Yitso Nyɔŋma Kɛ Ejwɛ

Maŋtsɛmɛi Enyɔ Lɛ Tsake Sui

1, 2. (a) Mɛni ha Antiochus IV ba ehe shi eha nibii ni Roma biɔ lɛ? (b) Mɛɛ be Siria batsɔ Roma nɔyelihe?

ASHUR maŋtsɛ Antiochus IV yatutua Mizraim ni ewó ehe enɔ maŋtsɛ. Yɛ nii ni Mizraim Maŋtsɛ Ptolemy VI bi hewɔ lɛ, Roma tsu Bɔfo Caius Popilius Laenas kɛtee Mizraim. Ehiɛ tawuu lɛji babaoo diɛŋtsɛ kɛ fãmɔi ni jɛ Roma Bɛgwafoi lɛ aŋɔɔ akɛ, Antiochus IV akpoo emaŋtsɛyeli yɛ Mizraim nɔ lɛ ní eshi maŋ lɛ mli. Siria maŋtsɛ lɛ kɛ Roma bɔfo lɛ bakpe hiɛ kɛ hiɛ yɛ Eleusis, Alexandria maŋ lɛ fã ko lɛ mli. Antiochus IV bi ni aha lɛ be koni ekɛ eŋaawolɔi ayasusu sane lɛ he, shi Laenas fo liamɔ kutruku kɛbɔle maŋtsɛ lɛ he ni ekɛɛ lɛ akɛ eha lɛ hetoo dani eteke liamɔ ni efo lɛ. Akɛni aba lɛ shi nɛkɛ hewɔ lɛ, Antiochus IV kpɛlɛ Roma nibimɔ lɛ nɔ ni eku esɛɛ kɛtee Siria yɛ afi 168 D.Ŋ.B. Enɛ kɛ naataomɔ ni kã Siria kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ kɛ Mizraim wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ teŋ lɛ ba naagbee.

² Ákɛ mɔ ni miitsu nɔ̃ titri yɛ Boka Teŋgbɛ saji amli lɛ, Roma tee nɔ ekɛ fãmɔi ha Siria. No hewɔ lɛ, eyɛ mli akɛ Seleucus maŋtsɛmɛi aweku lɛ mli bii krokomɛi ye Siria nɔ yɛ Antiochus IV gbele sɛɛ yɛ afi 163 D.Ŋ.B. moŋ, shi amɛyeee nɔ akɛ “kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ.” (Daniel 11:15) Yɛ naagbee lɛ Siria batsɔ Roma nɔyelihe yɛ afi 64 D.Ŋ.B.

3. Mɛɛ be ni te fee tɛŋŋ ni Roma baye Mizraim nɔ lɛ?

³ Mizraim Ptolemy maŋtsɛmɛi awekukpaa lɛ tee nɔ amɛhiɛ gbɛhe akɛ “wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ” lɛ mli kɛteke nɔ ni fe afii 130 sɛɛ fioo yɛ Antiochus IV gbele sɛɛ. (Daniel 11:14) Beni awuɔ Actium ta lɛ, yɛ afi 31 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ, Roma nɔyelɔ Octavian ye Ptolemy naagbee maŋnyɛ​—Cleopatra VII​—lɛ kɛ esuɔlɔ Romanyo Mark Antony tai ni ámɛfee ekome lɛ anɔ kunim. Beni Cleopatra gbe ehe lɛ sɛɛ afi lɛ, Mizraim hu batsɔ Roma nɔyelihe ni etsuuu nii akɛ wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ dɔŋŋ. Beni afi 30 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ shɛɔ lɛ, Roma yeɔ Siria kɛ Mizraim fɛɛ nɔ. Ani esa akɛ agbɛnɛ wɔkpa nɔyelii krokomɛi agbɛ akɛ amɛaatsu nii akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ kɛ wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ?

MAŊTSƐ HEE KO TSU “ONIATSULƆ KO”

4. Mɛni hewɔ esa akɛ wɔkpa gbɛ akɛ nɔyeli gbɛjianɔtoo kroko baaŋɔ hegbɛ ni baaha ayoo lɛ akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ?

⁴ Yɛ afi 33 Ŋ.B. agbiɛnaa be mli lɛ, Yesu Kristo kɛɛ ekaselɔi lɛ akɛ: “Kɛ́ nyɛna amaŋfɔ nihii nii lɛ ni gbalɔ Daniel wie he lɛ akɛ ema he krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ, . . . no lɛ mɛi ni yɔɔ Yudea lɛ ajo foi aya gɔji lɛ anɔ.” (Mateo 24:​15, 16) Yesu kɛ wiemɔ ní etsɛ sɛɛ kɛjɛ Daniel 11:31 lɛ miibɔ esɛɛnyiɛlɔi lɛ kɔkɔ yɛ wɔsɛɛ be mli ‘nihii nii ko ni kɛ amaŋfɔfeemɔ baa’ he. Akɛ gbalɛ nɛɛ ni kɔɔ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ he lɛ ha yɛ Antiochus IV, naagbee Siria maŋtsɛ ni ye nɔ nakai lɛ gbele sɛɛ aaafee afii 195. Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, esa akɛ nɔyeli ko aŋɔ su akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ. Namɔ mɔ nɛɛ baafee?

5. Namɔ badamɔ shi akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ ni ŋɔ gbɛhe ni be ko lɛ Antiochus IV hiɛ lɛ?

⁵ Yehowa Nyɔŋmɔ bɔfo lɛ gba akɛ: “Mɔ ko aaate shi yɛ [Antiochus IV] najiaŋ, mɔ ni aaaha oniatsulɔ ko abatsɔ maŋtsɛyeli lɛ anunyam lɛ mli kɛho; ni gbii fioo sɛɛ lɛ aaakumɔ lɛ, shi jeee mlifu loo ta naa.” (Daniel 11:20) Mɔ ni ‘te shi’ yɛ nɛkɛ gbɛ nɔ lɛ bafee klɛŋklɛŋ Roma maŋtsɛ, Octavian, ni ale lɛ akɛ Kaisare Augusto lɛ.​—Kwɛmɔ “Awo Mɔ Kome Hiɛ Nyam, Abuuu Mɔ Kroko Lɛ,” ni yɔɔ baafa 248 lɛ.

6. (a) Mɛɛ be aha “oniatsulɔ ko” batsɔ “maŋtsɛyeli lɛ anunyam” lɛ mli kɛho lɛ, ni te enɛ he hiaa ha tɛŋŋ? (b) Mɛni hewɔ abaanyɛ akɛɛ akɛ Augusto gbooo yɛ “mlifu loo ta naa” lɛ? (d) Mɛɛ tsakemɔ ba yɛ mɔ ni ji kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ yɔsemɔ mli?

⁶ Nɔ ni fata Augusto “maŋtsɛyeli lɛ anunyam” lɛ he ji “shikpɔŋ fɛfɛo lɛ”​—Roma nɔyelihe ni ji Yudea. (Daniel 11:16) Yɛ afi 2 D.Ŋ.B. mli lɛ, Augusto tsu “oniatsulɔ ko” kɛtsɔ fãmɔ ni ekɛha akɛ ayaŋma gbɛi loo akane mɔ fɛɛ mɔ lɛ nɔ, ekolɛ koni ele gbɔmɛi lɛ ayifalɛ kɛha oniatsumɔ loo asraafoi anitsumɔ. Yɛ akpɔ ni awo nɛɛ hewɔ lɛ, Yosef kɛ Maria fã gbɛ kɛtee Betlehem kɛha kanemɔ nɛɛ, ni nɔ ni jɛ mli ba ji Yesu fɔmɔ yɛ he ni agba akɛ ebaaba yɛ lɛ. (Mika 5:1; Mateo 2:​1-12) Yɛ August 14 Ŋ.B.​—‘yɛ gbii fioo mli,’ aloo yɛ akpɔ ni ewo akɛ akane gbɔmɛi lɛ sɛɛ be fioo lɛ​—Augusto gbo beni eye afii 76, jeee yɛ “mlifu” naa yɛ mɔ ko ni ju shi gbe lɛ hewɔ loo “ta naa,” shi yɛ hela hewɔ. Kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ su etsake lɛɛlɛŋ! Maŋtsɛ nɛɛ ebatsɔ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli ni emaŋtsɛmɛi lɛ yeɔ nɔ lɛ agbɛnɛ.

‘MƆ KO NI ABUUU LƐ TE SHI’

7, 8. (a) Namɔ badamɔ Augusto gbɛhe akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ? (b) Mɛni hewɔ akɛ “maŋtsɛyeli anunyam” lɛ ha Kaisare Augusto sɛɛyelɔ lɛ ni jeee yɛ suɔmɔnaa lɛ?

⁷ Beni eyaa nɔ kɛ gbalɛ lɛ, ŋwɛibɔfo lɛ kɛɛ: “Ni mɔ ko ni abuuu aaate shi yɛ [Augusto] najiaŋ, ni kulɛ amɛkɛ maŋtsɛyeli anunyam lɛ haŋ lɛ; shi eeeba beni amɛleee amɛhe be, ni ekɛ naadɔkɔmɔ aaashɔ̃ maŋtsɛyeli lɛ. Ni ta ni tamɔ nu babaoo lɛ, akɛ ta ni tamɔ nu babaoo aaaloo amɛ kɛaatee yɛ ehiɛ, ni aaakumɔ amɛ, kɛ kpaŋmɔ lɛ lumɔ lɛ fɛɛ.”​—Daniel 11:​21, 22.

⁸ “Mɔ ko ni abuuu” lɛ ji Kaisare Tiberio, Augusto ŋa ni ji etɛ, Livia, binuu lɛ. (Kwɛmɔ “Awo Mɔ Kome Hiɛ Nyam, Abuuu Mɔ Kroko Lɛ,” ni yɔɔ baafa 248 lɛ.) Augusto sumɔɔɔ eŋa lɛ binuu nɛɛ sane yɛ esubaŋi gbohii lɛ ahewɔ, ni esumɔɔɔ ni ebatsɔ Kaisare ni baanyiɛ sɛɛ aba. Akɛ “maŋtsɛyeli anunyam” lɛ ha lɛ yɛ mligbigbilimɔ mli beni mɛi ni baanyɛ afee sɛɛyelɔi lɛ fɛɛ egboi lɛ. Augusto kɛ Tiberio fee ebi yɛ afi 4 Ŋ.B., ni efee lɛ maŋtsɛsɛi lɛ yelɔ. Yɛ Augusto gbele sɛɛ lɛ, Tiberio ni eye afii 54​—mɔ ko ni abuuu lɛ​—‘te shi,’ ni eŋɔ hewalɛ lɛ akɛ Roma maŋtsɛ kɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ.

9. Te fee tɛŋŋ ni Tiberio ‘kɛ naadɔkɔmɔ shɔ̃ maŋtsɛyeli lɛ’?

⁹ The New Encyclopædia Britannica lɛ kɛɔ akɛ: “Tiberio kɛ ŋaa kudɔ Gwabɔɔ lɛ ni eŋmɛɛɛ amɛ gbɛ ni amɛtsɛ lɛ maŋtsɛ aahu aaafee nyɔɔŋ kome [yɛ Augusto gbele sɛɛ].” Ekɛɛ Gwabɔɔ lɛ akɛ Augusto pɛ baanyɛ atere Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ nɔkwɛmɔ he jatsu lɛ, shi jeee mɔ ko mɔ ko, ni ebi ni bɛgwafoi lɛ ato kwasafo nɔyeli lɛ amɛma shi ekoŋŋ kɛtsɔ hegbɛ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ ni amɛkɛaawo gbɔmɛi akuu ko dɛŋ moŋ fe ni amɛkɛaawo mɔ kome dɛŋ lɛ nɔ. Yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Will Durant ŋma akɛ: “Akɛni amɛnáaa ekãa ni amɛkɛaakpɛlɛ ewiemɔ lɛ nɔ hewɔ lɛ, Gwabɔɔ lɛ kɛ bulɛ kotokotoo shi amɛha lɛ kɛyashi yɛ naagbee lɛ ekpɛlɛ hewalɛ lɛ nɔ.” Durant kɛfata he akɛ: “Fãi enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ shwɛ shwɛmɔ lɛ jogbaŋŋ. Tiberio miisumɔ kwasafo nɔyeli lɛ, loo kulɛ ebaana gbɛ ko ni eeetsɔ nɔ ejo naa foi; Gwabɔɔ lɛ sheɔ lɛ gbeyei ni amɛsumɔɔɔ esane, shi amɛgbala amɛhe shi kɛjɛ kwasafo nɔyeli ni tamɔ tsutsu nɔ lɛ, ni gwabɔɔ lɛ damɔ naabu folo nɔ lɛ ni amɛaato amɛma shi lɛ he.” No hewɔ lɛ Tiberio ‘kɛ naadɔkɔmɔ shɔ̃ maŋtsɛyeli lɛ.’

10. Te fee tɛŋŋ ni ‘akumɔ ta ni tamɔ nu babaoo lɛ’?

¹⁰ Yɛ “ta ni tamɔ nu babaoo”​—maŋtsɛyelii ni ebɔle amɛ lɛ atai​—lɛ ahe lɛ, ŋwɛibɔfo lɛ kɛɛ: ‘Abaaloo amɛ kɛaatee tamɔ nu, ni abaakumɔ amɛ.’ Beni Tiberio batsɔ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ, ewɔfase Germanicus Caesar ji Roma asraafoi ni yɔɔ Rhine Faa lɛ nɔ lɛ atatsɛ. Yɛ afi 15 Ŋ.B. lɛ, Germanicus nyiɛ etai lɛ ahiɛ kɛyatutua Germanynyo Arminius ni ehe gbɛi lɛ, ni eye omanye ko. Shi kɛlɛ, kunim fioo ni aye lɛ ha alaaje nibii babaoo, ni yɛ no sɛɛ lɛ Tiberio fo Germany ní eeeyatutua lɛ mli. Yɛ no najiaŋ lɛ, etsɔ maŋ teŋ tai anɔ etsĩ Germany akutsei lɛ agbɛ koni amɛkafee ekome. Tiberio sumɔɔ maŋ nifeemɔ ni akɛfãa maŋ he, ni ekɛ ehiɛ ma ehusui lɛ awajemɔ nɔ. Maŋ hefamɔ nifeemɔ nɛɛ ye omanye kɛyashi he ko. Etsɔ gbɛ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ nɔ ekudɔ ‘ta ni tamɔ nu babaoo lɛ’ ni ‘akumɔ lɛ.’

11. Te fee tɛŋŋ ni ‘akumɔ kpaŋmɔ lɛ Lumɔ lɛ’?

¹¹ ‘Akumɔ’ “kpaŋmɔ” ni Yehowa Nyɔŋmɔ kɛ Abraham efee kɛha shikpɔŋ nɔ wekui fɛɛ ajɔɔmɔ lɛ “lumɔ lɛ” hu. Yesu Kristo ji Abraham Seshi ni awo shi yɛ ehe yɛ nakai kpaŋmɔ lɛ mli lɛ. (1 Mose 22:18; Galatabii 3:16) Yesu damɔ shi yɛ Pontio Pilato hiɛ yɛ Roma amralo lɛ maŋtsɛwe ni yɔɔ Yerusalem lɛ yɛ Nisan 14, afi 33 Ŋ.B. Yudafoi osɔfoi lɛ efolɔ Yesu naa akɛ ewie maŋjwaa wiemɔ kɛshi maŋtsɛ lɛ. Shi Yesu kɛɛ Pilato akɛ: “Mimaŋtsɛyeli lɛ jɛɛɛ je nɛŋ; . . . mimaŋtsɛyeli lɛ jɛɛɛ biɛ.” Bɔni afee ni Roma amralo lɛ akaŋmɛɛ Yesu ni yeee fɔ lɛ he lɛ, Yudafoi lɛ bolɔ akɛ: “Kɛji oŋmɛɛ mɔnɛ he lɛ, ojeee Kaisare shieŋtsɛ; mɔ fɛɛ mɔ ni feɔ ehe maŋtsɛ lɛ, ete shi ewo Kaisare.” Beni amɛbi ni agbe Yesu lɛ sɛɛ lɛ, amɛkɛɛ akɛ: “Wɔbɛ maŋtsɛ ko akɛ ja Kaisare.” Taakɛ mla ni kɔɔ ‘maŋtsɛ ni afee lɛ efɔŋ’ lɛ he, ni Tiberio elɛɛ mli koni ekɔ jɛmɔ fɛɛ jɛmɔ ni aaajɛ Kaisare he lɛ ji hewɔ lɛ, Pilato kɛ Yesu ha koni ‘akumɔ lɛ,’ loo asɛŋ lɛ yɛ piŋmɔ tso nɔ.​—Yohane 18:36; 19:​12-​16; Marko 15:​14-​20.

YIWALƆ KO ‘TO EYIŊ ŊAAI AHE GBƐJIANƆ’

12. (a) Namɛi kɛ amɛhe yabɔ Tiberio he lɛ? (b) Te fee tɛŋŋ ni Tiberio ‘he bawa kɛtsɔ asafo bibioo’ ko nɔ lɛ?

¹² Beni egbaa yɛ Tiberio he lolo lɛ, ŋwɛibɔfo lɛ kɛɛ: “Shi kɛ ekɛ lɛ kpaŋ sɛɛ lɛ, eeeye kutumpɔo, ni eeeje kpo kɛ asafo bibioo, ni eeeye kunim.” (Daniel 11:23) Roma Gwabɔɔ lɛ mli bii lɛ kɛ Tiberio ‘ekpaŋ’ yɛ maŋnɔkwɛmɔ he gbɛjianɔtoo naa, ni ekɛ ehiɛ fɔɔ amɛnɔ. Shi kutumpɔfo ni, ‘eye kunim kɛtsɔ asafo bibioo’ ko nɔ. Nakai asafo bibioo lɛ ji Roma Maŋtsɛ lɛ Asraafoi ni bɔ nsara yɛ he ni bɛŋkɛ Roma gbogboi lɛ. Bɔ ni amɛbɛŋkɛ lɛ ha lɛ wo Gwabɔɔ lɛ he gbeyei ni eye ebua Tiberio koni ekũ atua fɛɛ atua ni maŋ bii lɛ aaatse ashi enɔyeli lɛ naa. No hewɔ lɛ, Tiberio tsɔ asraafoi 10,000 lɛ anɔ ehi shi akɛ mɔ ni he wa.

13. Tiberio teke eniimɛi lɛ yɛ mɛɛ gbɛ nɔ?

¹³ Ŋwɛibɔfo lɛ kɛfata he yɛ gbalɛ naa akɛ: “Eeeba shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ he ni ewo fɔ fe fɛɛ lɛ beni amɛleee amɛhe be, ni eeebafee nɔ ni etsɛmɛi loo eniimɛi efeko dã; eeegbɛ nomŋɔɔ nii lɛ kɛ haa nii lɛ kɛ nii babaoo lɛ eshwã amɛteŋ, ni eeeshwie eyiŋ ŋaai yɛ mɔji lɛ ahewɔ kɛyashi be fioo.” (Daniel 11:24) Tiberio heee mɔ eyeee kwraa, ni gbɔmɛi agbee he fãmɔi eyi enɔyeli lɛ mli obɔ. Yɛ hewalɛ ni Sejanus ni ji Maŋtsɛ lɛ Asraafoi lɛ anɔyelɔ lɛ náa yɛ enɔ hewɔ lɛ, gbeyei kɛ ŋmiŋmi kadi enɔyeli lɛ naagbee fã lɛ. Yɛ naagbee lɛ, Sejanus diɛŋtsɛ bafee mɔ ni aná ehe jwɛŋmɔ fɔŋ ni eha agbe lɛ. Tiberio teke eniimɛi lɛ yɛ yiwaa ni ekɛbaa gbɔmɛi anɔ lɛ mli.

14. (a) Mɛɛ gbɛ nɔ Tiberio tsɔ̃ egbɛ “nomŋɔɔ nii lɛ kɛ haa nii” eshwã Roma nɔyelihei lɛ fɛɛ mli? (b) Te abuɔ Tiberio ahaa tɛŋŋ yɛ egbele be mli?

¹⁴ Shi Tiberio gbɛ “nomŋɔɔ nii lɛ kɛ haa nii lɛ kɛ nii babaoo lɛ eshwã” Roma nɔyelihei lɛ fɛɛ mli. Beni egbele be shɛɔ lɛ, no mli lɛ mɛi ni eyeɔ amɛnɔ lɛ fɛɛ ená nii. Too ni awoɔ faaa, ni ebaanyɛ eye ebua mɛi ni yɔɔ hei ni kɛ shihilɛ ni mli wa kpeɔ lɛ. Kɛji akɛ asraafoi loo onukpai komɛi wa mɔ ko yi loo amɛfee nibii ni ejaaa yɛ saji ahe nitsumɔ mli lɛ, amɛbaakpa maŋtsɛ lɛ oweletɔɔ gbɛ. Bɔ ni ehiɛ nɔyeli hewalɛ mli kpɛŋŋ lɛ ha maŋ bii lɛ fee shweshweeshwe, ni shãramɔ he gbɛjianɔ ni yaa hiɛ ni ato lɛ ye ebua jarayeli. Tiberio kwɛ koni ato saji ahe gbɛjianɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ yɛ gbɛ ni hiɛaŋkwɛmɔ bɛ mli nɔ yɛ Roma mli kɛ esɛɛ fɛɛ. Aha mlai lɛ fee nɔ ni hi, ni aha kwasafo kɛ jeŋba he mlai tee hiɛ kɛtsɔ tsakemɔi ni Kaisare Augusto to he gbɛjianɔ ni atsu he nii lɛ nɔ. Ni kɛlɛ, Tiberio ‘to eyiŋ ŋaai lɛ ahe gbɛjianɔ,’ ni enɛ ha Roma yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Tacitus tsɔɔ bɔ ni eji akɛ nuu osatofo, ni he esa yɛ shishiumɔ mli. Beni egbo yɛ March afi 37 Ŋ.B. lɛ, no mli lɛ abuɔ Tiberio akɛ yiwalɔ.

15. Te Roma tee nɔ eha tɛŋŋ yɛ Ŋ.B. klɛŋklɛŋ afii oha lɛ naagbee kɛ afii ohai enyɔ lɛ shishijee mli?

¹⁵ Mɛi ni fata Tiberio sɛɛyelɔi ni baná gbɛhe akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ ahe ji Gaius Caesar (Caligula), Claudius I, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, kɛ Hadrian. The New Encyclopædia Britannica lɛ kɛɔ akɛ: “Mɛi ni baye Augusto sɛɛ lɛ ateŋ mɛi pii tsa emaŋnɔkwɛmɔ mlai kɛ tsumaa he gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ nɔ, eyɛ mli akɛ amɛkɛ nɔ ko hee ko kɛ feemɔ kɛ tsɔɔmɔ fataaa he tsɔ̃.” Nɛkɛ wolo nɛɛ nɔŋŋ tsɔɔ mli lolo akɛ: “Roma hiɛ ba nyam waa ni emli gbɔmɛi lɛ ayi fa diɛŋtsɛ yɛ klɛŋklɛŋ afii oha lɛ naagbee kɛ afii ohai 2 lɛ shishijee mli.” Eyɛ mli akɛ Roma yɛ naagba ko yɛ emaŋtsɛyeli lɛ husui anaa yɛ nɛkɛ be nɛɛ mli moŋ, shi eklɛŋklɛŋ béi ni agba afɔ̃ shi yɛ ekɛ wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ teŋ lɛ baaa nɔ aahu kɛbashi afii ohai etɛ yɛ Ŋ.B. lɛ mli.

ETE SHI EWO WUOYIGBƐ MAŊTSƐ LƐ

16, 17. (a) Namɔ batsu nii akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ ni awie ehe yɛ Daniel 11:25 lɛ? (b) Namɔ baje wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ gbɛhe mli, ni enɛ ba yɛ mɛɛ gbɛ nɔ?

¹⁶ Nyɔŋmɔ bɔfo lɛ tee nɔ kɛ gbalɛ lɛ akɛ: “Ni [kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ] kɛ ta babaoo aaatee ehewalɛ kɛ enuufeemɔ lɛ shi ewo wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ, ni wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ aaafã ta kɛ ta babaoo ni he wa naakpa diɛŋtsɛ; shi [kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ] damɔŋ shi, ejaakɛ amɛaatsɔ̃ ehe ŋaa; ni mɛi ni yeɔ eŋmãa lɛ tete aaakpata ehiɛ, ni eta lɛ aaaho tamɔ nu babaoo, ni mɛi pii aaanyɔnyɔi.”​—Daniel 11:​25, 26.

¹⁷ Beni Octavian fee Mizraim Roma nɔyelihe lɛ sɛɛ aaafee afii 300 lɛ, Roma Maŋtsɛ Aurelian baŋɔ hegbɛ lɛ akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ. Beni enɛ yaa nɔ lɛ, Maŋnyɛ Septimia Zenobia, ni jɛ Roma shihemɔ maŋ ni ji Palmyra lɛ baŋɔ gbɛhe ni ji wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ.a (Kwɛmɔ “Zenobia​—Palmyra Maŋnyɛ Tabilɔ Lɛ,” yɛ baafa 252.) Palmyra asraafoi lɛ bahe shi yɛ Mizraim yɛ afi 269 D.Ŋ.B., kɛ yiŋtoo akɛ amɛbaaha efee shweshweeshwe kɛha Roma. Zenobia miisumɔ ni efee Palmyra maŋtiase titri ni yɔɔ bokagbɛ, ni eesumɔ ni eye Roma nɔyelihei ni yɔɔ bokagbɛ lɛ anɔ. Akɛni ehiɛnyam taomɔ lɛ fã Aurelian tsui hewɔ lɛ, etée “ehewalɛ kɛ enuufeemɔ lɛ shi” koni eyatutua Zenobia.

18. Mɛni jɛ ta ni bakã Maŋtsɛ Aurelian, kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ, kɛ Maŋnyɛ Zenobia, wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ teŋ lɛ mli ba?

¹⁸ Ákɛ nɔyeli ni yɔɔ shihilɛ mli ni Zenobia yeɔ nɔ lɛ, wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ ‘kanya ehe’ kɛha ta ni ebaafã eshi kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ “kɛ ta babaoo ni he wa naakpa diɛŋtsɛ” yɛ etatsɛmɛi enyɔ, Zabdas, kɛ Zabbai shishi. Shi Aurelian ye Mizraim nɔ kunim, ni efã ta kɛbote Asia Bibioo lɛ kɛ Siria. Aye Zenobia nɔ kunim yɛ Emesa (amrɔ nɛɛ Homs), ni ejo foi kɛtee Palmyra. Beni Aurelian wo nakai maŋtiase lɛ he ka lɛ, Zenobia kɛ ekãa fã he shi eyeee omanye. Lɛ kɛ ebinuu jo foi kɛmiiya Persia, shi Romabii lɛ mɔ̃ lɛ yɛ Eufrate Faa lɛ naa. Palmyrabii lɛ ŋmɛɛ amɛmaŋtiase lɛ he amɛha yɛ afi 272 Ŋ.B. Aurelian egbeee Zenobia, shi efee lɛ ekunimyeli lɛ mli juromɔ nɔ̃ ni sa kwɛmɔ yɛ ekunimyeli shifoo kɛtsɔ Roma yɛ afi 274 Ŋ.B. lɛ mli. Ehi shi akɛ Roma yoo nukpa yɛ ewala be ni eshwɛ lɛ mli.

19. Te fee tɛŋŋ ni Aurelian gbee shi ‘yɛ ŋaa ni atsɔ̃ ashi lɛ lɛ hewɔ’?

¹⁹ Aurelian diɛŋtsɛ ‘damɔɔɔ shi yɛ ŋaa ni atsɔ ashi lɛ’ lɛ hewɔ. Efã ta yɛ afi 275 Ŋ.B eshi Persiabii lɛ. Beni emɛɔ yɛ Thrace koni ená hegbɛ ni baaha efo ŋshɔ gbɛ lɛ kɛya Asia Bibioo lɛ, mɛi ni ‘ye eniyenii lɛ’ tsɔ ŋaai amɛshi lɛ ni ‘amɛkpata ehiɛ.’ Eeya koni eyagbala ewoloŋmalɔ Eros toi yɛ nibii komɛi ni ejaaa ni efee hewɔ. Shi Eros kɛ amale ŋmala onukpai komɛi agbɛi akɛ akadi amɛ akɛ abaagbe amɛ. Gbɛi ni onukpai lɛ na lɛ ha amɛkpaŋ shi ni amɛaaju amɛgbe Aurelian ni amɛgbe lɛ.

20. Te fee tɛŋŋ ni akɛ “nu babaoo” ha kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ “ta babaoo” lɛ nɔ lɛ?

²⁰ Maŋtsɛ Aurelian gbele lɛ kɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ nitsumɔ lɛ baaa naagbee. Roma nɔyelɔi krokomɛi nyiɛ sɛɛ ba. Be ko shɛ ni anaigbɛ yɛ maŋtsɛ ni bokagbɛ hu yɛ eko. Afã ta kɛ ta babaoo ni “he wa naakpa diɛŋtsɛ” tamɔ nu afua ‘kɛhà’ loo ‘kɛgbɛ’ “ta” ni yɔɔ hii nɛɛ ashishi lɛ ‘ashwã,’b ‘ni mɛi pii nyɔnyɔi’ yɛ tutuamɔi ni Germany akutsei ni jɛ kooyigbɛ lɛ kɛba lɛ hewɔ. Gothbii fã ta kɛtsɔ Roma kpokpai lɛ anɔ yɛ afii ohai ejwɛ Ŋ.B. lɛ mli. Tutuamɔi kɛ ta nɛɛ tee nɔ ni eko nyiɛ eko sɛɛ. Yɛ afi 476 Ŋ.B. lɛ, Germany hiɛnyiɛlɔ Odoacer kpa naagbee maŋtsɛ ni yeɔ nɔ kɛjɛɔ Roma lɛ. Beni afii ohai ekpaa lɛ jeɔ shishi lɛ, no mli lɛ ákumɔ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli ni yɔɔ anaigbɛ lɛ, ni Germany maŋtsɛmɛi ye nɔ yɛ Britania, Gaul, Italy, North Africa, kɛ Spain. Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ fã ni yɔɔ bokagbɛ lɛ hi shi kɛbashi afii ohai 15 lɛ mli.

AJA MAŊTSƐYELI WULU KO MLI

21, 22. Mɛɛ tsakemɔi Konstantino kɛba yɛ afii ohai ejwɛ Ŋ.B. lɛ mli?

²¹ Beni Yehowa bɔfo lɛ kɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ ni hi shi afii ohai abɔ lɛ jwaramɔ lɛ mlitsɔɔmɔ fitsofitso ni he ehiaaa haaa lɛ, etee nɔ egba kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ kɛ wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ ekãa nifeemɔi lolo he saji efɔ̃ shi. Shi kɛlɛ, nibii komɛi ni tee nɔ yɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli lɛ amlitii kuku baaye abua wɔ ni wɔyoo maŋtsɛmɛi enyɔ ni kɛ amɛhe shiɔ akaŋ lɛ yɛ sɛɛ mli bei lɛ amli.

²² Yɛ afii ohai ejwɛ lɛ mli lɛ, Roma Maŋtsɛ Konstantino ha Nɔyeli lɛ kpɛlɛ Kristojamɔ ni ekwa hemɔkɛyeli lɛ nɔ. Etsɛ koni afee sɔlemɔ gwabɔɔ yɛ Nicaea, yɛ Asia Bibioo lɛ, yɛ afi 325 Ŋ.B., ni lɛ diɛŋtsɛ ji mɔ ni fee esɛinɔtalɔ. Yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ, Konstantino jie emaŋtsɛwe kɛ eshihilɛhe lɛ kɛjɛ Roma kɛtee Byzantium, loo Constantinople, ni efee nakai maŋtiase lɛ emaŋtiase hee. Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ tee nɔ yɛ maŋtsɛ kome nɔyeli shishi kɛyashi Maŋtsɛ Theodosius I gbele, yɛ January 17, afi 395 Ŋ.B.

23. (a) Mɛɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ mlijaa tee nɔ yɛ Theodosius gbele sɛɛ? (b) Mɛɛ be Kooyigbɛ Maŋtsɛyeli ba naagbee lɛ? (d) Namɔ ye Mizraim nɔ beni afi 1517 shɛɔ?

²³ Yɛ Theodosius gbele sɛɛ lɛ, aja Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli aha ebihii lɛ. Honorius nine shɛ anaigbɛ fã lɛ nɔ, ni Arcadius nine shɛ bokagbɛ fã lɛ nɔ, kɛ Constantinople akɛ emaŋtiase. Britania, Gaul, Italy, Spain, kɛ North Africa fata anaigbɛ fã lɛ nɔyelihei lɛ ahe. Makedonia, Thrace, Asia Bibioo, Siria, kɛ Mizraim ji bokagbɛ fã lɛ nɔyelihei. Mizraim maŋtiase ni ji Alexandria gbee shi yɛ Saracenbii (ni ji Arabiabii) lɛ ahiɛ, ni Mizraim batsɔ Muhammad sɛɛnyiɛlɔi lɛ anɔyelihe yɛ afi 642 Ŋ.B. Constantine XI batsɔ bokagbɛ naagbee maŋtsɛ yɛ January mli yɛ afi 1449. Ottoman Turkeybii ni yɔɔ Sultan (klamɔfoi amaŋtsɛ) Mehmed II shishi lɛ ye Constantinople nɔ kunim yɛ May 29, afi 1453, ni enɛ kɛ Bokagbɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ ba naagbee. Mizraim batsɔ Turkeybii anɔyelihe yɛ afi 1517. Shi beni be shwieɔ mli lɛ, blema wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ shikpɔŋ nɛɛ baaba abaje maŋtsɛyeli kroko ni jɛ anaigbɛ fã lɛ mli lɛ kudɔmɔ shishi.

24, 25. (a) Taakɛ yinɔsaneŋmalɔi tsɔɔ lɛ, mɛni kadi Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ shishijee? (b) Yɛ naagbee lɛ mɛni ba Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ sablã ni ji “maŋtsɛ” lɛ nɔ?

²⁴ Nɔ ni te shi kɛjɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ fã ni yɔɔ anaigbɛ lɛ mli ba ji Katolik osɔfonukpa ni jɛ Roma lɛ, titri lɛ Paapa Leo I, ni ale lɛ akɛ eha paapa nɔyeli hewalɛ lɛ hé shi yɛ afii ohai enumɔ Ŋ.B. lɛ. Beni be hoɔ lɛ, paapa lɛ kɛ ekãa kɔ-fɔ̃ enɔ akɛ lɛ ekɛ maŋtsɛ fai baabu anaigbɛ fã lɛ nɔ maŋtsɛ lɛ. Enɛ ba mli yɛ Roma yɛ Blonya gbi lɛ nɔ yɛ afi 800 Ŋ.B., beni Paapa Leo III kɛ maŋtsɛ fai bu Franknyo Maŋtsɛ Charles (Charlemagne) akɛ Roma Anaigbɛ Maŋtsɛyeli hee lɛ nɔ maŋtsɛ lɛ. Nɛkɛ maŋtsɛwomɔ nɛɛ tée maŋtsɛ ni ayeɔ yɛ Roma lɛ shi ema shi ekoŋŋ, ni taakɛ yinɔsaneŋmalɔi komɛi kɛɔ lɛ, ekadi Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ shishijee. Kɛjɛ no beaŋ kɛyaa lɛ, Bokagbɛ Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ kɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ ni yɔɔ anaigbɛ lɛ hi shi, ni fɛɛ kɛɔ akɛ Kristofoi ji amɛ.

²⁵ Beni be hoɔ lɛ, Charlemagne sɛɛyelɔi lɛ bafee nɔyelɔi ni nyɛɛɛ nɔ ko afee. Maŋtsɛ gbɛhe lɛ po bakã shi efolo yɛ be ko mli. Beni enɛ yaa nɔ lɛ, no mli lɛ Germany Maŋtsɛ Otto I ebaye Italy kooyigbɛ kɛ eteŋgbɛ shikpɔŋ lɛ babaoo nɔ. Lɛ diɛŋtsɛ ewó ehe Italy maŋtsɛ. Yɛ February 2, afi 962 Ŋ.B. lɛ, Paapa John XII wó Otto I Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ nɔ maŋtsɛ. Emaŋtiase yɛ Germany, ni maŋtsɛmɛi lɛ ji Germanybii, taakɛ amɛshishibii babaoo ji lɛ. Afii ohai enumɔ sɛɛ lɛ, Austria Hapsburg shĩa lɛ nine shɛ sablã ni ji “maŋtsɛ” nɔ, ni amɛhiɛ enɛ mli aahu yɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ afii ni shwɛ lɛ mli nɔ ni fa titri mli.

ABAYOO MAŊTSƐMƐI ENYƆ LƐ FAŊŊ EKOŊŊ

26. (a) Mɛni abaanyɛ awie yɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ naagbee he? (b) Namɔ fã kpo akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ?

²⁶ Napoléon I tswa Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ gbele nɔ̃, beni ekpoo akɛ eeekpɛlɛ shihilɛ mli ni eyɔɔ lɛ nɔ yɛ ekunimii ni eye yɛ Germany yɛ afi 1805 mli lɛ sɛɛ lɛ. Akɛni enyɛɛɛ efã maŋtsɛ fai lɛ he hewɔ lɛ, Maŋtsɛ Francis II ŋmɛɛ gbɛhe ni eyɔɔ yɛ Roma maŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli lɛ he yɛ August 6, 1806, ni ekpale kɛtee emaŋ nɔyeli akɛ Austria maŋtsɛ lɛ he. Yɛ afii 1,006 sɛɛ lɛ, Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ​—ní Leo III, Roma Katolik paapa, kɛ Charlemagne, maŋtsɛ Franknyo lɛ to lɛ—ba naagbee. Roma batsɔ Italy maŋtsɛyeli lɛ maŋtiase ní eye ehe kɛjɛ Vatican hewalɛ shishi yɛ afi 1870. Yɛ no sɛɛ afi lɛ, Germany maŋtsɛyeli ko je shishi, ni awo Wilhelm I gbɛi akɛ kaisare, loo kaiser. Nɛkɛ ji bɔ ni ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ—Germany—fee ejie ehe kpo yɛ je lɛ mli.

27. (a) Te fee tɛŋŋ ni Mizraim batsɔ maŋ ni Britania buɔ ehe? (b) Namɔ baje gbɛhe mli akɛ wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ?

²⁷ Shi mɛni akɛyɔseɔ ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ? Yinɔsane tsɔɔ akɛ Britania ŋɔ nɔyeli hewalɛ yɛ afii ohai 17 lɛ mli. Akɛni Napoléon I miisumɔ ni efite Britania jarayeli gbɛ̀i lɛ hewɔ lɛ, eye Mizraim nɔ kunim yɛ afi 1798 mli. Ta te shi, ni Britania-Ottoman ekomefeemɔ lɛ nyɛ France nɔ ni egbala ehe shi kɛjɛ Mizraim ní ale lɛ akɛ wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ yɛ ta lɛ shishijee mli lɛ. Hewalɛ ni Britania ná yɛ Mizraim nɔ lɛ tee hiɛ yɛ afii oha ni nyiɛ sɛɛ ba lɛ mli. Yɛ afi 1882 sɛɛ lɛ, Mizraim batsɔ mɔ ni kɛ ehiɛ fɔ̃ɔ Britania nɔ diɛŋtsɛ. Beni Jeŋ Ta I fɛ yɛ afi 1914 lɛ, no mli lɛ Mizraim ebatsɔ Turkey nii, ni Turkey amralo ji mɔ ni yeɔ nɔ. Shi beni Turkey kɛ ehe yabɔ Germany he yɛ nakai ta lɛ mli lɛ sɛɛ lɛ, Britania kpa amralo lɛ ni ejaje akɛ Mizraim ebatsɔ nɔyeli ni Britania buɔ ehe. Akɛni fiofio lɛ Britania kɛ United States of America kɛ amɛhe fee tsakpaa ni bɛŋkɛ kpaakpa hewɔ lɛ, amɛbatsɔ Anglo-Amerika Jeŋ Hewalɛ lɛ. Amɛ fɛɛ amɛbaje wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ gbɛhe lɛ mli kutuu.

[Shishigbɛ niŋmai]

MƐNI OYƆSE?

• Mɛɛ Roma maŋtsɛ badamɔ shi klɛŋklɛŋ akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ, ni mɛɛ be mli ni etsu “oniatsulɔ ko” lɛ?

• Namɔ baŋɔ gbɛhe akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ yɛ Augusto sɛɛ, ni te fee tɛŋŋ ni ‘akumɔ kpaŋmɔ lɛ Lumɔ’ lɛ?

• Mɛni jɛ ta ni baka Aurelian akɛ kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ kɛ Zenobia akɛ wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ teŋ lɛ mli ba?

• Mɛni ba Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ nɔ, ni mɛɛ hewalɛi baje maŋtsɛmɛi enyɔ lɛ agbɛhei amli yɛ afii ohai 19 lɛ naagbee?

[Akrabatsa/Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 248-251]

AWO MAŊTSƐ KOME HIƐ NYAM, ABUUU MƆ KROKO LƐ

MƆ KOME tsake maŋtsɛyeli ni basabasafeemɔ eyi mli obɔ lɛ efee lɛ jeŋ maŋtsɛyeli. Mɔ kroko lɛ ha enifalɛ ku bɔ he shii nyɔŋmai enyɔ yɛ afii 23 mli. Awo mɔ kome hiɛ nyam beni egbo lɛ, shi abuuu mɔ kroko lɛ. Yesu shihilɛ kɛ esɔɔmɔ nitsumɔ lɛ tee nɔ yɛ Roma maŋtsɛmɛi enyɔ nɛɛ anɔyeli be mli. Namɛi ni? Ni mɛni hewɔ awo mɔ kome hiɛ nyam, yɛ be mli ni afeee mɔ kroko lɛ nakai lɛ?

‘EBANA ROMA ŊTAYAA NI ESHI LƐ AKƐ MARMARATƐ’

Yɛ afi 44 D.Ŋ.B., beni aju shi agbe Julius Caesar lɛ, no mli lɛ enyɛmi yoo nabi Gaius Octavian eye afii 18 pɛ. Akɛni Julius Caesar eŋɔ lɛ efee ebi kɛ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ esɛɛyelɔ titri hewɔ lɛ, oblanyo fioo Octavian fã kɛtee Roma amrɔ nɔŋŋ koni eyaŋɔ egboshinii lɛ. Ekɛ shitee-kɛ-wolɔ ni he yɔɔ gbeyei waa kpe yɛ jɛmɛ​—Caesar yelikɛbualɔ nukpa, Mark Antony, ni kpá gbɛ akɛ lɛ ebaafee gboshiniyelɔ titri lɛ. Maŋkwramɔŋ ŋaatsɔɔ ni tee nɔ yɛ teemɔŋ kɛ hewalɛ he mpleshii ni nyiɛ sɛɛ ba lɛ tee nɔ afii 13 sɔŋŋ.

Beni enyɛ eye Mizraim Maŋnyɛ Cleopatra kɛ esuɔlɔ Mark Antony tai ni efee ekome lɛ anɔ kunim (yɛ afi 31 D.Ŋ.B.) lɛ dani Octavian je kpo akɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ nɔ maŋtsɛ ni ŋwanejee ko bɛ he. Antony kɛ Cleopatra gbe amɛhe yɛ afi ni nyiɛ sɛɛ ba lɛ mli, ni Octavian ŋɔ Mizraim efata emaŋtsɛyeli lɛ he. Nɛkɛ gbɛ nɔ atsɔ ajie Hela Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ he naagbee nibii ni eshwɛ lɛ kɛtee, ni Roma batsɔ jeŋ hewalɛ.

Akɛni ekaiɔ akɛ Julius Caesar yiwalɛ ni ekɛye nɔ lɛ ha aju shi agbe lɛ hewɔ lɛ, Octavian kwɛ jogbaŋŋ koni ekatĩ tɔ̃mɔ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ mli. Bɔni afee ni ekawo Romabii ni sumɔɔ kwasafo nɔyeli lɛ amlifu hewɔ lɛ, etsake emaŋtsɛyeli lɛ hiɛ ni eha etsɔ tamɔ kwasafo nɔyeli. Ekpɛlɛɛɛ sablãi ni ji “maŋtsɛ” kɛ “nɔyelɔ yiwalɔ” lɛ anɔ. Agbɛnɛ hu etee nɔ ni etswa jwɛŋmɔ ni ehiɛ akɛ ekɛ nɔyelihei lɛ fɛɛ anɔkwɛmɔ baawo Roma Gwabɔɔ lɛ dɛŋ lɛ he adafi, ni ekɛɛ ebaasumɔ ni eŋmɛɛ gbɛhei ni ehiɛ lɛ ahe. Ŋaa nifeemɔ nɛɛ tsu nii. Gwabɔɔ ni hiɛ esɔ lɛ lɛ wo Octavian hewalɛ akɛ ehiɛ egbɛhei lɛ amli ni ekwɛ nɔyelihei lɛ ekomɛi anɔ.

Kɛfata he lɛ, yɛ January 16, afi 27 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ, Gwabɔɔ lɛ kɛ sablã “Augustus,” ni eshishi ji “Mɔ ni Awo Enɔ, Mɔ Krɔŋkrɔŋ” ha Octavian. Jeee akɛ Octavian kpɛlɛ sablã lɛ nɔ kɛkɛ shi eku sɛɛ ekɛ egbɛi wo nyɔɔŋ lɛ ekome, ni ema gbi kome kɛjɛ February mli bɔni afee ni August aná gbii babaoo tamɔ July, ni ji nyɔɔŋ ni akɛtsɛɔ Julius Caesar lɛ. No hewɔ lɛ, Octavian batsɔ klɛŋklɛŋ Roma maŋtsɛ, ni yɛ no sɛɛ lɛ abale lɛ akɛ Caesar Augustus loo “Mɔ ni Awo Enɔ.” Yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ ebaŋɔ sablã ni ji “pontifex maximus” (osɔfonukpa) lɛ hu, ni yɛ afi 2 D.Ŋ.B.​—afi nɔ ni afɔ́ Yesu lɛ​—Gwabɔɔ lɛ kɛ sablã Pater Patriae, “Emaŋ lɛ Tsɛ” ha lɛ.

Yɛ nakai afi lɛ nɔŋŋ mli lɛ, “akpɔ ko jɛ Kaisare Augusto (Caesar Augustus) ŋɔɔ ba, akɛ akane jeŋ fɛɛ ni aŋma. . . . Ni mɛi fɛɛ tee amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛmaŋ, ni aŋma amɛgbɛi.” (Luka 2:​1-3) Yɛ akpɔ nɛɛ hewɔ lɛ, afɔ́ Yesu yɛ Betlehem kɛha Biblia gbalɛ mlibaa.​—Daniel 11:20; Mika 5:1.

Nɔ ni kadi nɔyeli ni yɔɔ Augustus shishi lɛ ji anɔkwayeli kɛ shika he nitsumɔ ni hi. Augustus to woji aŋmalamɔ kɛ ekɛmajemɔ he gbɛjianɔ ni hi jogbaŋŋ, ni efee gbɛjegbɛi kɛ faa nɔ agbai. Eku sɛɛ eto asraafoi lɛ ahe gbɛjianɔ ehee, eto ŋshɔ hiɛ ta lɛji akuu ni yɔɔ daa, ni eto maŋtsɛ hebulɔi asraafoi akuu ni he esa jogbaŋŋ ni atsɛɔ amɛ akɛ Maŋtsɛ lɛ Asraafoi. (Filipibii 1:13) Yɛ esɛɛfimɔ hewɔ lɛ, woji aŋmalalɔi tamɔ Virgil kɛ Horace shwere ni nitɛŋlɔi kɛ nigbɔlɔi fee nibii fɛfɛji yɛ nɔ ni atsɛɔ lɛ bianɛ akɛ blema nibii ni yɔɔ fɛo ni nɔ bɛ lɛ mli. Augustus gbe tsũi ni Julius Caesar egbeee naa lɛ anaa, ni ekumɔ sɔlemɔtsui babaoo. Pax Romana (“Roma Toiŋjɔlɛ”) ni ekɛba lɛ hi shi fe afii 200. Yɛ August 19, afi 14 Ŋ.B., beni Augustus eye afii 76 lɛ, egbo ni ajá lɛ akɛ nyɔŋmɔ yɛ no sɛɛ.

Augustus shwã akɛ “ebana Roma ŋtayaa, ni eshi lɛ akɛ marmaratɛ.” Akɛni esumɔɔɔ ni Roma aku sɛɛ aya etsutsu basabasafeemɔ kwasafo nɔyeli gbii lɛ amli hewɔ lɛ, eto eyiŋ akɛ ebaasaa maŋtsɛ ni baanyiɛ esɛɛ aba lɛ. Shi ebɛ sɛɛyelɔi tsɔ̃ ni eeehala. Ewɔfase, enabii enyɔ, eshaanuu, kɛ mɔ ni eŋɔ lɛ efee ebi lɛ fɛɛ egboi, ja Tiberio ni eŋɔ lɛ efee ebi lɛ pɛ eshwɛ ni baaye esɛɛ.

“MƆ KO NI ABUUU”

Nɔ ni shɛɛɛ nyɔɔŋ kome yɛ Augustus gbele sɛɛ lɛ, Roma Gwabɔɔ lɛ tsĩ Tiberio ni eye afii 54 lɛ tã akɛ maŋtsɛ. Tiberio hi shi ni eye nɔ aahu kɛbashi afi 37 Ŋ.B. March mli. No hewɔ lɛ, lɛ ji Roma maŋtsɛ yɛ be mli ni Yesu tsuɔ emaŋ sɔɔmɔ lɛ.

Ákɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ, Tiberio yɛ jeŋbai kpakpai kɛ jeŋbai gbohii lɛ fɛɛ eko. Ejeŋbai kpakpai lɛ ekomɛi ji bɔ ni esumɔɔɔ ni efiteɔ shika yɛ fɛo nii kɛ ŋɔɔmɔyelii ahe lɛ. Yɛ enɛ hewɔ lɛ, maŋtsɛyeli lɛ shwere ni eyɛ shika ni akɛaaye abua ni akɛje osharai kɛ bei ni ehiii mli. Kɛha eyijiemɔ lɛ, Tiberio bu ehe akɛ gbɔmɔ kɛkɛ, ekpɛlɛɛɛ sablãi ni akɛwoɔ mɔ hiɛ nyam lɛ babaoo nɔ, ni eha akɛ maŋtsɛ jamɔ lɛ ha Augustus moŋ fe lɛ diɛŋtsɛ ehe. Ekɛ gbɛi tsɛɛɛ nyɔɔŋ ko yɛ kalanda lɛ nɔ taakɛ Augustus kɛ Julius Caesar fee kɛha amɛhe lɛ, ni asaŋ eŋmɛɛɛ gbɛ koni mɛi krokomɛi kɛ woo ni tamɔ nakai aha lɛ.

Shi Tiberio jeŋbai gbohii lɛ fa fe ejeŋbai kpakpai lɛ. Eheee mɔ eyeee kwraa ni efeɔ osato yɛ bɔ ni ekɛ mɛi krokomɛi yeɔ haa lɛ mli, ni nɔ ni yi enɔyeli lɛ mli obɔ ji gbɔmɛi ní afãa koni agbe amɛ​—ni etsutsu nanemɛi lɛ ateŋ mɛi pii fata mɛi ni agbe amɛ nɛɛ ahe. Ekpã lèse-majesté (aye maŋtsɛ awui) mla lɛ mli koni akɛ maŋ atuatsemɔ nifeemɔi, wiemɔi kɛkɛ ni akɛfiteɔ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ egbɛi afata he. Ekolɛ mla nɛɛ hewɔ ni Yudafoi lɛ nyɛ Roma Amralo Pontio Pilato nɔ akɛ egbe Yesu lɛ.​—Yohane 19:​12-16.

Tiberio ha Maŋtsɛ lɛ Asraafoi lɛ hi he ni bɛŋkɛ Roma kɛtsɔ asraafoi amɔji ni emamɔ yɛ maŋtiase lɛ gbogboi ni yɔɔ ekooyigbɛ lɛ ni ewaje amɛ lɛ nɔ. Jɛmɛ ní Asraafoi lɛ yɔɔ lɛ wo Roma Gwabɔɔ lɛ, ni woɔ ehewalɛ lɛ he gbeyei lɛ hu he gbeyei, ni etsi basabasa fɛɛ basabasa ni maŋ bii lɛ aaafee lɛ naa. Tiberio hu wo naafolɔmɔ he hewalɛ, ni gbeyeishemɔ ji nɔ ni kadi enɔyeli lɛ naagbee fã lɛ.

Abu Tiberio akɛ yiwalɔ yɛ egbele be mli. Beni egbo lɛ, Romabii lɛ amli fili amɛ, ni Gwabɔɔ lɛ kɛ jamɔ haaa lɛ akɛ mɔ ko ni tamɔ nyɔŋmɔ. Yɛ yiŋtoi nɛɛ kɛ ekrokomɛi ahewɔ lɛ, wɔnaa gbalɛ ni kɛɔ akɛ “mɔ ko ni abuuu” baate shi akɛ “kooyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ” mlibaa yɛ Tiberio mli.​—Daniel 11:​15, 21.

MƐNI OYƆSE?

• Te fee tɛŋŋ ni Octavian batsɔ klɛŋklɛŋ maŋtsɛ yɛ Roma?

• Mɛni abaanyɛ awie yɛ nibii ni Augustus nɔyeli lɛ nyɛ etsu lɛ ahe?

• Mɛni ji Tiberio jeŋbai kpakpai kɛ ejeŋbai gbohii lɛ?

• Te fee tɛŋŋ ni gbalɛ ni kɔɔ “mɔ ko ni abuuu” lɛ he lɛ ba mli yɛ Tiberio nɔ lɛ?

[Mfoniri]

Tiberio

[Akrabatsa/Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 252-255]

ZENOBIA​—PALMYRA MAŊNYƐ TABILƆ LƐ

“EHEWOLO nɔ dĩɔ . . . Enyanyɔji yɛ́ɔ tamɔ adiagba, ni ehiŋmɛii agboi lɛ kpɛ́lɛɔ ni ehe ni yɔɔ fɛo waa lɛ haa anaa ekpɛlɛmɔ nɛɛ faŋŋ. Egbee wa ni emli tse. Nɔ ni waje ni wula saji ashishi ni enuɔ lɛ ji nikasemɔ. Ejeee mɔ ni leee Latin wiemɔ, ni ehe esa kɛmɔ shi hu yɛ Hela, Siria, kɛ Mizraim wiemɔi amli.” Nɛkɛ ji bɔ ni yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Edward Gibbon jie Zenobia​—maŋnyɛ tabilɔ ni jɛ Siria maŋtiase Palmyra mli lɛ yi eha.

Zenobia wu ji Palmyranyo ablade Odaenathus, ni akɛ juromɔ nɔ akɛ Roma maŋbii anɔkwɛlɔ yɛ maŋsɛɛ ha lɛ yɛ afi 258 Ŋ.B., akɛni efã ta eshi Persia yɛ omanyeyeli mli eha Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ hewɔ. Afii enyɔ sɛɛ lɛ, Odaenathus nine shɛ sablã ni ji corrector totius Orientis (Bokagbɛ fɛɛ nɔ amralo) lɛ nɔ kɛjɛ Roma Maŋtsɛ Gallienus dɛŋ. Akɛ enɛ ha lɛ yɛ kunim ni eye yɛ Maŋtsɛ Shāpūr I ni jɛ Persia lɛ nɔ lɛ hewɔ. Yɛ naagbee lɛ Odaenathus kɛ sablã ni ji “maŋtsɛmɛi amaŋtsɛ” ha ehe. Omanye ni Odaenathus ye nɛɛ titri baanyɛ afee nɔ ni jɛ Zenobia ekãafeemɔ kɛ ŋaalee hewɔ.

ZENOBIA MIITAO NI ETO MAŊTSƐYELI KO EMA SHI

Yɛ afi 267 Ŋ.B., beni Odaenathus nitsumɔ lɛ shɛ he ni nɔ kwɔ fe fɛɛ lɛ, agbe lɛ kɛ egboshiniyelɔ lɛ trukaa. Zenobia ŋɔ ewu lɛ gbɛhe lɛ, ejaakɛ ebinuu lɛ edako kwraa akɛ eeenyɛ efee nakai. Akɛni ehe yɛ fɛo, ni eetao hiɛnyam, ni ehe esa akɛ gbɛjianɔtolɔ, ni tsutsu lɛ, efɔɔ ewu ni egbo lɛ hefatamɔ yɛ tafaa nitsumɔi amli, ni enaa tse yɛ wiemɔi srɔtoi babaoo mli hewɔ lɛ, ebɔ mɔdɛŋ ni enyɛ ená bulɛ kɛ sɛɛfimɔ kɛjɛ eshishibii lɛ adɛŋ. Zenobia sumɔɔ nikasemɔ waa ni ekɛ woloŋlelɔi bɔɔ waa diɛŋtsɛ. Eŋaawolɔi lɛ ateŋ mɔ kome ji Cassius Longinus ni ji jeŋ nilelɔ kɛ mɔ ni naa tse waa kɛ wiemɔ​—ni awie ehe akɛ ebatsɔ “wojiatoohe ni yɔɔ daa kɛ nilee fiase ni nyiɛɔ lɛ.” Niŋmalɔ Richard Stoneman tsɔɔ mli yɛ ewolo ni ji Palmyra and Its Empire​—Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome lɛ mli akɛ: “Yɛ Odenathus gbele sɛɛ afii enumɔ mli lɛ . . . no mli lɛ Zenobia ená nɔkpɛlɛmɔ yɛ ewebii lɛ ajwɛŋmɔ mli akɛ Bokagbɛ maŋnyɛ.”

Maŋ ni yɔɔ Zenobia nɔyeli shikpɔŋ lɛ afã gbɛ ji Persia, he ni lɛ kɛ ewu lɛ ye nɔ kunim lɛ, ni Roma ni ehewalɛ naa baa shi lɛ yɛ afã gbɛ kroko. Yinɔsaneŋmalɔ J. M. Roberts wie shihilɛi ni yɔɔ nakai beaŋ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli lɛ he akɛ: “Afii ohai etɛ lɛ ji . . . be ko ni mli wa waa kɛha Roma yɛ ebokagbɛ kɛ enaigbɛ husui lɛ fɛɛ naa, ni yɛ nakai beaŋ nɔŋŋ lɛ, maŋ ta be hee ko kɛ sɛɛyeli he béi eje shishi yɛ maŋ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ mli. Nɔyelɔi nyɔŋmai enyɔ kɛ enyɔ (ní mɛi ni kɛɔ akɛ nɔyelɔi ji amɛ lɛ fataaa he) eba ni amɛtee.” Yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, Siria maŋnyɛ lɛ ji nɔyelɔ ni ehe shi jogbaŋŋ yɛ emaŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli. Stoneman kɛɛ akɛ: “Beni efeɔ koni eha nɔyelii enyɔ [Persia nɔ̃ kɛ Roma nɔ̃] lɛ ahewalɛ aŋmɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ lɛ, ebaanyɛ eto nɔ ni ji etɛ ni baaye enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ nɔ lɛ shishi.”

Hegbɛ ni Zenobia kɛaalɛɛ emaŋtsɛyeli hewalɛi lɛ amli lɛ ba yɛ afi 269 Ŋ.B., beni mɔ ko ni kwaa ekɛɔ akɛ nɔyelɔ ji lɛ lɛ peleɔ Roma nɔyeli lɛ he lɛ je kpo yɛ Mizraim lɛ. Zenobia asraafoi lɛ kɛ oyaiyeli fã kɛtee Mizraim, ni amɛkpata atuatselɔ lɛ hiɛ, ni amɛŋɔ maŋ lɛ. Beni ejajeɔ etsɔɔ akɛ lɛ ji Mizraim maŋnyɛ lɛ, efee shikai ni ashwie yɛ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ egbɛi amli. Emaŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli balɛɛ agbɛnɛ kɛjɛ Nilo faa lɛ naa kɛyashi Eufrate faa lɛ naa. Zenobia wala shihilɛ be nɛɛ mli ni ebaje gbɛhe ni ji “wuoyigbɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ” mli lɛ.​—Daniel 11:​25, 26.

ZENOBIA MAŊTIASE MAŊ LƐ

Zenobia waje emaŋtiase Palmyra ni ewula lɛ fɛfɛo aahu kɛyashɛ he ni ekɛ Roma jeŋ lɛ maji wuji lɛ baye egbɔ. Abuɔ naa akɛ emli bii ayifalɛ fe gbɔmɛi 150,000. Maŋ tsũi, sɔlemɔwei, abɔɔi, akulashiŋi, kɛ sãii fɛfɛji eyi Palmyra obɔ, ni eji maŋtiase ni gbogboi ni akɛfo he kutruku lɛ kɛlɛ feɔ kilomitai 21. Ato Korinto akulashiŋi ni kwɔlɔ fe mitai 15 lɛ anaa srɛnɛɛ​—aaafee ekomekomei 1,500—yɛ gbɛjegbɛ wulu lɛ he. Tatsɛmɛi kɛ niiatsɛmɛi ni keɔ nii lɛ ahe amagai emuji kɛ amɛyitsei kɛyashi amɛtsitsii ahe amagai fa babaoo yɛ maŋtiase lɛ mli. Yɛ afi 271 Ŋ.B. lɛ, Zenobia shɔ̃ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ kɛ ewu ni egbo lɛ he amagai.

Hulu Sɔlemɔwe lɛ ji tsũi ni yɔɔ fɛo fe fɛɛ yɛ Palmyra lɛ ateŋ ekome, ni ŋwanejee ko bɛ he akɛ eye jamɔŋ nifeemɔi ni yɔɔ maŋtiase lɛ mli lɛ nɔ. Ekolɛ, Zenobia diɛŋtsɛ já nyɔŋmɔ ko ni fata hulu nyɔŋmɔ lɛ he. Shi kɛlɛ, Siria ni hi shi yɛ afii ohai etɛ lɛ mli lɛ ji shikpɔŋ ko ni jamɔi babaoo yɔɔ nɔ. Mɛi ni kɛɔ akɛ amɛji Kristofoi, Yudafoi, kɛ mɛi ni jaa hulu kɛ nyɔɔŋtsere lɛ yɛ Zenobia maŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli. Mɛni ji esubaŋ yɛ jamɔ gbɛ̀i srɔtoi nɛɛ ahe? Niŋmalɔ Stoneman wie akɛ: “Nɔyelɔ ni le nii lɛ ekuŋ ehiɛ eshwieŋ kusumii fɛɛ ni tamɔ nɔ ni hi kɛha ewebii lɛ nɔ. . . . Asusu akɛ, . . . abua nyɔŋmɔi lɛ fɛɛ naa kɛtee Palmyra masɛi.” Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ, Zenobia toɔ etsui shi yɛ jamɔ he.

Akɛni Zenobia he yɛ fɛo hewɔ lɛ, mɛi babaoo sumɔɔ esane. Shi nɔ ni sa kadimɔ fe fɛɛ ji nitsumɔ ni etsu akɛ mɔ ni damɔ shi kɛha maŋkwramɔŋ kuu ko ni agba afɔ̃ shi yɛ Daniel gbalɛ lɛ mli lɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, nɔyeli lɛ ehiii shi fe afii enumɔ. Roma Maŋtsɛ Aurelian ye Zenobia nɔ kunim yɛ afi 272 Ŋ.B., ni fee sɛɛ lɛ efite Palmyra kwraa ni anyɛŋ asaa. Ana Zenobia mɔbɔ. Akɛɛ ekɛ Roma bɛgwafonyo ko bote gbalashihilɛ mli, ni asusuɔ akɛ eye eshihilɛ be ni eshwɛ lɛ akɛ mɔ ni eba nitsumɔ mli hejɔɔmɔ.

MƐNI OYƆSE?

• Te atsɔɔ bɔ ni Zenobia gbɔmɔtso ji lɛ mli aha tɛŋŋ?

• Mɛni ji Zenobia ekãafeemɔ nitsumɔi lɛ ekomɛi?

• Mɛni ji Zenobia subaŋ yɛ jamɔ he?

[Mfoniri]

Maŋnyɛ Zenobia kɛ esraafoi miiwie

[Akrabatsa/Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 246]

MAŊTSƐMƐI NI YƆƆ DANIEL 11:20-​26

Kooyigbɛ Maŋtsɛ Wuoyigbɛ Maŋtsɛ

Daniel 11:20 Augusto

Daniel 11:21-24 Tiberio

Daniel 11:25, 26 Aurelian Maŋnyɛ Zenobia

[Mfoniri]

Aurelian

[Mfoniri]

Tiberio

[Mfoniri]

Charlemagne he amaga

[Mfoniri]

Augusto

[Mfoniri]

Afii ohai 17 Britania ta lɛlɛ

[Baafa muu mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 230]

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 233]

Augusto

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 234]

Tiberio

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 235]

Yɛ Augusto’ akpɔ lɛ hewɔ lɛ, Yosef kɛ Maria fã gbɛ kɛtee Betlehem

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 237]

Taakɛ agba afɔ̃ shi lɛ, ‘akumɔ’ Yesu yɛ gbele mli

[Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 245]

1. Charlemagne 2. Napoleon I 3. Wilhelm I, 4. Germany asraafoi, Jeŋ Ta I