frɔfrɔ;
Ewaa mi kɛyaa nui ni he jɔ lɛ ahe.
Ehaa mitsui nyɔɔ mimli,
Ekpalaa mi kɛtsɔɔ jalɛ gbɛi anɔ yɛ egbɛi lɛ hewɔ.
Ni asaŋ kɛ minyiɛ gbele-hɔɔŋ jɔɔ lɛŋ lɛ,
Misheŋ efɔŋ ko gbeyei; Ejaakɛ okɛmi yɛ: Otso kɛ odɛhiɛmɔtso lɛ, nomɛi shɛjeɔ mimii.”
Kukuji 1-4.
Wekukpaa ni ka David kɛ Yehowa teŋ lɛ mlikwɔlɛ lɛ kpɛɔ kaŋkaŋ kɛ mlitsemɔ yɛ biɛ. Mɛɛ hewalɛ nakai lala lɛ naa yɛ onɔ? Ani oyɔseɔ hekɛnɔfɔɔ tsakpaa ni ka David, “too” ni nyɛɛɛ afa ehe lɛ kɛ e-Kwɛlɔ hebulɔ, Yehowa teŋ lɛ? Ŋwanejee ko bɛ he akɛ, David hiɛ yɛ ehe nɔ ákɛ gbɔmɔ tamɔ “kɔɔyɔɔ” kɛkɛ ni hoɔ eyaa moŋ, shi ehe hiaa e-Nyɔŋmɔ kɛ e-Kwɛlɔ lɛ. No hewɔ lɛ David baanyɛ ekɛɛ kɛ hekɛnɔfɔɔ akɛ: “Yehowa ji mikwɛlɔ, nɔ ko nɔ ko ehiaŋ mi.” Agbɛnɛ, te ooofee tɛŋŋ ona nakai hekɛnɔfɔɔ lɛ nɔŋŋ, nakai hiɛnɔkamɔ lɛ nɔŋŋ?
Kɛ wɔɔje shishi lɛ, he kome ko yɛ ni he hiaa ni wɔnyɛŋ wɔku wɔhiɛ wɔshwie nɔ. No jeee akɛ tookwɛlɔ lɛ yɛ etooi lɛ ahe miishɛɛ kɛkɛ. Esa akɛ toi lɛ hu anyiɛ amɛkwɛlɔ lɛ sɛɛ ni amɛbo egbee toi. Yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, kɛ wɔmiisumɔ ni wɔfee mɛi ni wɔhe hiaa Nyɔŋmɔ lɛ, belɛ esa akɛ wɔ hu wɔkɛ wɔhe afɔ Nyɔŋmɔ nɔ. Kɛ tooi lɛ jo foi kɛjɛ kuu lɛ ‘mli aloo amɛkwa tookwɛlɔ lɛ, kɛkɛ lɛ hebuu ko bɛ dɔŋŋ. Tooi lɛ asɛɛsɛɛyaa ni amɛjeɔ gbɛ amɛfeɔ lɛ fiteɔ wekukpaa lɛ. Yɛ adesa yinɔsane yɛ enɛ gbɛfaŋ lɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ lɛ, Nyɔŋmɔ etee nɔ esusu adesai ahe, jeee akɛ kuu kɛkɛ, shi moŋ akɛ aŋkroaŋkroi hu. Mɛɛ odaseyeli wɔyɔɔ ni wɔdamɔ nɔ wɔkɛɔ enɛ?
Kɛjɛ Mɛɛ Be Mli Gbɔmɔ Efee Mɔ Ni Nyɔnmɔ Susuɔ Ehe
Kɛje adesa yinɔsane be mli tɔɔ Yehowa ejie bɔ ni esusuɔ adesa kɛ ewɔsɛɛ be he lɛ kpo etsɔɔ. Beni pɛsɛmkunya atuatsemɔ te shi yɛ Eden lɛ, Nyɔŋmɔ shi adesa weku lɛ ni amɛbɛ hiɛnɔkamɔ. Ewo shi yɛ wɔsɛɛ be mli “seshi” ko ni baate shi awo adesa henyɛlɔ kpele lɛ ni ekɛ hejɔlɛ aba kɛtsɔ Satan yitso nɔ̃ ni eeetswa lɛ nɔ lɛ he. (1 Mose 3:15; Romabii 16:20) Yɛ no sɛɛ lɛ Yehowa tee nɔ ekɛ adesai ye, yɛ bei komɛi amli lɛ akɛ aŋkroaŋkroi ni yɛ bei komɛi amli hu akɛ maji.
Bɔ ni Yehowa susuɔ gbɔmɔ aŋkro lɛ he yɛ blema Israel lɛ he nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ ni mli ka shi faŋŋ ji mla ni to gbɛjianɔ kɛha awusai, okulafoi kɛ ohiafoi ni yɔɔ maŋ lɛ mli lɛ. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ lɛ, eje gbɛ ema nɔ mi akɛ esa akɛ amɛna gbɛfaŋ nɔ yɛ ŋmaakpamɔ lɛ mli tsɛbelɛ amɛbɛ shikpɔŋ ko. Aŋmɛ amɛ gbɛ ni amɛye kpɛkpɛo yɛ ŋmɔji ni akpa nii yɛ mli lɛ amli. Kwɛ bɔ nii enɛ nɔ kwɔ kwraa fe yelikɛbuamɔ he gbɛjianɔtoo ni yɔɔ maji pii amli ŋmɛnɛ lɛ! Akɛ bulɛ haa mɔ lɛ yɛ ohiafo ni eji lɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ. Mɛni hewɔ? Ejaakɛ esisɛɛɛ aloo ni eeemɛ gbɛjianɔtoo ko ni Maŋ lɛ kɛ shika eto he gbɛjianɔ. Ekɛ eniji yeɔ kpɛkpɛo kɛnaa nɔ ni he hiaa lɛ lɛ. Etsuɔ nii ni sɛɛnamɔ yɔɔ he ni ekɛ shidaa kpele haa e-Nyɔŋmɔ, Yehowa, ni kɛ nikee babaoo haa lɛ.—Kwɛmɔ 3 Mose 19:9, 10; Rut, yitso 2.
Ani Kristo Ma Bɔ Ni E-Tsɛ Susuɔ Mɛi Ahe Lɛ Nɔ Mi?
Sanekpakpai ejwɛ lɛ feɔ lɛ faŋŋ akɛ Yesu Kristo susu mɛi ahe, ni akɛni ejieɔ e-Tsɛ lɛ sui diɛŋtsɛ lɛ kpo etsɔɔ hewɔ lɛ, bɔ ni esusu mɛi ahe lɛ ji odaseyeli ni jeɔ kpo faŋŋ akɛ Nyɔŋmɔ susuɔ gbɔmɔ he. (Yohane 14:9) Suɔmɔ kɛ gbɛtsɔɔmɔi ni anyɛɔ akɛ he fɔɔ nɔ kɛha shihilɛ ni pɛsɛmkunya bɛ mli yɛ Kristo tsɔɔmɔi lɛ amli. Kwɛ bɔ ni afee enɛ he mfoniri yɛ faŋŋ mli beni ekaselɔi lɛ ku amɛsɛɛ amɛba ni etɔ amɛ butuu yɛ shiɛmɔ nitsumɔ lɛ he ta-fãa lɛ hewɔ lɛ! Mɛni ji enifeemɔ? Eji na ni anaa ahaa mɔ kɛ mɔ he susumɔ. Yesu nu amɛhenumɔi ashishi, bɔ ni ehe hiaa ni amɛjɔɔ amɛhe lɛ. “Ni ekɛɛ amɛ akɛ: Nyɛsɔŋŋ nyɛbaa ni wɔtea ŋa lɛ nɔ he ko banee ni nyɛyajɔa nyɛhe fioo. Ejaakɛ mɛi ni baa yaa lɛ fa tsɔ ni amɛnaaa deka kɛye nii tete.” No hewɔ lɛ amɛtara lɛlɛ mli kɛtee he ko banee kɛha hejɔɔmɔ.
Shi asafoi lɛ nyiɛ amɛsɛɛ. Te Yesu fee enii yɛ enɛ he eha tɛŋŋ? Kɛ bolɔmɔ kɛ mlifui? “Ni beni Yesu kpeleke [kɛjɛ lɛlɛ lɛ mli] lɛ, ena mɛi babaoo, ni emusuŋ tsɔlɛ yɛ amɛhewɔ, ejaakɛ amɛtamɔ tooi ni bɛ kwɛlɔ; ni ebɔi amɛ nibii pii tsɔɔmɔ.”—Marko 6:30-34.
Kwɛ bɔ ni Kristo jie bɔ ni e-Tsɛ lɛ susuɔ mɛi ahe lɛ kpo yɛ faŋŋ mli! Ema enɛ hu nɔ mi beni ekɛɛ akɛ: “Ani jeee kpãai enyɔ ahɔɔ afilimatai enumɔ aheɔ? Shi Nyɔŋmɔ hiɛ kpaaa amɛteŋ ekome folo nɔ. Shi nyɛyiteŋ tsɔi tete akane fɛɛ. No hewɔ lɛ nyɛkashea gbeyei; nyɛjara wa fe afilimatai babaoo.”—Luka 12:6, 7.
Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ, gbɔmɔ ni taoɔ akɛ enyiɛ Yesu Kristo sɛɛ lɛ elaajeee yɛ gbɔmɛi pii ateŋ yɛ Nyɔŋmɔ hiɛ. Shi sane oti lɛ ji akɛ, Ani okɛ ekaa miibɔ mɔdɛŋ ni onyiɛ Yesu Kristo sɛɛ? Ani ohiɛ yɛ omumɔŋ hiamɔ nii anɔ yɛ enɛ gbɛfaŋ? (Mateo 5:3) Kaimɔ akɛ beni eshwɛ fioo ni aaamɔ lɛ ni agbe lɛ lɛ, Yesu sɔle eha e-Tsɛ lɛ akɛ: “Shi jeee mɛnɛɛmɛi ahewɔ ‘[bɔfoi anɔkwafoi 11 ni kɛ lɛ na egbɛkɛnaashi niyenii lɛ mli gbɛfaŋnɔ lɛ] kɛkɛ mibiɔ lɛ, shi mɛi ni baahe minɔ aye [kaselɔi krokomɛi] yɛ amɛwiemɔ naa lɛ hu ahewɔŋ.” (Yohane 17:20) Yesu le akɛ jeee ebɔfoi lɛ pɛ baafee mɛi ni Nyɔŋmɔ susuɔ amɛhe shi nakai ebaaji yɛ mɛi ni yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ amɛbaatsɔmɔ heyelilɔi yɛ amɛwiemɔ lɛ naa lɛ agbɛfaŋ hu. No tsɔɔ akɛ mɛi fɛɛ ni jieɔ heshibaa su kpo tamɔ gwantɛŋi lɛ nyɛɔ amɛbɛŋkɛɔ Tookwɛlɔ Kpeteŋkpele, Yehowa Nyɔŋmɔ.—Lala 23:1.
Ani Nyɔŋmɔ Susuɔ Adesa He Ŋmɛnɛ?
Shi agbɛnɛ obaabi akɛ, ‘Mɛɛ gbɛ nɔ ejeɔ kpo yɛ ŋmɛnɛ akɛ Nyɔŋmɔ susuɔ gbɔmɔ he diɛŋtsɛ? Ni te mafee tɛŋŋ mana adesai ahe ni Nyɔŋmɔ susuɔ nɛɛ he sɛɛ lɛ?
Yehowa, Tookwɛlɔ Kpeteŋkpele lɛ, eto gbɛjianɔ ŋmɛnɛ kɛha mɛi fɛɛ ni tamɔ gwantɛŋi yɛ je lɛŋ fɛɛ lɛ ni amɛnu egbee. Mɛɛ gbɛ nɔ efeɔ enɛ yɛ? Yesu haa hetoo: “Mɔ ko nyɛŋ aba miŋɔɔ, akɛ ja tsɛ lɛ ni tsu mi lɛ gbala lɛ da.” No hewɔ lɛ, Yehowa miigbala mɛi fɛɛ ni hiɛ heshibaa tsui lɛ kɛmiiba eŋɔɔ kɛtsɔ “tookwɛlɔ kpakpa” ni ehala, Yesu Kristo nɔ.—Yohane 6:44; 10:11, 14-16.
Te atsuɔ nitsumɔ ni akɛgbalaa mɛi nɛɛ he nii ahaa tɛŋŋ? Afeɔ enɛ kɛtsɔɔ Kristo sɛɛnyiɛlɔi anɔkwafoi ni amɛji Yehowa, anɔkwa Nyɔŋmɔ lɛ odasefoi taakɛ Yesu ji lɛ ashiɛmɔ nitsumɔ lɛ nɔ. Hɛɛ, Yehowa odasefoi Kristofoi lɛ miishiɛ yɛ he fɛɛ he ni abaana gbɔmɛi yɛ. Amɛkɛ yelikɛbuamɔ miiha aŋkroaŋkroi fɛɛ ni shweɔ ni amɛle Nyɔŋmɔ lɛ ni aheee amɛ nɔ ko. Kɛji ofeko nakai momo lɛ, ani obaasumɔ ni ofa onane klɛŋklɛŋ kwraa yɛ gbɛ ni baaha wekukpaa abaka okɛ Tookwɛlɔ Kpeteŋkpele, Yehowa teŋ lɛ nɔ? Ani oosumɔ ni otao Nyɔŋmɔ sɛɛgbɛ kɛtsɔ Yesu Kristo nɔ? Kaimɔ Yesu ŋaawoo lɛ: “Nyɛbia, ni aaahanyɛ; nyɛtaoa, ni nyɛaana; nyɛshia, ni aaagbele ahanyɛ.” Akɛni etsu e-Bi lɛ kɛba shikpɔŋ nɔ yɛ wɔ hewɔ lɛ, Tookwɛlɔ Kpeteŋkpele lɛ etsu klɛŋklɛŋ gbɛ ni hi yɛ ogbɛfaŋ lɛ he nii momo. Kɛji akɛ ohere enɛ nɔ lɛ, obaana, ni etsɛŋ kwraa, akɛ Nyɔŋmɔ susuɔ gbɔmɔ he lɛlɛŋ.—Mateo 7:7; 1 Yohane 4:7-10.
Ani Gbɔmɔ Wɔsɛɛ Be He Hiaa Nyɔŋmɔ
Anɔkwale ni eji ákɛ akɛ shihilɛ mli ni adesa yɔɔ lɛ toɔ kɔɔyɔɔ aloo mumɔ ni amuɔ he lɛ tsɔɔ bɔ ni gbɔmɔ wala yɔɔ kukuoo ha. Shi kɛlɛ, yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, be enyiɛ obaasumɔ ni okɛhi shi kɛji obaahi shi yɛ gbɔmɔtsoŋ hewalɛnamɔ kɛ miishɛɛ mli? Ani ókɛɛ, “Kɛyashi naanɔ”? Ojogbaŋŋ, Yehowa ewo enɛ he shi—naanɔ wala yɛ shikpɔŋ nɔ paradeiso lɛ nɔ. No hewɔ lɛ, yɛ wolo ni bɔfo Paulo ŋma eyaha Tito lɛ mli lɛ, wɔkaneɔ “yɛ naanɔ wala lɛ he nɔhiɛkamɔ lɛ naa, nɔ wala ni Nyɔŋmɔ ni maleee lɛ wo shi eha dani abɔ jeŋ bei lɛ” he. (Tito 1:2) Paulo damɔ shiwoo nɛɛ nɔŋŋ nɔ ekɛ ŋaawoo ha mɛi krokomɛi “ni amɛfee ejurɔ, ni amɛtsɔmɔ niiatsɛmɛi yɛ ejurɔfeemɔi agbɛfaŋ, amɛsumɔ nihamɔ, amɛnine akpɔ, amɛbɔ jwetiri amɛha amɛhe, ni efee shishitoo kpakpa eha be ni baaba lɛ, koni amɛmɔ anɔkwa wala lɛ mli.” Nakai “anɔkwa wala” Iɛ tsaa nɔ kɛyaboteɔ naanɔ wala mli.—1 Timoteo 6:17-19.
Ani Nyɔŋmɔ Buɔ Gbohii Lɛ Ahe Akɔntaa
Obaabi akɛ, ‘Shi, gbohii lɛ hu? Ani amɛhe hiaa Tookwɛlɔ kpeteŋkpele Iɛ?’ Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ amɛhe hiaa! No hewɔ ni bɔfo Paulo “jaje Yesu kɛ shitee lɛ he sanekpakpa lɛ.” (Bɔfoi lɛ Asaji 17:18) Yɛ nɔmimaa mli lɛ, gbohiiashitee lɛ bafeɔ bɔ ni Yehowa susuɔ aŋkro Iɛ he ehaa lɛ he nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ ni jeɔ kpo waa. Mɛni hewɔ eji nakai lɛ? Ejaakɛ etsɔɔ akɛ E-kɛ mɛi ni abaatee amɛshi kɛba wala mli lɛ ateŋ mɔ fɛɛ mɔ gbɔmɔtso su kɛ baŋ kɛ nibii nyɛkɛsiɔɔ kwraa ni kɔɔ amɛhe lɛ eto. Akɛ Jeŋ Muu Fɛɛ Kudɔlɔ ni kudɔɔ ŋwɛi kɛ emli ŋulamii kushai akpekpei toi akpei abɔi lɛ, esheee gbeyei kwraa akɛ eeekai nakai gbɔmɔtso su kɛ baŋ ni mɔ lɛ na lɛ fɛɛ ni ekɛ enɛ awo ansɔ kɛ tsui ni akusɛɛ abɔ mli. Ebɛ naakpɛɛ mɔ akɛ Yesu jaje kɛ nɔmimaa akɛ: “Enɛ akafeenyɛ naakpɛɛ; ejaakɛ ŋmlɛtswaa lɛ miiba, nɔ̃ mli ni mɛi fɛɛ ni yɔɔ gbohiiabui lɛ amli lɛ aaanu [Yesu] egbee ni amɛaaje kpo.”—Yohane 5:28, 29.
Kɛji akɛ ooshwe ni Tookwɛlɔ Kpeteŋkpele, Yehowa, abu ohe akɔntaa kɛtsɔ e-Bi Yesu Kristo nɔ lɛ, kaashashao shi akɛ ooobi Yehowa Odasefoi ni amɛye amɛbua bo. Obaanyɛ obi Biblia mli saji fɛɛ ni gbaa onaa lɛ yɛ bo diɛŋtsɛ oshia ni ona hiɛnɔkamɔ akɛ abaaha bo amɛ hetoo ni jwɛŋmɔ yɔɔ mli. Aloo obaanyɛ oŋma mɛi ni kalaa wolo tɛtrɛɛ nɛɛ ni amɛbaaye amɛbua bo ni omu sane lɛ naa oha bo diɛŋtsɛ ohe akɛ Nyɔŋmɔ buɔ ohe akɔntaa bianɛ kɛ wɔsɛɛ be mli fɛɛ.
[Shishigbɛ niŋmai]
a La afi ji shitooi abɔ ni la kpɛmɔ nyɛɔ efaa gbɛ yɛ afi kome mli, ni efaa gbɛ yɛ shitooi 186,281 yɛ hiŋmɛitswaa kome mli. Enɛ feɔ shitooi 5,878,000,000,000 (km 9,460,000,000,000) , ni ji shitooi abɔ ni la kpɛmɔ nyɛɔ efaa gbɛ yɛ afi mli. Eji anɔkwale akɛ je muu lɛ fɛɛ mli lɛɛ fe nibii fioo ni adesa kɛ ehiŋmɛi folo lɛ naa lɛ.
[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 5]
Ani Nyɔŋmɔ susuɔ wɔhe?
[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 7]
Tookwɛlɔ Kpele lɛ kɛ suɔmɔ kwɛɔ “etooi” lɛ fɛɛ
[Wiemɔ ni akɔ ni akɛmiitsu nii ni yɔɔ baafa 7]
“Yehowa ji mikwɛlɔ, nɔ ko ni ko ehiaŋ mi. Ehaa mibuɔ shi yɛ lɛɛhei ni yɔɔ frɔfrɔ, ewaa mi kɛyaa nui mi he jɔ lɛ ahe. Ehaa mitsui nyɔɔ mimli, ekpalaa mi kɛtsɔɔ jalɛ gbɛi anɔ yɛ egbɛi lɛ ahewɔ. Ni asaŋ kɛ minyiɛ gbele hɔɔŋ jɔɔ lɛŋ lɛ, misheŋ efɔŋ ko gbeyei; ejaakɛ okɛ mi yɛ: etso kɛ odɛhiɛmɔtso lɛ, nomɛi shɛjeɔ mimii.”—Lala 23:1-4.