Imihati yo kurandura ubukene
ABAKIRE bo bamaze gusezerera ubukene. Ariko imihati yashyizweho ngo abantu bose bavanwe mu bukene, nta cyo yagezeho. Kubera iki? Ni ukubera ko muri rusange abakire batifuza ko hagira umuntu uwo ari we wese cyangwa ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose cyabangamira inyungu zabo. Umwami Salomo wo muri Isirayeli ya kera yaranditse ati “mbona amarira y’abakandamizwa, ariko ntibari bafite uwo kubahumuriza, kandi ababakandamizaga bari bafite ububasha ku buryo batari bafite uwo kubahumuriza.”—Umubwiriza 4:1.
Ese abantu bafite ububasha, bashobora kurandura ubukene ku isi? Salomo yarahumekewe, maze arandika ati “mbona ko byose ari ubusa, ko ari nko kwiruka inyuma y’umuyaga. Icyagoramye ntigishobora kugororwa” (Umubwiriza 1:14, 15). Ibyo bigaragazwa neza n’imihati abantu bashyiraho muri iki gihe kugira ngo barandure ubukene.
Ingamba zo kuvana abantu bose mu bukene
Mu kinyejana cya 19, ubwo ibihugu bimwe na bimwe byari bimaze kwigwizaho imitungo byavanye mu bucuruzi no mu nganda zabyo, hari abantu bakomeye bahagurukiye ikibazo cy’ubukene. Ese umutungo kamere w’isi uzigera usaranganywa neza ku buryo habaho iringaniza?
Hari abantu batekerezaga ko ubukomunisiti cyangwa ubusosiyalisiti byashoboraga gutuma ku isi hatabaho ubusumbane, kubera ko abantu bari gusaranganya neza ibyo batunze. Birumvikana ko abakire bo batashimishwaga n’ibyo bitekerezo. Icyakora, igitekerezo cy’uko buri muntu yagombye “gukora ibyo ashoboye kandi agahabwa ibihuje n’ibyo akeneye,” cyashishikaje abantu bo hirya no hino. Abenshi bizeraga ko kugira ngo isi ibe nka paradizo, ibihugu byose byagombaga gukurikiza politiki y’abasosiyalisiti. Ibihugu bike bikize byakurikije amwe mu mahame y’ubusosiyalisiti, maze abategetsi babyo basezeranya abaturage babyo bose ko bari kuzabitaho “kuva bavutse kugeza bapfuye.” Abayobozi b’ibyo bihugu bavuga ko batumye abaturage babo basezerera ubukene.
Icyakora, ubusosiyalisiti ntibwigeze bugera ku ntego yabwo yo guca ubwikunde mu bantu. Intego bari bafite yo gufasha abantu gushaka icyateza imbere bagenzi babo aho gushaka inyungu zabo bwite, ntibayigezeho. Hari bamwe bafashije abakene maze binubira ko kubafasha bituma bamwe muri bo baba abanebwe. Ibyo byose byagaragaje ko Bibiliya ivuga ukuri, iyo igira iti “nta muntu uri mu isi w’umukiranutsi ukora ibyiza gusa ntakore icyaha. . . . Imana y’ukuri yaremye abantu batunganye, ariko bo bishakiye imigambi myinshi.”—Umubwiriza 7:20, 29.
Hari izindi ngamba abantu bari biringiye ko zizagira icyo zigeraho, izo ngamba zikaba ari zo bise Inzozi z’Abanyamerika. Izo nzozi zavugaga ko umuntu wese ukorana umwete yari kuzatunga agatunganirwa. Hirya no hino ku isi, ibihugu byinshi byashyize mu bikorwa politiki ya demokarasi, iyo kwegurira inganda abikorera ku giti cyabo n’iyo gushyiraho amasoko rusange, dore ko izo politiki zasaga n’aho ari zo zakijije Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika. Icyakora ibihugu byose ntibyashoboraga kwigana Inzozi z’Abanyamerika, kubera ko Amerika ya Ruguru itakijijwe na politiki yayo gusa. Mu bintu by’ingenzi byayikijije, harimo kuba yari ifite umutungo kamere mwinshi no kuba yari ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo guhahirana n’amahanga. Uretse n’ibyo, kuba isi iteza imbere gahunda yo kurushanwa mu by’ubukungu, bituma habaho abantu bunguka bakaba abakire, ariko hakaba n’abahomba bakaba abakene. None se ni iki cyashoboraga gukorwa kugira ngo ibihugu bikize bifashe ibihugu bikennye?
Ese umugambi witiriwe Marshall wakuyeho ubukene?
Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose, ibihugu by’u Burayi byari byarazahajwe n’intambara ku buryo abaturage babyo benshi bari bugarijwe n’inzara. Guverinoma ya Amerika yari ihangayikishijwe n’uko politiki y’ubusosiyalisiti yari imaze gukwira mu Burayi. Ku bw’ibyo, yatanze amafaranga menshi cyane mu gihe cy’imyaka ine, kugira ngo ibihugu byari kwemera gukurikiza politiki yayo byongere biteze imbere inganda n’ubuhinzi. Uwo mugambi wo kuzahura ubukungu witiriwe Marshall wagize icyo ugeraho. Amerika yarushijeho kugira ijambo mu bihugu byo mu Burayi bw’i Burengerazuba, kandi ubukene bwari bwugarije ibyo bihugu buragabanuka cyane. Ese ubwo buryo ni bwo bwari kurandura ubukene ku isi hose?
Iyo gahunda y’Abanyamerika yatumye guverinoma y’Amerika iha imfashanyo ibihugu bikennye ku isi hose, bituma ibyo bihugu bitera imbere mu buhinzi, ubuvuzi, uburezi no gutwara abantu n’ibintu. Amerika yiyemerera ko itanga izo mfashanyo ishaka kugera ku nyungu zayo bwite. Hari n’ibindi bihugu byagerageje gucengeza politiki zabyo mu bindi bihugu bibiha imfashanyo. Nyuma y’imyaka mirongo itandatu ibyo bihugu byamaze bitanga amafaranga aruta kure cyane ayatanzwe muri wa mugambi witiriwe Marshall, byatunguwe n’uko nta cyo byagezeho. Ni iby’ukuri ko hari ibihugu byari bikennye byaje gukira mu buryo bwihuse, cyane cyane ibyo mu Burasirazuba bwa Aziya. Ariko kandi, hari ibindi bihugu bigifite ubukene bukabije, nubwo imfashanyo zatumye umubare w’abana bapfa ugabanuka, kandi abenshi muri bo bakiga.
Impamvu imfashanyo z’amahanga zitagira icyo zigeraho
Byaragaragaye ko gufasha ibihugu bikennye kuva mu bukene, bigoye kuruta gufasha ibihugu bikize kuzahura ubukungu bwabyo igihe bivuye mu ntambara. Ibihugu by’u Burayi byari bisanzwe bifite inganda kandi byarateye imbere mu bucuruzi no mu gutwara abantu n’ibintu. Icyari gikenewe, ni ukuzahura ubukungu bwabyo gusa. Nubwo amahanga yafashije ibihugu bikennye kubaka imihanda, amashuri n’amavuriro, abantu bo muri ibyo bihugu bagumye mu bukene bukabije kubera ko nta bikorwa by’ubucuruzi, umutungo kamere n’uburyo bwo guhahirana n’ibindi bihugu bafite.
Ibibazo bituma habaho ubukene n’ibiterwa n’ubukene ni isobe, kandi kubikemura ntibyoroshye. Urugero, indwara zitera ubukene n’ubukene bugatera indwara. Abana barya nabi bashobora kurwara, kandi ntibakure mu bwenge ku buryo amaherezo badashobora kuzabona uko bita ku bana babo. Nanone kandi, iyo ibihugu bikize bitanze ibiribwa byasaguye bikabiha ibihugu bikennye ho “imfashanyo,” abahinzi n’abacuruzi bo muri ibyo bihugu bikennye barahahombera bakarushaho gukena. Guha amafaranga ibihugu bikennye na byo bishobora gutuma habaho ikindi kibazo: kubera ko kwiba imfashanyo biba byoroshye, bishobora gutuma habaho ruswa, ruswa na yo ikaba yatuma abantu barushaho gukena. Ubwo rero, muri make imfashanyo z’amahanga nta cyo zigeraho, kuko zidakemura ikibazo cy’ubukene zigihereye mu mizi.
Igitera ubukene
Ubukene bukabije buterwa n’uko amahanga, leta n’abantu ku giti cyabo baharanira guteza imbere inyungu zabo bwite no kuzirengera. Urugero, leta z’ibihugu bikize ntizishishikarira cyane kurandura ubukene ku isi, kubera ko abayobozi bazo baba baratowe n’abaturage, kandi bakaba bagomba gukemura ibibazo by’ababatoye. Ku bw’ibyo, babuza abahinzi bo mu bihugu bikennye kugurishiriza umusaruro wabo mu bihugu bikize, kugira ngo abahinzi baho badahomba. Nanone, abategetsi bo mu bihugu bikize bateza imbere cyane abahinzi babo kugira ngo abahinzi bo mu bihugu bikennye batabatwara isoko.
Koko rero, abantu ni bo biteje ubukene bitewe n’uko abaturage n’abategetsi baba bashaka kurengera inyungu zabo. Salomo umwanditsi wa Bibiliya, yabigaragaje agira ati “umuntu yagiye ategeka undi amugirira nabi.”—Umubwiriza 8:9.
None se, ubukene buzavaho bute? Ese hari ubutegetsi bwahindura imitekerereze y’abantu?
[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 6]
Amategeko yarwanyaga ubukene
Yehova Imana yahaye abari bagize ishyanga rya Isirayeli amategeko yari gutuma hatabaho ubukene, iyo baza kuyubahiriza. Mu gihe cy’ayo Mategeko, buri muryango, uretse umuryango w’abatambyi wa Lewi, wahabwaga gakondo. Nta washoboraga gutwara gakondo y’umuryango, kuko itashoboraga kugurishwa burundu. Nyuma ya buri myaka 50, isambu yose yabaga yaragurishijwe yagombaga gusubizwa nyirayo cyangwa umuryango w’uwabaga yayigurishije (Abalewi 25:10, 23). Iyo umuntu yagurishaga isambu ye bitewe n’uburwayi, ibyago byamugwiririye cyangwa bitewe n’uko ari umunebwe, yayisubizwaga nta kiguzi atanze mu mwaka wa Yubile. Ku bw’ibyo, nta muryango washoboraga gukena ku buryo ubwo bukene bukurikirana n’abari kuzawukomokamo bose.
Hari irindi tegeko rirangwa n’impuhwe ryo mu Mategeko y’Imana ryemereraga umuntu wabaga yahuye n’ingorane kwigurisha akaba umugaragu. Icyo gihe yishyurwaga mbere kugira ngo ashobore kwishyura amadeni yabaga afite. Iyo umwaka wa karindwi wageraga atarashobora kwicungura, yararekurwaga agahabwa umudendezo, kandi agahabwa imbuto n’amatungo kugira ngo ashobore kongera guhinga. Uretse n’ibyo, iyo umukene yaguzaga amafaranga, Amategeko ntiyemereraga Abisirayeli bagenzi be kumusaba inyungu. Nanone, ayo Mategeko yasabaga abantu kudasarura imyaka yo ku mbibi z’imirima yabo, kugira abakene babone icyo bahumba. Ibyo byatumaga hatagira Umwisirayeli usabiriza.—Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 15:1-14; Abalewi 23:22.
Icyakora, amateka agaragaza ko hari Abisirayeli babaye abakene. Kuki ibyo byabayeho? Ni uko batumviye Amategeko ya Yehova. Ibyo byatumye abantu bamwe baba abakungu, abandi baba abakene batagira n’agasambu, nk’uko byari bimeze mu bihugu byinshi. Bamwe mu Bisirayeli babaye abakene, bitewe n’uko hari abirengagije Amategeko y’Imana, bagashyira inyungu zabo imbere y’iz’abandi.—Matayo 22:37-40.