Igice Cya Cyenda

Ni Nde Uzategeka Isi?

1-3. Vuga ibyo Daniyeli yeretswe mu nzozi mu mwaka wa mbere w’ingoma ya Belushazari.

UBU noneho, ubuhanuzi bushishikaje cyane bwa Daniyeli butwerekeje mu mwaka wa mbere w’ingoma ya Belushazari, Umwami wa Babuloni. Daniyeli amaze igihe kirekire mu bunyage i Babuloni, ariko ntiyigeze adohoka mu gushikama kuri Yehova. None ubu, uwo muhanuzi wizerwa ugeze mu kigero cy’imyaka ibarirwa muri za 70, arose “inzozi; maze abona ibyo yeretswe, ari ku buriri bwe.” Kandi se mbega ukuntu ibyo yeretswe bimukuye umutima!​—Daniyeli 7:1, 15.

² Daniyeli ariyamiriye ati “nagiye kubona, mbona imiyaga ine yo mu ijuru ihubukira ku nyanja nini. Muri iyo nyanja havamo inyamaswa nini enye zidasangiye ubwoko.” Mbega inyamaswa zitangaje! Iya mbere ni intare ifite amababa, naho iya kabiri isa n’idubu. Hanyuma haje ingwe ifite amababa ane n’imitwe ine! Inyamaswa ya kane ifite imbaraga zidasanzwe; yo ifite amenyo manini y’ibyuma n’amahembe cumi. Muri ayo mahembe yayo cumi, hamezemo ihembe “ritoya” rifite “amaso asa n’ay’umuntu, n’akanwa kavuga ibikomeye.”​—Daniyeli 7:2-8.

³ Hanyuma, iyerekwa rya Daniyeli noneho ryerekeje ku bintu byo mu ijuru. Umukuru Nyir’ibihe byose yicaye ku ntebe y’imanza, ari Umucamanza ufite ikuzo ryinshi mu Rukiko rwo mu ijuru. ‘Uduhumbagiza baramukorera, kandi inzovu incuro inzovu bamuhagaze imbere.’ Kubera ko aciriyeho iteka za nyamaswa, azambuye ubutegetsi maze arimbura ya nyamaswa ya kane. Ubutware bw’iteka bwo gutwara “abantu b’amoko yose y’indimi zitari zimwe” bweguriwe “usa n’umwana w’umuntu.”​—Daniyeli 7:9-​14.

4. (a) Ni nde Daniyeli yisunze kugira ngo amusobanurire neza ibyo bintu? (b) Kuki ibyo Daniyeli yabonye n’ibyo yumvise iryo joro ari iby’ingenzi kuri twe?

⁴ Daniyeli agira ati ‘jyewe ibyo neretswe bintera agahinda mu mutima, birambabaza cyane.’ Bityo rero, yegereye umumarayika kugira ngo ‘amubaze amashirakinyoma y’ibyo byose.’ Koko rero, uwo mumarayika arabimubwiye, ‘amusobanurira impamvu zabyo’ (Daniyeli 7:15-​28). Ibyo Daniyeli yabonye n’ibyo yumvise iryo joro ni iby’ingenzi cyane kuri twe, kuko byagaragazaga ibintu byari kuzaba ku isi nyuma y’aho kugeza muri ibi bihe byacu, ari bwo “usa n’umwana w’umuntu” yahawe ubutware bwo gutwara “abantu b’amoko yose y’indimi zitari zimwe.” Tubifashijwemo n’Ijambo ry’Imana n’umwuka wayo, natwe dushobora gusobanukirwa iryo yerekwa ry’ubuhanuzi.a

INYAMASWA ENYE ZIVA MU NYANJA

5. Ni iki inyanja iteraganwa n’umuyaga igereranya?

⁵ Daniyeli yagize ati “muri iyo nyanja havamo inyamaswa nini enye” (Daniyeli 7:3). Inyanja iteraganwa n’umuyaga yagereranyaga iki? Mu myaka myinshi nyuma y’aho, intumwa Yohana yabonye inyamaswa y’inkazi y’imitwe irindwi iva mu “nyanja.” Iyo nyanja yashushanyaga “[a]moko n’amateraniro y’abantu n’amahanga n’indimi”​—ni ukuvuga imbaga y’abantu benshi bitandukanyije n’Imana. Ku bw’ibyo rero, inyanja ni ikimenyetso gikwiriye kigereranya imbaga y’abantu bitandukanyije n’Imana.​—Ibyahishuwe 13:1, 2; 17:15; Yesaya 57:20.

6. Ni iki inyamaswa enye zishushanya?

⁶ Marayika w’Imana yagize ati “izo nyamaswa nini uko ari enye, ni bo bami bane bazaduka mu isi” (Daniyeli 7:17). Uwo mumarayika yagaragaje neza ko izo nyamaswa enye Daniyeli yabonye ari “[a]bami bane.” Ku bw’ibyo rero, izo nyamaswa zisobanura ubutegetsi bw’ibihangange bw’isi. Ariko se ni ubuhe?

7. (a) Ni iki abahanga runaka mu gutanga ibisobanuro kuri Bibiliya bavuga ku birebana n’inyamaswa enye Daniyeli yeretswe mu nzozi ze, hamwe n’igishushanyo kinini Umwami Nebukadinezari yarose? (b) Buri gice mu bice bine by’ibyuma by’icyo gishushanyo kigereranya iki?

⁷ Abahanga mu gutanga ibisobanuro kuri Bibiliya bakunda gushyira isano hagati y’inyamaswa enye Daniyeli yeretswe mu nzozi n’igishushanyo kinini cyo mu nzozi za Nebukadinezari. Urugero, igitabo The Expositor’s Bible Commentary kigira kiti “igice cya 7 [cya Daniyeli] gihuza n’igice cya 2.” Igitabo The Wycliffe Bible Commentary cyo kigira kiti “muri rusange, abantu bemera ko uruhererekane rw’ubutegetsi bune bw’Abanyamahanga . . . ruvugwa hano [muri Daniyeli igice cya 7] ari kimwe n’uruboneka muri [Daniyeli] igice cya 2.” Ubutegetsi bune bw’ibihangange bw’isi bugereranywa n’ibyuma bine byo mu nzozi za Nebukadinezari, bwari Ubwami bwa Babuloni (umutwe wa zahabu), ubw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi (igituza n’amaboko by’ifeza), ubw’u Bugiriki (inda n’ibibero by’umuringa) n’Ubwami bw’Abaroma (amaguru y’ibyuma)b (Daniyeli 2:32, 33). Reka turebe aho ubwo bwami buhuriye na za nyamaswa enye nini Daniyeli yabonye.

BUFITE AMAKARE NK’INTARE, BWIHUTA NK’IKIZU

8. (a) Daniyeli yavuze ko inyamaswa ya mbere yari imeze ite? (b) Ni ubuhe bwami inyamaswa ya mbere yashushanyaga, kandi se ni gute bwagenje nk’intare?

⁸ Mbega inyamaswa Daniyeli yabonye! Yasobanuye uko imwe muri zo yari imeze agira ati “iya mbere yasaga n’intare, ifite amababa nk’ay’ikizu. Nyihanga amaso, kugeza aho amababa yayo ashikurijwe, igahagarikwa ku isi, ihagarika amaguru yemye nk’umuntu, kandi ihabwa umutima nk’uw’umuntu” (Daniyeli 7:4). Iyo nyamaswa yagereranyaga ubutegetsi bwashushanywaga n’umutwe wa zahabu wa cya gishushanyo kinini, ari bwo Butegetsi bw’Igihangange bw’Isi bwa Babuloni (607-​539 M.I.C.). Kimwe n’ “intare” itungwa no kurya izindi nyamaswa, Babuloni yashihaguye amahanga ibigiranye ubugome, hakubiyemo n’ubwoko bw’Imana (Yeremiya 4:5-7; 50:17). Iyo ‘ntare’ yabaye nk’aho igurukisha amababa y’ikizu, inyaruka yigarurira ibihugu ibigiranye ubukana.​—Amaganya 4:19; Habakuki 1:6-8.

9. Ni irihe hinduka ryabaye kuri iyo nyamaswa isa n’intare, kandi se ni gute byayigizeho ingaruka?

⁹ Amaherezo, amababa y’iyo ntare iteye ukwayo yaje ‘gushikuzwa.’ Ahagana ku iherezo ry’ubutegetsi bw’Umwami Belushazari, Babuloni yatakaje umuvuduko yahoze ifite mu kwigarurira ibihugu, itakaza n’ubutware bwayo bw’ikirenga bugereranywa n’ubw’intare bwo gutegeka amahanga. Umuvuduko wayo wari usigaye ungana n’uw’umuntu ugenza amaguru. Kubera ko yagize “umutima nk’uw’umuntu,” yacitse intege. Kubera ko Babuloni itakomeje kugira “umutima nk’uw’intare,” ntiyari igishobora kwifata nk’umwami “mu nyamaswa zo mu ishyamba.” (Gereranya na 2 Samweli 17:10; Mika 5:7, umurongo wa 8 muri Biblia Yera.) Hari indi nyamaswa nini yaje kuyinesha.

BUFITE UMURURUMBA NK’IDUBU

10. Ni uruhe ruhererekane rw’abategetsi rwagereranywaga n’ “idubu”?

¹⁰ Daniyeli yagize ati “ndongera mbona indi nyamaswa ya kabiri isa n’idubu; yegutse uruhande rumwe, kandi yari itambitse imbavu eshatu mu mikaka yayo. Barayibwira bati ‘byuka uconshomere inyama [nyinshi]’ ” (Daniyeli 7:5). Umwami wagereranywaga n’ “idubu,” ni na we washushanywaga n’igituza n’amaboko by’ifeza bya cya gishushanyo kinini​—ni ukuvuga uruhererekane rw’abategetsi b’Abamedi n’Abaperesi (539-​331 M.I.C.) rwatangiriye kuri Dariyo w’Umuperesi na Kuro Mukuru, rukarangirira kuri Dariyo wa III.

11. Kuba iryo dubu ry’ikigereranyo ryegutse uruhande rumwe no kuba rifite imbavu eshatu mu mikaka yaryo, bisobanura iki?

¹¹ Iryo dubu ry’ikigereranyo ryari “[r]yegutse uruhande rumwe,” wenda kugira ngo ryitegure gusimbukira amahanga no kuyigarurira, bityo rikomeze kuba ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi. Cyangwa se, ubwo buryo bwo guhagarara bushobora kuba bwari bugambiriwe kugira ngo bugaragaze ko abategetsi b’Abaperesi ari bo bari kuzaganza umwami umwe gusa w’Umumedi, ari we Dariyo. Imbavu eshatu ziri mu mikaka y’iryo dubu zishobora gusobanura ibyerekezo bitatu ryagabyemo ibitero ryigarurira ibihugu. “Idubu” ry’Abamedi n’Abaperesi ryerekeje mu majyaruguru rifata Babuloni mu mwaka wa 539 M.I.C. Hanyuma, ryerekeje iburengerazuba rinyuze muri Aziya Ntoya, rigera muri Thrace. Amaherezo, iryo ‘dubu’ ryagiye mu majyepfo kwigarurira Misiri. Kubera ko umubare gatatu rimwe na rimwe uba ari uburyo bwo gutsindagiriza, imbavu eshatu na zo zishobora kuba zitsindagiriza umururumba iryo dubu ry’ikigereranyo ryari rifite wo kwigarurira ibihugu.

12. Kuba idubu ry’ikigereranyo ryarumviye itegeko ryahawe rigira riti “byuka uconshomere inyama nyinshi,” byagize izihe ngaruka?

¹² Iryo ‘dubu’ ryakurikije amagambo ryabwiwe agira ati ‘byuka uconshomere inyama nyinshi,’ maze ritera amahanga. Ubwami bw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi bwaconshomeye Babuloni mu buryo buhuje n’ibyo Imana ishaka, bityo bujya mu mimerere ituma bushobora kugira igikorwa cy’ingirakamaro bwakorera ubwoko bwa Yehova. Kandi koko bwaragikoze! (Reba ingingo ifite umutwe uvuga ngo “Umwami Warangwaga no Korohera Abandi,” ku ipaji ya 149.) Binyuriye kuri Kuro Mukuru, Dariyo wa I (Dariyo Mukuru) na Aritazeruzi wa I, ubwami bw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi bwabohoye imbohe z’Abayahudi zari i Babuloni, kandi bubafasha kongera kubaka urusengero rwa Yehova no gusana inkike za Yerusalemu. Byaje kugera ubwo ubwami bw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi bwari bufite ibihugu 127 bwategekaga, kandi Ahasuwerusi (Xerxès wa I), umugabo w’Umwamikazi Esiteri, ‘yategekaga uhereye i Buhindi ukageza Etiyopiya’ (Esiteri 1:1). Ariko kandi, hari indi nyamaswa yari iri hafi guhinguka.

BWIHUTA NK’INGWE IFITE AMABABA!

13. (a) Ni iki inyamaswa ya gatatu yashushanyaga? (b) Ni iki cyavugwa ku muvuduko w’inyamaswa ya gatatu n’akarere yategekaga?

¹³ Inyamaswa ya gatatu ‘yasaga n’ingwe; ku mugongo wayo yari ifite amababa ane, asa n’ay’igisiga; kandi yari ifite imitwe ine; ihabwa ubutware’ (Daniyeli 7:6). Kimwe n’inda n’ibibero by’umuringa byo kuri cya gishushanyo cyo mu nzozi za Nebukadinezari, iyo ngwe ifite amababa ane n’imitwe ine yagereranyaga uruhererekane rw’abategetsi b’Abanyamakedoniya cyangwa ab’Abagiriki, rwatangiriye kuri Alexandre le Grand. Alexandre yanyarutse nk’ingwe yambukiranya Aziya Ntoya, afata Misiri mu majyepfo, maze agera ku mupaka w’uburengerazuba bw’u Buhindi. (Gereranya na Habakuki 1:8.) Akarere kose yategekaga kari kanini kurusha akategekwaga na rya ‘dubu,’ kuko kari gakubiyemo na Makedoniya, u Bugiriki n’Ubwami bw’Abaperesi.​—Reba ingingo ifite umutwe uvuga ngo “Umwami Ukiri Muto Yigarurira Isi,” ku ipaji ya 153.

14. Ni gute “ingwe” yaje kugira imitwe ine?

¹⁴ Iyo ‘ngwe’ yagize imitwe ine nyuma y’aho Alexandre apfiriye, mu mwaka wa 323 M.I.C. Byaje kugera ubwo bane mu bagaba b’ingabo ze bamusimbura mu ntara zitandukanye z’akarere yategekaga. Séleucus yafashe Mezopotamiya na Siriya. Ptolémée yategetse Misiri na Palesitina. Lysimaque yategetse Aziya Ntoya na Thrace, naho Cassandre afata Makedoniya n’u Bugiriki. (Reba ingingo ifite umutwe uvuga ngo “Ubwami Bugari Bwicamo Ibice,” ku ipaji ya 162.) Hanyuma, haje kwaduka ikindi kintu giteye ubwoba.

INYAMASWA ITEYE UBWOBA, ITEYE UKWAYO

15. (a) Sobanura uko inyamaswa ya kane yari imeze. (b) Ni iki inyamaswa ya kane yashushanyaga, kandi se ni gute yamenaguye ikanaconshomera icyo ihuye na cyo cyose?

¹⁵ Daniyeli yavuze ko inyamaswa ya kane yari inyamaswa “iteye ubwoba y’inyamaboko n’imbaraga byinshi cyane.” Yakomeje agira ati “yari ifite imikaka minini y’ibyuma; iconshomera ibintu, irabimenagura; ibisigaye ibisiribangisha amajanja yayo. Ariko yari ifite itandukaniro n’izindi nyamaswa zose zayibanjirije. Kandi yari ifite amahembe cumi” (Daniyeli 7:7). Iyo nyamaswa iteye ubwoba yatangiye ari ubutegetsi bwa gipolitiki na gisirikare bwa Roma. Buhoro buhoro bwagiye bwigarurira twa turere tune twari tugize Ubwami bw’u Bugiriki twashyizweho nyuma ya Alexandre, maze mu mwaka wa 30 M.I.C., Roma iba imaze kuba ubundi butegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi, buvugwa mu buhanuzi bwa Bibiliya. Ubwami bw’Abaroma bwagiye bwigarurira buri kintu cyose buhuye na cyo bukoresheje imbaraga za gisirikare, maze buza kwaguka kugeza aho bukwira mu karere katurukaga ku Birwa byose bigize u Bwongereza, kagafata igice kinini cy’u Burayi, kakanyura mu mpande zose za Mediterane, maze kakambukiranya Babuloni, kakagera mu Kigobe cya Perse.

16. Ni ibihe bisobanuro marayika yatanze ku bihereranye n’inyamaswa ya kane?

¹⁶ Kubera ko Daniyeli yifuzaga kumenya neza iby’iyo nyamaswa “yari iteye ubwoba cyane bitavugwa,” yateze amatwi abyitondeye igihe marayika yasobanuraga ati “ayo mahembe cumi [yayo], muri ubwo bwami hazakomokamo abami cumi; hanyuma yabo hazaza undi mwami; ariko we ntazaba asa n’abo ba mbere, kandi azanesha abami batatu” (Daniyeli 7:19, 20, 24). Ayo “mahembe cumi” cyangwa “abami cumi,” yasobanuraga iki?

17. Ni iki “[a]mahembe cumi” y’inyamaswa ya kane agereranya?

¹⁷ Uko Roma yagendaga irushaho gukira kandi ikagenda irushaho gusubira inyuma bitewe n’imibereho itagira rutangira y’abayobozi bayo, ni na ko yagendaga itakaza umwanya wayo wo kuba igihangange mu bya gisirikare. Amaherezo, byaje kugaragara neza ko imbaraga za gisirikare za Roma zagendaga zigabanuka. Byaje kugera ubwo ubwo bwami bw’igihangange bwigabanyamo ubwami bwinshi. Kubera ko akenshi Bibiliya ikoresha umubare icumi yerekeza ku bintu byuzuye, ayo “mahembe cumi” y’inyamaswa ya kane agereranya ubwami bwose bwavutse kuri Roma imaze kwicamo ibice.​—Gereranya no Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 4:13; Luka 15:8; 19:13, 16, 17.

18. Ni gute Roma yamaze ibinyejana byinshi igitegeka u Burayi nyuma y’aho umwami w’abami wayo wa nyuma avaniweho?

¹⁸ Ariko kandi, Ubutegetsi bw’Igihangange bw’Isi bwa Roma ntibwahise burangira igihe umwami w’abami wa nyuma wabwo yavanwagaho i Roma, mu mwaka wa 476 I.C. Roma yategekwaga na ba papa yamaze ibinyejana byinshi itegeka u Burayi mu bya politiki, ariko cyane cyane mu by’idini. Yabigenje ityo mu gihe cyose cya gahunda y’ubuhake, aho abaturage b’u Burayi hafi ya bose babaga bafite umutware bakorera, hanyuma hakaba n’umwami. Kandi abami bose na bo bemeraga ubutware bwa papa. Bityo rero, Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma bwari bushingiye i Roma kwa papa bwategetse isi muri icyo gihe kirekire cy’amateka cyitwa Igihe cy’Umwijima.

19. Dukurikije uko umuhanga mu by’amateka umwe yabivuze, ni irihe tandukaniro rya Roma n’ubwami bwayibanjirije?

¹⁹ Ni nde wahakana ko inyamaswa ya kane “[itasaga] n’ubundi bwami bwose” (Daniyeli 7:7, 19, 23)? Mu birebana n’ibyo, umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa H. G. Wells yanditse agira ati “ubwo butegetsi bushya bwa Roma . . . bwari butandukanye mu nzego nyinshi n’ubundi bwami bukomeye bwose bwari bwarabubanjirije kugeza icyo gihe, muri ako karere k’isi kari karateye imbere mu by’isanzuramuco. . . . Bwigaruriye hafi Abagiriki bose bo ku isi, kandi abaturage babwo ntibari biganjemo abo mu karere ka Aziya na Afurika y’amajyaruguru nk’uko byari bimeze ku bundi bwami bwose bwari bwarabubanjirije . . . Bwari ubwami bufite isura nshya mu mateka kugeza muri icyo gihe . . . Ubwami bw’Abaroma bwateye imbere mu buryo butari bwitezwe kandi butigeze bwitegurwa; abaturage b’Abaroma bagiye kubona babona bari muri gahunda ikomeye y’ubutegetsi mu buryo busa n’aho bubatunguye.” Ariko kandi, iyo nyamaswa ya kane yari igiye kurushaho gukura.

IHEMBE RITO RIKURA

20. Ni iki marayika yavuze ku bihereranye no kumera kw’ihembe rito ku mutwe w’inyamaswa ya kane?

²⁰ Daniyeli yagize ati “nitegereje ayo mahembe, mbona muri yo hameze irindi hembe ritoya. Imbere yaryo hakurwa amahembe atatu mu yari asanzwe” (Daniyeli 7:8). Ku birebana n’iryo hembe ryameze, marayika yabwiye Daniyeli ati “hanyuma yabo [ba bami cumi] hazaza undi mwami; ariko we ntazaba asa n’abo ba mbere, kandi azanesha abami batatu” (Daniyeli 7:24). Uwo mwami ni nde, yadutse ryari, kandi se ni abahe bami batatu yanesheje?

21. Ni gute u Bwongereza bwaje kuba ihembe rito ry’ikigereranyo rya ya nyamaswa ya kane?

²¹ Reka turebe ibi bikurikira. Mu mwaka wa 55 M.I.C., Jules Kayisari, Umugaba w’ingabo z’Abaroma, yateye u Bwongereza, ariko ntiyashobora kubukoroniza burundu. Mu mwaka wa 43 I.C., Umwami w’Abami Claude yatangiye kwigarurira burundu amajyepfo y’u Bwongereza. Hanyuma, mu mwaka wa 122 I.C., Umwami w’Abami Hadrien yatangiye kubaka urukuta, uhereye ku Ruzi Tyne ukageza ku Kigobe cya Solway, uwo uba umupaka wo mu majyaruguru w’Ubwami bw’Abaroma. Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya gatanu, ingabo z’Abaroma zavuye muri icyo kirwa. Umuhanga umwe mu by’amateka yagize ati “mu kinyejana cya cumi na gatandatu, u Bwongereza ntibwari ubutegetsi bukomeye. Ubukungu bwabwo bwari buke ubugereranyije n’ubw’u Buholandi. Abaturage babwo bari bake cyane ugereranyije n’ab’u Bufaransa. Ingabo zabwo (hakubiyemo n’amato yabwo y’intambara) ntizari zihambaye nk’iza Hisipaniya.” Uko bigaragara, icyo gihe u Bwongereza bwari ubwami budafite icyo buvuze, bukaba ari bwo bwari ihembe rito ry’ikigereranyo rya ya nyamaswa ya kane. Ariko ibyo byari bigiye guhinduka.

22. (a) Ni ayahe mahembe atatu yandi y’inyamaswa ya kane iryo hembe “ritoya” ryanesheje? (b) Bityo rero, u Bwongereza bwahindutse iki?

²² Mu mwaka wa 1588, Philippe wa II wo muri Hisipaniya yohereje amato y’intambara ya Hisipaniya yitwaga Armada, atera u Bwongereza. Icyo gitero cyari kigizwe n’amato 130, arimo ingabo zisaga 24.000, cyafashe iy’umuyoboro witwa Manche, ariko nticyateye kabiri; cyahise kineshwa n’ingabo zirwanira mu mazi z’u Bwongereza, kandi gishegeshwa n’inkubi y’umuyaga wagisunikaga ugisubiza inyuma, hamwe n’umuhengeri wo mu nyanja ya Atlantika. Umuhanga umwe mu by’amateka yavuze ko ibyo “byagaragaje ko Hisipaniya yari yimukiye u Bwongereza mu kuba igihangange mu by’ingabo zirwanira mu mazi.” Mu kinyejana cya 17, u Buholandi ni bwo bwari bufite amato y’ubucuruzi ahambaye cyane kurusha ayandi ku isi. Ariko kandi, kubera ko ibihugu u Bwongereza bwari bwarakoronije byagendaga birushaho kuba byinshi, bwaje kuganza ubwo bwami. Mu kinyejana cya 18, Abongereza n’Abafaransa barwaniye muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru no mu Buhindi, amaherezo haza gusinywa Amasezerano y’i Paris mu mwaka wa 1763. Umwanditsi umwe witwa William B. Willcox yavuze ko ayo masezerano “yemeraga ko u Bwongereza ari bwo bwari busigaye ari igihugu cy’igihangange cy’u Burayi gifite ijambo rikomeye mu bihugu bikoronizwa.” Kuba u Bwongereza ari bwo bwari busigaye ari igihugu cy’igihangange, byongeye kugaragara igihe bwaneshaga ibi bidasubirwaho umwami Napoléon w’u Bufaransa mu mwaka wa 1815 I.C. Bityo rero, “abami batatu” u Bwongereza ‘bwanesheje’ ni Hisipaniya, u Buholandi n’u Bufaransa (Daniyeli 7:24). Ibyo byatumye u Bwongereza buhinduka ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi mu birebana no gukoroniza ibihugu no mu by’ubucuruzi. Ni koko, rya hembe “ritoya” ryarakuze rihinduka ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi!

23. Ni mu buhe buryo ihembe rito ry’ikigereranyo ‘ryaconshomeye isi yose’?

²³ Marayika yabwiye Daniyeli ko inyamaswa ya kane, cyangwa ubwami bwa kane, yari “[k]uzaconshomera isi yose” (Daniyeli 7:23). Ibyo byasohoreye ku ntara ya Roma yahoze yitwa u Bwongereza. Amaherezo yaje kuba Ubwami bw’u Bwongereza, maze ‘iconshomera isi yose.’ Hari igihe ubwo bwami bwari bufite igice kingana na kimwe cya kane cy’ubuso bw’isi n’abaturage bangana n’icya kane cy’abatuye isi yose.

24. Ni iki umuhanga umwe mu by’amateka yavuze ku bihereranye n’ukuntu Ubwami bw’u Bwongereza bwaje buteye ukwabwo?

²⁴ Nk’uko Ubwami bw’Abaroma bwari bunyuranye n’ubundi butegetsi bw’ibihangange bw’isi byabubanjirije, ni na ko umwami ushushanywa na rya hembe “ritoya” na we ‘atari kuzaba asa n’aba mbere’ (Daniyeli 7:24). Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa H. G. Wells yerekeje ku Bwami bw’u Bwongereza agira ati “ntihigeze habaho ubwami bumeze nka bwo. Ikintu cy’ibanze kandi cy’ingenzi cyane cy’iyo gahunda yose, ni uko yari ‘repubulika ihagarariwe n’umwami’ y’Ubwami Bwunze Ubumwe bw’u Bwongereza . . . Nta rwego rw’ubutegetsi na rumwe, habe n’umuntu n’umwe wigeze asobanukirwa iby’Ubwami bw’u Bwongereza bwose uko bwakabaye. Bwari ubwami bugizwe n’uruvange rw’ibintu by’amajyambere hamwe n’ingufu z’abantu bafatanyiriza hamwe, butandukanye rwose n’icyari cyarigeze kwitwa ubwami cyose mbere y’aho.”

25. (a) Rya hembe rito ry’ikigereranyo risigaye ari iki muri iki igihe? (b) Ni mu buhe buryo iryo hembe “ritoya” rifite “amaso asa n’ay’umuntu, n’akanwa kavuga ibikomeye”?

²⁵ Ibya rya hembe “ritoya” ntibyagombaga kurangirira ku Bwami bw’u Bwongereza gusa. Mu mwaka wa 1783, u Bwongereza bwahaye ubwigenge ibihugu 13 byo muri Amerika bwari bwarakoronije. Amaherezo, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika zaje kwiyunga n’u Bwongereza, Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose isiga ari cyo gihugu cy’igihangange ku isi. Na n’ubu ziracyafitanye ubumwe bukomeye n’u Bwongereza. Ibyo byabyaye ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi yose bw’inyabubiri bugizwe n’u Bwongereza na Amerika, bukaba ari bwo bwari rya “hembe ryari rifite amaso.” Koko rero, ubwo butegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi buritegereza cyane kandi bufite amayeri! ‘Buvuga ibikomeye’ mu buryo bw’uko butegeka abenshi mu batuye isi gukurikiza politiki yabwo kandi bukababera umuvugizi, cyangwa “[u]muhanuzi w’ibinyoma.”​—Daniyeli 7:8, 11, 20; Ibyahishuwe 16:13; 19:20.

IHEMBE RITO RIRWANYA IMANA N’ABERA BAYO

26. Ni iki marayika yahanuye ku birebana n’ibyo ihembe rito ry’ikigereranyo rivuga n’ibyo rikora ku bihereranye na Yehova n’abagaragu be?

²⁶ Daniyeli yakomeje asobanura ibyo yeretswe, agira ati “maze mbona iryo hembe rirwanya abera, ryenda kubanesha” (Daniyeli 7:21). Marayika w’Imana yahanuye yerekeza kuri iryo “hembe,” cyangwa uwo mwami, agira ati “ni we uzavuga ibyo kugomera Isumbabyose; kandi azarenganya abera b’Isumbabyose. Azigira inama zo guhindura ibihe n’amategeko; kandi bizarekerwa mu maboko ye kugeza aho igihe n’ibihe n’igice cy’igihe bizashirira” (Daniyeli 7:25). Ni gute kandi ni ryari icyo gice cy’ubuhanuzi cyasohoye?

27. (a) “Abera” batotezwa n’ihembe “ritoya” ni bande? (b) Ni gute iryo hembe ry’ikigereranyo ryigiriye inama yo “guhindura ibihe n’amategeko”?

²⁷ “Abera” batotejwe na rya hembe “ritoya”​—ari bwo Butegetsi bw’Igihangange bw’Isi bw’u Bwongereza na Amerika​—ni abigishwa ba Yesu basizwe n’umwuka bari ku isi (Abaroma 1:7; 1 Petero 2:9). Mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi mbere y’Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose, abasigaye bo muri abo basizwe batanze umuburo bavuga ko umwaka wa 1914 wari kuzaba iherezo ry’ “ibihe by’abanyamahanga” (Luka 21:24). Igihe intambara yatangiraga muri uwo mwaka, byaragaragaraga ko rya hembe “ritoya” ritari ryaritaye kuri uwo muburo, kuko ryari rigikomeza guhutaza “abera” basizwe. Ndetse Ubutegetsi bw’Igihangange bw’Isi bw’u Bwongereza na Amerika bwanabangamiye imihati yabo yo gusohoza ibyo Yehova abasaba (cyangwa “amategeko” ye), birebana n’uko ubutumwa bwiza bw’Ubwami bubwirizwa n’abahamya be ku isi hose (Matayo 24:14). Bityo rero, rya hembe “ritoya” ryagerageje “guhindura ibihe n’amategeko.”

28. “Igihe n’ibihe n’igice cy’igihe” bireshya bite?

²⁸ Marayika wa Yehova yerekeje ku gihe cyo mu buryo bw’ubuhanuzi kingana n’ “igihe n’ibihe n’igice cy’igihe.” Icyo gihe kireshya gite? Muri rusange, abahanga mu gutanga ibisobanuro kuri Bibiliya bemera ko iyo mvugo yumvikanisha ibihe bitatu n’igice​—ni ukuvuga igiteranyo cy’igihe kimwe, ibihe bibiri n’igice cy’igihe. Kubera ko “ibihe birindwi” ibisazi bya Nebukadinezari byamaze byari bihwanye n’imyaka irindwi, ibihe bitatu n’igice bingana n’imyaka itatu n’igice.c (Daniyeli 4:13, 22, umurongo wa 16, 25 muri Biblia Yera.) Bibiliya yitwa An American Translation igira iti “bizashyirwa mu maboko ye mu gihe cy’umwaka, imyaka ibiri n’igice cy’umwaka.” Ubuhinduzi bwa James Moffatt bugira buti “mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu n’igice cy’umwaka.” Icyo gihe nanone kivugwa mu Byahishuwe 11:2-7, havuga ko abahamya b’Imana bari kuzabwiriza bambaye ibigunira mu gihe cy’amezi 42, cyangwa iminsi 1.260, hanyuma bakicwa. Icyo gihe cyatangiye ryari kandi kirangira ryari?

29. Ni ryari kandi se ni gute imyaka itatu n’igice y’ubuhanuzi yatangiye?

²⁹ Ku Bakristo basizwe, Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose yari igihe cyo kugeragezwa. Ku iherezo ry’umwaka wa 1914, bari biteze ibitotezo. Koko rero, n’isomo ry’umwaka ryatoranyirijwe umwaka wa 1915 ubwaryo, ryari ikibazo Yesu yabajije abigishwa be agira ati “mwabasha kunywera ku gikombe nzanyweraho?” Ryari rishingiye muri Matayo 20:22. Bityo rero, guhera mu kwezi k’Ukuboza 1914, iryo tsinda rito ry’abahamya ryabwirije ‘ryambaye ibigunira.’

30. Ni gute Abakristo basizwe bahutajwe n’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihangange bw’Isi bw’u Bwongereza na Amerika mu Ntambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose?

³⁰ Uko intambara yagendaga irushaho gukara, ni na ko ibigeragezo Abakristo basizwe bahuraga na byo byarushagaho kwiyongera. Bamwe muri bo barafunzwe. Hari bamwe na bamwe, urugero nka Frank Platt mu Bwongereza na Robert Clegg muri Kanada, bababajwe urubozo n’abategetsi buzuye ubugome. Ku itariki ya 12 Gashyantare 1918, leta ya Kanada yategekwaga n’u Bwongereza yaciye umubumbe wa karindwi w’igitabo Études des Écritures wari umaze igihe gito usohotse, ukaba wari ufite umutwe uvuga ngo Le mystère accompli, ica n’inkuru z’Ubwami zari zifite umutwe uvuga ngo L’Étudiant de la Bible. Mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho, Urwego rw’Ubutabera rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika rwatangaje ko gutanga uwo mubumbe wa karindwi binyuranyije n’amategeko. Ibyo byagize izihe ngaruka? Yemwe, amazu yarasatswe, ibitabo birafatirwa, abasenga Yehova na bo barafatwa!

31. Ni ryari kandi se ni gute “igihe n’ibihe n’igice cy’igihe” byarangiye?

³¹ Ibyo guhutaza abasizwe b’Imana byageze ahakomeye ku itariki ya 21 Kamena 1918, ubwo perezida J. F. Rutherford n’ab’ingenzi mu bari bagize Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society baregwaga ibinyoma, bagakatirwa igifungo cy’imyaka myinshi. Kubera ko rya hembe “ritoya” ryari ryariyemeje “guhindura ibihe n’amategeko,” ryari ryarashoboye kwica umurimo wo kubwiriza wateguwe (Ibyahishuwe 11:7). Bityo rero, cya gihe cyahanuwe kingana n’ “igihe n’ibihe n’igice cy’igihe” cyarangiye muri Kamena 1918.

32. Kuki wavuga ko “abera” batatsembweho na rya hembe “ritoya”?

³² Ariko kandi, “abera” ntibatsembweho no guhutazwa na rya hembe “ritoya.” Nk’uko byari byarahanuwe mu gitabo cy’Ibyahishuwe, nyuma y’igihe gito Abakristo basizwe bamaze badakora umurimo, bongeye kuba bazima kandi barawukora (Ibyahishuwe 11:11-​13). Ku itariki ya 26 Werurwe 1919, perezida wa Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society na bagenzi be barafunguwe, maze nyuma y’aho bahanagurwaho bya birego by’ibinyoma bashinjwaga. Bidatinze, abasigaye basizwe batangiye kwisuganya kugira ngo bongere gukora umurimo. Ariko se, ni iki cyari gitegereje rya hembe “ritoya”?

UMUKURU NYIR’IBIHE BYOSE ACA URUBANZA

33. (a) Umukuru Nyir’ibihe byose ni nde? (b) ‘Ibitabo byabumbuwe’ mu Rukiko rwo mu ijuru ni iki?

³³ Nyuma yo kuvuga ibya za nyamaswa enye, Daniyeli akuye amaso ku nyamaswa ya kane, ayerekeza ku bibera mu ijuru. Abonye Umukuru Nyir’ibihe byose yicara ku ntebe ye ya cyami irabagirana, ari Umucamanza. Uwo Mukuru Nyir’ibihe byose nta wundi utari Yehova Imana (Zaburi 90:2). Mu gihe Urukiko rwo mu ijuru rurimo rushyirwaho, Daniyeli abonye ‘ibitabo bibumburwa’ (Daniyeli 7:9, 10). Kubera ko Yehova yabayeho kuva iteka, azi amateka y’abantu yose nk’aho yakabaye yanditswe mu gitabo. Yakurikiraniye hafi ibya za nyamaswa enye z’ikigereranyo, kandi ashobora kuzicira imanza akurikije ibyo yiboneye ubwe.

34, 35. Bizagendekera bite rya hembe “ritoya” n’ibindi bihangange by’inyamaswa?

³⁴ Daniyeli akomeza agira ati “uwo mwanya ndangarira ijwi rya rya hembe ryavugaga amagambo akomeye. Nkomeza kwitegereza [kugeza] aho ya nyamaswa yiciwe, umubiri wayo ukarimburwa, igatabwa mu muriro igatwikwa. Za nyamaswa zindi zinyagwa ubutware bwazo; ariko zirekerwa ubugingo bwazo kugira ngo zimare igihe zategetswe kumara” (Daniyeli 7:11, 12). Marayika abwiye Daniyeli ati “urubanza ruzashingwa; bazamunyaga ubutware ngo babumareho burimburwe kugeza ku mperuka.”​—Daniyeli 7:26.

³⁵ Binyuriye ku iteka rizacibwa n’Umucamanza Mukuru, Yehova Imana, rya hembe ryatutse Imana kandi rigahutaza “abera” bayo rizagerwaho n’ibyageze ku Bwami bw’Abaroma bwatoteje Abakristo ba mbere. Ubutegetsi bwaryo ntibuzagumaho. Ndetse n’ubw’ “abami” bato bagereranywa n’amahembe bakomotse ku Bwami bw’Abaroma, na bwo ntibuzagumaho. None se, bite ku bihereranye n’ubutegetsi bwakomotse kuri bya bihangange by’inyamaswa bya mbere? Nk’uko byahanuwe, imibereho yabwo yarekewe kumara “igihe” runaka. Aho bwahoze butegeka haracyatuwe kugeza n’ubu. Urugero, Iraki iri ahahoze ari Babuloni. U Buperesi (Irani) n’u Bugiriki biracyariho. Ibisigisigi by’ubwo butegetsi bw’ibihangange bw’isi, ubu ni bimwe mu bigize Umuryango w’Abibumbye. Ubwo bwami na bwo buzarimburirwa hamwe n’ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bwa nyuma bw’isi. Ubutegetsi bwose bwa kimuntu buzatsembwaho mu “ntambara yo ku munsi ukomeye w’Imana Ishoborabyose” (Ibyahishuwe 16:14, 16). Ariko se icyo gihe, ni nde uzayobora isi?

UBUTEGETSI BUZAHORAHO BUREGEREJE!

36, 37. (a) “Usa n’umwana w’umuntu” ni nde, kandi se, ni ryari yagaragaye mu Rukiko rwo mu ijuru, kandi ku bw’uwuhe mugambi? (b) Ni iki cyashyizweho mu mwaka wa 1914 I.C.?

³⁶ Daniyeli yiyamiriye agira ati “hanyuma nkitegereza ibyo neretswe nijoro, mbona haje usa n’umwana w’umuntu, aziye mu bicu byo mu ijuru, aza umujyo umwe, asanga wa Mukuru nyir’ibihe byose, bamumugeza imbere” (Daniyeli 7:13). Igihe Yesu Kristo yari akiri ku isi, yiyise “Umwana w’umuntu,” bikaba byarumvikanishaga isano afitanye n’abantu (Matayo 16:13; 25:31). Yesu yabwiye abari bagize Urukiko Rukuru rwa Kiyahudi ati “muzabona Umwana w’umuntu yicaye iburyo bw’ubushobozi bw’Imana, aje ku bicu byo mu ijuru” (Matayo 26:64). Ku bw’ibyo rero, mu iyerekwa rya Daniyeli, uwaje atabonwa n’amaso y’abantu maze akajya iruhande rwa Yehova Imana ni Yesu Kristo wazutse akaba yarahawe ikuzo. Ibyo byabaye ryari?

³⁷ Imana yagiranye na Yesu Kristo isezerano ry’Ubwami, nk’uko yari yararigiranye n’Umwami Dawidi (2 Samweli 7:11-​16; Luka 22:28-​30). Igihe “ibihe by’abanyamahanga” byarangiraga mu mwaka wa 1914 I.C., Yesu Kristo yari afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa ubutegetsi bw’Ubwami, kuko yari umuragwa w’ubwami bwa Dawidi. Inkuru y’ubuhanuzi ya Daniyeli igira iti “ahabwa ubutware n’icyubahiro n’ubwami, kugira ngo abantu b’amoko yose y’indimi zitari zimwe bajye bamukorera. Ubutware bwe ni ubutware bw’iteka ryose butazashira; kandi ubwami bwe ni ubwami butazakurwaho” (Daniyeli 7:14). Bityo rero, Ubwami bwa Kimesiya bwimitswe mu ijuru mu mwaka wa 1914. Ariko kandi, hari n’abandi bahabwa ubutware.

38, 39. Ni nde uzahabwa ubutware bw’iteka bwo gutegeka isi?

³⁸ Marayika yagize ati “abera b’Isumbabyose bazahabwa ubwo bwami” (Daniyeli 7:18, 22, 27). Yesu Kristo ni we w’ibanze wera (Ibyakozwe 3:14; 4:27, 30). “Abera” bandi bazifatanya muri ubwo butegetsi, ni Abakristo bizerwa 144.000 basizwe n’umwuka, bakaba ari abaragwa b’Ubwami hamwe na Kristo (Abaroma 1:7; 8:17; 2 Abatesalonike 1:5; 1 Petero 2:9). Bazurwa mu bapfuye ari imyuka idapfa kugira ngo bimane na Kristo ku Musozi Siyoni yo mu ijuru (Ibyahishuwe 2:10; 14:1; 20:6). Ku bw’ibyo rero, Yesu Kristo n’Abakristo basizwe bazutse ni bo bazayobora isi ituwe n’abantu.

³⁹ Marayika w’Imana yerekeje ku butegetsi bw’Umwana w’umuntu n’abandi ‘bera’ bazutse agira ati “ubwami n’ubutware n’icyubahiro cy’ubwami bwose buri munsi y’ijuru buzahabwe ubwoko bw’abera b’Isumbabyose; ubwami bwayo ni ubwami buzahoraho iteka, kandi ubutware bwose buzajya buyikorera buyumvire” (Daniyeli 7:27). Mbega imigisha abantu bumvira bazahabwa mu gihe cy’ubwo Bwami!

40. Ni gute twakungukirwa no kwitondera ibyo Daniyeli yeretswe mu nzozi?

⁴⁰ Daniyeli ntiyari azi neza ibintu byose byari kuzaba mu isohozwa ritangaje ry’ibyo yeretswe n’Imana. Yagize ati “ayo magambo agarukiye aha. Ariko jyewe ubwanjye Daniyeli ibyo natekereje bimpagarika umutima cyane, bituma mu maso hanjye hahinduka ukundi; ariko mbika iryo jambo mu mutima wanjye” (Daniyeli 7:28). Ariko kandi, twebwe ho turi mu gihe dushobora gusobanukirwa isohozwa ry’ibyo Daniyeli yabonye. Kwitondera ubwo buhanuzi bizakomeza ukwizera kwacu, kandi bitume turushaho kwemera tudashidikanya ko Umwami wa Kimesiya wimitswe na Yehova azategeka isi.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

NI IKI WAMENYE?

• Mu ‘nyamaswa nini enye [zavuye mu nyanja],’ ni iki imwe imwe isobanura?

• Ihembe “ritoya” ni iki?

• Ni gute “abera” bahutajwe n’ihembe rito ry’ikigereranyo mu Ntambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose?

• Bizagendekera bite ihembe rito ry’ikigereranyo n’ibindi bihangange by’inyamaswa?

• Ni gute wungukiwe no kwitondera ibyo Daniyeli yeretswe mu nzozi ku bihereranye n’ “inyamaswa nini enye”?

[Agasanduku/Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 149-152]

UMWAMI WARANGWAGA NO KOROHERA ABANDI

UMWANDITSI w’Umugiriki wo mu kinyejana cya gatanu M.I.C. yamuvuzeho ko yari umwami urangwa no korohera abandi kandi mwiza. Muri Bibiliya, avugwaho ko ari uwo Imana “yimikishije amavuta,” akaba n’ “igisiga cy’amerwe kiv[a] iburasirazuba” (Yesaya 45:1; 46:11). Uwo mwami uvugwa atyo ni Kuro Mukuru w’u Buperesi.

Kuro yatangiye inzira igana ku butware ahagana mu mwaka wa 560/559 M.I.C., igihe yasimburaga se Cambyse wa I ku ntebe y’ubwami bwa Anshan, umujyi cyangwa intara y’u Buperesi bwa kera. Icyo gihe, Anshan yari yarigaruriwe n’Umwami w’Abamedi witwaga Astyage. Kuro yaje kwigomeka ku butegetsi bw’Abamedi, maze ahita atsinda bitewe n’uko ingabo za Astyage zataye shebuja zikamuyoboka. Bityo rero, Kuro yaje kwizerwa n’Abamedi. Nyuma y’aho, Abamedi n’Abaperesi baje gufatanya urugamba bayobowe na we. Nguko uko havutse ubutegetsi bw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi, ari na bwo amaherezo bwaje gutegeka ifasi yaturukaga ku Nyanja ya Égée ikagera ku Ruzi rwa Indus.​—Reba ku ikarita.

Yifashishije ingabo z’Abamedi n’Abaperesi ziyunze, Kuro yabanje kujya guhosha imidugararo yari yavutse mu karere kamwe​—intara yo mu burengerazuba y’u Bumedi, aho Crésus Umwami wa Lydie yari yarafashe intara y’u Bumedi kugira ngo yagure igihugu cye. Kuro yakomeje yerekeza ku mupaka w’iburasirazuba w’Ubwami bwa Lydie muri Aziya Ntoya, maze anesha Crésus, yigarurira n’umurwa we mukuru wa Sardes. Hanyuma, Kuro yafashe imijyi y’Abagiriki yo muri ako karere, maze Aziya Ntoya yose ijya mu karere kategekwaga n’Ubwami bw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi. Nguko uko yabaye umutegetsi ushyamiranye n’umwami wa Babuloni, Nabonide.

Hanyuma, Kuro yaje kwitegura guhangana imbona nkubone n’igihangange Babuloni. Kandi kuva icyo gihe, yagize uruhare mu isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi bwa Bibiliya. Binyuriye ku muhanuzi Yesaya, Yehova yari amaze igihe kingana hafi n’ibinyejana bibiri avuze izina rya Kuro, ko ari we mutegetsi wari kuzanesha Babuloni maze akabohora Abayahudi ku ngoyi. Uko gushyirwaho mbere y’igihe, ni ko Ibyanditswe bishingiraho byita Kuro ‘uwimitswe’ na Yehova.​—Yesaya 44:26-28.

Igihe Kuro yahagurukiraga guhangana na Babuloni mu mwaka wa 539 M.I.C., yari afite akazi katoroshye. Kubera ko uwo mujyi wari ukikijwe n’ibikuta binini cyane hamwe n’umugende muremure kandi mugari w’amazi wacukuwe n’uruzi Ufurate, wasaga n’aho ari umutamenwa. Aho uruzi Ufurate rwambukiranyaga Babuloni, ku nkombe zarwo rwari rugiye rukikijwe n’igikuta kingana umusozi gifite ibyugi binini by’umuringa. Ni gute Kuro yari kuzashobora gufata Babuloni?

Hari hashize imyaka isaga ikinyejana Yehova ahanuye iby’ ‘izuba ryari kuzagera ku mazi yaho,’ kandi yari yaravuze ko yari ‘kuzakama’ (Yeremiya 50:38). Mu buryo buhuje n’ubwo buhanuzi, Kuro yayobeje amazi y’Uruzi Ufurate, ayayobereza ku birometero bike mu majyaruguru ya Babuloni. Hanyuma, ingabo ze ziroshye muri uwo muhora w’uruzi, zivogera mu misitwe, zurira umugunguzi werekeza ku rukuta maze zinjira mu murwa bitazigoye, bitewe n’uko bya byugi by’umuringa byari birangaye. Kimwe n’ “igisiga cy’amerwe” kimanuka kigahita gicakira icyo gihiga, uwo mutegetsi wari ‘uvuye iburasirazuba’ na we yahise afata Babuloni mu ijoro rimwe!

Ku Bayahudi bari bari i Babuloni, gutsinda kwa Kuro kwasobanuraga ko igihe bari barategereje kuva kera cyo kubohorwa bakavanwa mu bunyage cyari kigeze, kandi ko ibyo guhinduka umusaka kw’igihugu cyabo byari bimaze imyaka 70, byari birangiye. Mbega ukuntu bagomba kuba barishimye cyane igihe Kuro yatangaga itangazo ribaha uburenganzira bwo gusubira i Yerusalemu bakongera kubaka urusengero! Nanone kandi, Kuro yabashubije ibikoresho by’igiciro cyinshi byo mu rusengero Nebukadinezari yari yarazanye i Babuloni, abaha uburenganzira bwo kuvana ibiti muri Libani, kandi abemerera kubaha amafaranga yo mu nzu y’umwami yo kuzakoresha muri ubwo bwubatsi.​—Ezira 1:1-​11; 6:3-5.

Muri rusange, mu mibanire ya Kuro n’abantu yabaga yarigaruriye, yakoreshaga politiki yo kubazirikana no kuborohera. Impamvu imwe yamuteraga kugira iyo myifatire ishobora kuba yari idini rye. Kuro ashobora kuba yarakurikizaga inyigisho z’umuhanuzi w’Umuperesi witwaga Zoroastre kandi agasenga Ahura Mazda​—imana abantu batekerezaga ko ari yo yaremye ibyiza byose. Uwitwa Farhang Mehr yanditse mu gitabo cye cyitwa The Zoroastrian Tradition agira ati “Zoroastre yigishaga ko Imana ari uguhebuza mu bihereranye n’umuco. Yabwiraga abantu ko Ahura Mazda atihorera, ahubwo ko akiranuka, kandi ko ku bw’ibyo atagomba gutinywa, ahubwo ko agomba gukundwa.” Kwizera imana ifite imico myiza kandi ikiranuka, bishobora kuba byaragize ingaruka ku mahame mbonezamuco Kuro yagenderagaho, kandi bikamutera kugira umutima mwiza no kuba inyangamugayo.

Ariko kandi, uwo mwami ntiyihanganiraga cyane ibihe by’ikirere cy’i Babuloni. Impeshyi yaho irangwa n’izuba ryinshi, yari irenze iyo yakwihanganira. Bityo rero, n’ubwo Babuloni ari yo yakomeje kuba umurwa wa cyami, ikaba ari na yo yari ihuriro ry’ibikorwa bya kidini n’iby’umuco, muri rusange wari umurwa umwami yabagamo mu gihe cy’itumba gusa. Koko rero, Kuro amaze gufata Babuloni, nyuma y’igihe gito yahise yisubirira muri Ecbatane, umurwa yabagamo mu mpeshyi, wari wubatswe ku butumburuke bwa metero 1.900, munsi y’Umusozi Elvend. Aho ngaho, ibihe bikonje by’itumba byasimburanaga n’impeshyi yoroheje, ni byo yikundiraga kurushaho. Nanone kandi, Kuro yubatse ingoro ihebuje mu murwa we mukuru wa kera ari wo Pasargades (hafi ya Persépolis), mu birometero 650 mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bwa Ecbatane. Iyo ngoro ye ni yo yajyaga ajya kuruhukiramo.

Ku bw’ibyo rero, Kuro azwiho kuba yari intwari yagendaga inesha akaba n’umwami warangwaga no korohera abandi. Ubutegetsi bwe bw’imyaka 30 bwarangiye mu mwaka wa 530 M.I.C., igihe yapfaga aguye ku rugamba. Umuhungu we Cambyse wa II ni we wamusimbuye ku ntebe y’ubwami bw’u Buperesi.

NI IKI WAMENYE?

• Ni gute Kuro w’Umuperesi yagaragaye ko yari ‘uwimitswe’ na Yehova?

• Ni ibihe bintu by’ingenzi cyane Kuro yakoreye ubwoko bwa Yehova?

• Ni gute Kuro yafataga abantu yabaga yarigaruriye?

[Ikarita]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu gitabo)

UBWAMI BW’ABAMEDI N’ABAPERESI

MACÉDOINE

Memphis

MISIRI

ETIYOPIYA

Yerusalemu

Babuloni

Ecbatane

Suse

Persépolis

U BUHINDI

[Ifoto]

Igituro cya Kuro i Pasargades

[Ifoto]

Ishusho iri mu ngoro ya Kuro i Pasargades

[Agasanduku/Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 153-161]

UMWAMI UKIRI MUTO YIGARURIRA ISI

MBERE y’imyaka 2.300 ishize, umugaba w’ingabo wari mu kigero cy’imyaka ya za 20 wari ufite imisatsi ijya gutukura yahagaze ku nkombe z’Inyanja ya Mediterane. Amaso ye yari ayahanze ku mujyi wari wubatswe ku kirwa, mu ntera ireshya hafi na kirometero imwe. Kubera ko bari baranze ko awinjiramo, uwo mugaba w’ingabo wari warabishe yiyemeje kuzawufata. Uzi umugambi wo kuhatera yateguye? Gukora umuhanda wambukiranya amazi ukagera kuri icyo kirwa, maze akohereza ingabo ze zikagaba igitero kuri uwo mujyi. Ibyo gukora uwo muhanda byaratangiye.

Ariko hari ubutumwa buturutse ku mwami ukomeye w’Ubwami bw’u Buperesi bwaje kurogoya uwo mugaba w’ingabo wari ukiri muto. Kubera ko uwo mutegetsi w’Umuperesi yari ashishikajwe cyane no gushaka amahoro, yiyemeje kumuha ibintu bihambaye mu buryo budasanzwe: ni ukuvuga italanto 10.000 z’izahabu (amadolari y’amanyamerika asaga miriyari ebyiri muri iki gihe), kumushyingira umwe mu bakobwa be no kumwegurira igice cyose cy’uburengerazuba bw’Ubwami bw’u Buperesi. Uwo mwami yashakaga gutanga ibyo byose kugira ngo akunde agarurirwe abagize umuryango we wa mugaba w’ingabo yari yarajyanyeho iminyago.

Uwo mugaba w’ingabo wagombaga kwemera ibyo bintu cyangwa akabyanga, ni Alexandre wa III umwami wa Macédoine. Mbese, yagombaga kubyemera? Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Ulrich Wilcken yagize ati “cyari igihe gikomeye cyagombaga kugira ingaruka kuri iyo si ya kera. Koko rero, kuva mu Gihe Rwagati kugeza no muri iki gihe, ingaruka z’umwanzuro we ziracyagaragara, haba mu Burasirazuba haba no mu Burengerazuba.” Mbere yo kureba igisubizo Alexandre yatanze, reka tubanze turebe uko byari byagenze kugira ngo ibintu bigombe kugera aho hose.

UBURERE IYO NTWARI YAHAWE

Alexandre yavukiye i Pella ho muri Macédoine, mu mwaka wa 356 M.I.C. Se yari Umwami Philippe wa II, naho nyina akitwa Olympias. Yigishije Alexandre ko abami ba Macédoine bakomokaga kuri Hercule, umwana wa Zewu, imana y’Abagiriki. Dukurikije uko Olympias yabivuze, umukurambere wa Alexandre yari Achille, intwari y’igihangange ivugwa mu gisigo cyitwa Iliade, cyahimbwe na Homère. Kubera ko ababyeyi ba Alexandre bari baramuhinzemo ibyo kwigarurira ibihugu no guhabwa ikuzo rya cyami, uwo musore nta kindi kintu yari yimirije imbere uretse ibyo. Igihe bamubazaga niba yakwiruka mu isiganwa ryo mu Mikino Olempiki, Alexandre yavuze ko yabyemera ari uko yirukankanye n’abami. Ibyifuzo bye byari ukuzakora ibikorwa bihambaye kurusha ibya se no kwihesha ikuzo mu byo akoze.

Igihe Alexandre yari afite imyaka 13, yabaye umwigishwa wa Aristote, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Umugiriki, wamufashije gukunda ibihereranye na filozofiya, ubuvuzi na siyansi. Urugero inyigisho z’ibya filozofiya za Aristote zahinduyemo imitekerereze ya Alexandre, rugibwaho impaka. Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya wo mu kinyejana cya 20 witwa Bertrand Russell yagize ati “birasa n’aho umuntu ataba yibeshye aramutse avuze ko ibintu bombi bemeranyagaho bishobora kuba byari bike. Ibitekerezo bya gipolitiki bya Aristote byari bishingiye kuri leta y’Abagiriki n’umujyi wayo byari birimo bibaca mu myanya y’intoki.” Igitekerezo cyo kugira leta igizwe n’agahugu gato n’umujyi wako, ntibyashoboraga gushishikaza igikomangoma cyari gifite imigambi yo kuzashinga ubwami bugari kandi bugendera kuri gahunda imwe y’iby’ubutegetsi. Nanone kandi, Alexandre agomba kuba atarashamadukiraga ihame rya Aristote ryo gufata abatari Abagiriki nk’abacakara, bitewe n’uko yari afite umugambi wo gushinga ubwami, aho abatsinze n’abatsinzwe bagombaga kuzafatanyiriza hamwe mu munezero.

Ariko kandi, nta gushidikanya ko Aristote yatoje Alexandre gushishikazwa no gusoma no gushaka kumenya. Alexandre yakomeje kuba umuntu ushishikazwa no gusoma mu mibereho ye yose, akaba yarikundiraga cyane cyane inyandiko za Homère. Hari abavuga ko igisigo cyose cya Iliade​—ni ukuvuga imikarago 15.693 yose​—yari yaragifashe mu mutwe.

Inyigisho yahabwaga na Aristote zagize zitya zihagarara mu buryo butunguranye mu mwaka wa 340 M.I.C., igihe icyo gikomangoma cy’imyaka 16 cyasubiraga i Pella kuyobora Macédoine mu gihe se atari ahari. Kandi icyo gikomangoma cyari kuzaragwa ubwami, nticyatinze kugaragaza ubutwari bwacyo mu bya gisirikare. Cyahise kinesha ubwoko bw’abitwa Maides bari batuye i Thrace bari barigometse, mu kanya nk’ako guhumbya aba afashe umurwa wabo, maze arawiyitirira, awita Alexandroupolis.

URUGAMBA RWO KWIGARURIRA IBIHUGU RUKOMEZA

Igihe Philippe yicwaga mu mwaka wa 336 M.I.C., Alexandre wari ufite imyaka 20 ni we warazwe intebe y’ubwami bwa Macédoine. Alexandre amaze kwinjira muri Aziya anyuze ahitwa Hellespont (ubu hakaba ari muri Dardanelles) mu rugaryi rw’umwaka wa 334 M.I.C., yatangiye urugamba rwo kwigarurira ibihugu, afite ingabo nke ariko zikomeye, zigizwe n’abasirikare 30.000 bagendesha amaguru, n’abagendera ku mafarashi 5.000. Ingabo ze zari ziherekejwe n’abahanga mu bya tekiniki, abahanga mu kugenzura imiterere y’ahantu, abahanga mu by’ubwubatsi, abahanga mu bya siyansi n’abahanga mu by’amateka.

Ku Ruzi Granique, mu mfuruka y’amajyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’Aziya Ntoya (ubu hakaba ari muri Turukiya), ni ho Alexandre yatsindiye urugamba rwa mbere yarwanye n’Abaperesi. Mu itumba ry’uwo mwaka, ni ho yafashe Aziya Ntoya y’uburengerazuba. Mu muhindo wakurikiyeho, intambara ya kabiri yarwanye n’Abaperesi yabereye ahitwa Issus, mu mfuruka y’amajyepfo y’uburasirazuba bwa Aziya Ntoya. Aho ni ho Dariyo wa III, Umwami ukomeye w’u Buperesi, yari yaje guhurira n’Alexandre, ari kumwe n’ingabo zigera ku bihumbi magana atanu. Kubera ko Dariyo yari yiyizeye bikabije, yanazanye nyina, umugore we n’abandi bagize umuryango we kugira ngo birebere ukuntu ari butsinde mu buryo butangaje. Ariko kandi, Abaperesi ntibari biteguye ko abo muri Macédoine bari buhite babatera bafite impambara. Nuko ingabo za Alexandre zinesha iz’Abaperesi ibi bidasubirwaho, maze Dariyo arahunga, asiga umuryango we mu maboko ya Alexandre.

Aho gukurikira Abaperesi bari bacitsemo igikuba bahunga, Alexandre yerekeje mu majyepfo, agenda akurikiye inkombe za Mediterane, yigarurira ibirindiro by’ingabo z’Abaperesi zikomeye cyane zarwaniraga mu mazi. Ariko umujyi wa Tiro wubatswe ku kirwa wo wamubereye ibamba. Kubera ko yari yiyemeje kuzawufata, Alexandre yatangiye igikorwa cyo kuwugota cyamaze amezi arindwi. Muri icyo gihe cyo kuwugota, ni bwo haje bwa butumwa bwa Dariyo twavuze haruguru, bw’ibyo yari yiteguye gutanga kugira ngo abone amahoro. Ibyo bintu byari ibyo kwifuzwa cyane, ku buryo bavuga ko umujyanama Alexandre yiringiraga witwaga Parménion yavuze ati ‘iyaba nari Alexandre nari kwemera.’ Ariko uwo mugaba w’ingabo wari ukiri muto yamukabukiye agira ati ‘nanjye iyaba nari Parménion nari kwemera.’ Alexandre yanze imishyikirano, akomeza kugota wa mujyi wari warigize akari aha kajya he iruhande rw’inyanja, maze aza kuwurimbura muri Nyakanga 332 M.I.C.

Alexandre yaretse Yerusalemu yari yamwishyize mu maboko, yikomereza agana mu majyepfo maze afata Gaza. Kubera ko Misiri yari irambiwe ubutegetsi bw’Abaperesi, yahise imwakiriza yombi nk’umukiza. Ageze i Memphis, yatambiye igitambo ikimasa cyitwaga Apis, ibyo binezeza abatambyi bo mu Misiri. Yanashinze umujyi wa Alexandrie, nyuma y’aho ukaba waraje kuba ihuriro ndangamuco kimwe na Athènes, kandi na n’ubu ukaba ukimwitirirwa.

Hanyuma, Alexandre yerekeje mu majyaruguru y’iburasirazuba, anyura muri Palesitina akomeza agana ku Ruzi rwa Tigre. Mu mwaka wa 331 M.I.C., yarwanye n’Abaperesi urugamba rwa gatatu rukomeye ahitwa Gaugamèles, hafi y’amatongo ya Nineve. Aho ngaho ingabo za Alexandre zigizwe n’abantu 47.000 zahaneshereje ingabo z’Abaperesi zari zongeye kwisuganya, zikaba zari zigizwe nibura n’abantu 250.000! Icyo gihe Dariyo yarahunze, maze nyuma y’aho aza kwicwa n’abantu be bwite.

Alexandre amaze guhimbarwa n’ishema ryo gutsinda, yerekeje mu majyepfo afata umurwa mukuru Abaperesi bajyaga babamo mu itumba, ari wo Babuloni. Nanone kandi, yafashe imirwa mikuru ya Suse na Persépolis, afata umutungo utabarika w’Abaperesi kandi atwika ingoro ikomeye ya Xerxès. Amaherezo, umurwa wa Ecbatane na wo warafashwe. Hanyuma, iyo ntwari yanyarukaga ku muvuduko uhambaye yanafashe agace k’Abaperesi kari gasigaye, ndetse ikomereza iburasirazuba kugeza no ku Ruzi rwa Indus, muri iki gihe rukaba ruri muri Pakisitani.

Alexandre amaze kwambuka Indus, mu karere kahanaga imbibi n’intara y’Abaperesi ya Taxila, yahuye n’umwanzi ukomeye cyane, uwo akaba yari Porus, umwami w’Abahindi. Intambara Alexandre yarwanye na we muri Kamena 326 M.I.C. yari iya kane, ikaba ari na yo ya nyuma mu ntambara zikomeye yarwanye. Ingabo za Porus zari zigizwe n’abasirikare 35.000 hamwe n’inzovu 200, zikaba zarateye ubwoba bwinshi amafarashi yo muri Macédoine. Iyo ntambara yari ikaze cyane kandi yahitanye abantu benshi, ariko ingabo za Alexandre zarayitsinze. Porus yashyize intwaro hasi maze agirana na Alexandre umubano w’ubufatanye.

Hari hashize imyaka isaga umunani kuva igihe ingabo zo muri Macédoine zari zarambukiye zikagera muri Aziya, kandi abasirikare bazigize bari bamaze kurambirwa kandi bakumbuye iwabo. Kubera ko bari barakuwe umutima n’intambara ikaze bari bararwanye na Porus, bashakaga kwisubirira imuhira. N’ubwo Alexandre yabanje kubyanga, amaherezo yaje kwemera ibyo bashakaga. Mu by’ukuri, u Bugiriki bwari bwarahindutse ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi. Binyuriye ku butegetsi Abagiriki bari baragiye bashyira mu bihugu bari barigaruriye, umuco n’ururimi bya Kigiriki byakwirakwiriye mu mpande zose z’ubwo bwami.

KAMERE Y’IYO NTWARI

Ikintu cyatumaga ingabo zo muri Macédoine zikomeza kunga ubumwe mu myaka zamaze zigarurira ibihugu, ni kamere ya Alexandre. Nyuma y’imirwano, Alexandre yari afite akamenyero ko gusura abakomeretse, agasuzuma ibikomere byabo, agashimagiza abasirikare ku bw’ibikorwa byabo by’ubutwari, kandi akabahesha icyubahiro abaha impano hakurikijwe ibyo babaga bakoze. Naho ku babaga baguye ku rugamba, Alexandre yabateguriraga umuhango uhambaye wo kubahamba mu cyubahiro. Ababyeyi n’abana b’ababaga bapfuye, basonerwaga imisoro y’uburyo bwose n’indi mirimo runaka abandi basabwaga gukora. Kugira ngo birangaze nyuma y’imirwano, Alexandre yakoreshaga imikino n’amarushanwa y’ibya gisirikare. Hari n’igihe yahaye uruhushya abasirikare be bari bamaze igihe gito barongoye, bajya kumarana igihe cy’itumba n’abagore babo muri Macédoine. Ibikorwa nk’ibyo byatumaga ingabo ze zimukunda kandi zikamwemera cyane.

Ku bihereranye n’ishyingiranwa rya Alexandre na Roxane, Umukobwa w’umwami wa Bactriane, umwanditsi w’amateka y’imibereho y’abantu w’Umugiriki witwaga Plutarque yaranditse ati “mu by’ukuri barakundanye, icyakora nanone byasaga n’aho bihuje n’umugambi yari afite. Kubera ko abantu b’ingaruzwamuheto bamaze kubona abashatsemo umugore, byarabashimishije cyane kandi bituma bumva bamwikundiye cyane, cyane cyane aho baboneye ko n’ubwo uwo mugore ari we wenyine yari yareguriye urukundo rwe rwose, yagaragaje ukwirinda batigeze babona ahandi, ntiyigera aryamana na we batarashyingiranwa mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko kandi bwiyubashye.”

Nanone kandi, Alexandre yubahaga ishyingiranwa ry’abandi. N’ubwo yari yarajyanye umugore w’Umwami Dariyo ho umunyago, yakoraga uko ashoboye ku buryo ahabwa icyubahiro cye. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, igihe yamenyaga ko abasirikare babiri bo muri Macédoine bari bakoreye ibya mfura mbi abagore bamwe b’abanyamahanga, yategetse ko nibahamwa n’icyaha bicwa.

Kimwe na nyina Olympias, Alexandre na we yari umunyedini ukomeye. Yajyaga atamba ibitambo mbere y’imirwano na nyuma yayo, kandi yajyaga kuraguza mu bapfumu be kugira ngo amenye icyo ibintu runaka bisobanura. Yajyaga no kwiyambaza umupfumu w’Amoni ho muri Libiya. Kandi igihe yari i Babuloni, yakurikizaga amabwiriza y’Abakaludaya arebana no gutamba ibitambo, cyane cyane ibyo yatambiraga Bel (Mardouk), imana y’i Babuloni.

N’ubwo Alexandre atakabyaga mu birebana no kurya, amaherezo yaje kwirekura mu bihereranye no kunywa. Uko yabaga asomye ku gikombe cya divayi, yavugaga amagambo menshi cyane, maze akirata yivuga ibigwi. Kimwe mu bikorwa bibi cyane bya Alexandre, ni urupfu rw’incuti ye Clitus yishe ubwo yari yazabiranyijwe n’umujinya bitewe n’ubusinzi. Icyakora, icyo gihe Alexandre yumvise yiyanze bikomeye, ku buryo yamaze gatatu mu buriri ari nta kintu arya cyangwa ngo anywe. Amaherezo, incuti ze zashoboye kumwumvisha ko agomba kurya.

Uko igihe cyagendaga gihita, irari rya Alexandre ryo guhabwa ikuzo ryamuteye indi mico itari myiza. Yatangiye kujya yemera amabwire ayo ari yo yose, kandi agahana yihanukiriye cyane. Urugero, Alexandre amaze kwemera amagambo yavugaga ko Philotas yari mu mugambi w’abashakaga kumwica, yahise ategeka ko we na se Parménion, wa mujyanama yari yarahoze yiringira, bicwa.

ALEXANDRE ANESHWA

Alexandre amaze igihe gito asubiye i Babuloni, yafashwe na malariya maze ntiyigera ayikira. Ku itariki ya 13 Kamena 323 M.I.C., Alexandre afite imyaka 32 n’amezi 8 gusa, yaneshejwe n’umwanzi w’icyago kurusha abandi bose, ari we rupfu.

Byagenze neza neza nk’uko abanyabwenge bamwe b’Abahindi bari barabivuze bati “Nyagasani Mwami Alexandre, ubutaka umuntu wese atunze ni agace gato aba ahagazeho gusa; kandi nawe nta cyo urusha abandi bantu, uretse gusa ko ucuragana ubudatuza, iyi si yose ukaba uyimajije amaguru none ukaba ugeze kure y’iwanyu, wikururira ibibazo kandi ubikururira n’abandi. Ariko ntuzatinda gupfa, kandi nta bundi butaka uzasigarana butari ubwo bazaguhambamo gusa.”

NI IKI WAMENYE?

• Ni iyihe mimerere Alexandre le Grand yakuriyemo?

• Alexandre akimara kuragwa intebe y’ubwami bwa Macédoine, ni uruhe rugamba yatangiye?

• Vuga zimwe mu ntambara Alexandre yarwanye yigarurira ibihugu.

• Ni iki umuntu yavuga kuri kamere ya Alexandre?

[Ikarita]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu gitabo)

UKO UBWAMI BWA ALEXANDRE BWICIYEMO IBICE

MACÉDOINE

MISIRI

Babuloni

Uruzi rwa Indus

[Ifoto]

Alexandre

[Ifoto]

Aristote n’umwigishwa we Alexandre

[Ifoto yuzuye ipaji]

[Ifoto]

Umudari wa zahabu uvugwaho kuba ushushanyijeho Alexandre le Grand

[Agasanduku/Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 162, 163]

UBWAMI BUGARI BWICAMO IBICE

KU BIHERERANYE n’ubwami bwa Alexandre le Grand, Bibiliya yari yarahanuye ko bwari kuzasenyuka kandi bukicamo ibice, ariko ‘ntibuzungurwe n’urubyaro rwe’ (Daniyeli 11:3, 4). Mu buryo buhuje n’ubwo buhanuzi, mu myaka 14 yakurikiye urupfu rutunguranye rwa Alexandre rwabaye mu mwaka wa 323 M.I.C., Alexandre wa IV, umwana we yabyaye mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko na Héraclès umwana we w’ikinyandaro, barishwe.

Mu mwaka wa 301 M.I.C., bane mu bagaba b’ingabo ba Alexandre bishyize ku butegetsi, mu bwami bugari shebuja yari yarashinze. Jenerali Cassandre yafashe Makedoniya n’u Bugiriki. Jenerali Lysimaque we yahawe Aziya Ntoya na Thrace. Mezopotamiya na Siriya bifatwa na Séleucus wa I Nicator. Naho Ptolémée Lagus, cyangwa Ptolémée wa I ategeka Misiri na Palesitina. Bityo rero, ubwahoze ari ubwami bumwe bunini bwa Alexandre bwavutsemo ubwami bune bwa Kigiriki.

Muri ubwo bwami bune bwa Kigiriki, ubutegetsi bwa Cassandre ni bwo bwamaze igihe gito cyane. Cassandre amaze imyaka mike afashe ubutegetsi, abamukomokagaho b’igitsina gabo bose barapfuye barashira, maze mu wa 285 M.I.C., Lysimaque yigarurira icyo gice cy’Ubwami bw’u Bugiriki cyari mu Burayi. Hashize imyaka ine, Lysimaque na we yaguye mu ntambara yarwanaga na Séleucus wa I Nicator, bityo amusigira igice kinini cy’intara zari muri Aziya. Séleucus ni we wabaye uwa mbere mu ruhererekane rw’abami bo mu muryango w’Abaseluside bategetse muri Siriya. Yashinze umujyi wa Antiyokiya ho muri Siriya, maze awugira umurwa mukuru we mushya. Séleucus yishwe mu wa 281 M.I.C., ariko umuryango wa cyami yashinze wagumye ku butegetsi kugeza mu wa 64 M.I.C., igihe Umugaba w’Ingabo z’Abaroma witwaga Pompée yahinduraga Siriya intara ya Roma.

Muri bya bice bine ubwami bwa Alexandre bwigabanyijemo, ubwami bwa Ptolémée ni bwo bwamaze igihe kirekire cyane. Ptolémée wa I yafashe izina ry’umwami mu mwaka wa 305 M.I.C., maze aba uwa mbere mu bami cyangwa Abafarawo b’Abanyamakedoniya bategetse Misiri. Yagize Alexandrie umurwa mukuru, maze ahita atangira porogaramu yo kuhashyira ibikorwa by’amajyambere. Umwe mu mishinga ye ikomeye y’ubwubatsi, ni Inzu y’Ibitabo izwi cyane iri muri Alexandrie. Kugira ngo uwo mushinga uhambaye ucungwe neza, Ptolémée yavanye mu Bugiriki umuhanga w’icyamamare wo muri Athènes witwaga Démétrius de Phalère. Bavuga ko mu kinyejana cya mbere I.C., iyo nzu y’ibitabo yari irimo imizingo igera kuri miriyoni. Umuryango wa cyami ukomoka kuri Ptolémée wakomeje gutegeka mu Misiri, kugeza aho unesherejwe na Roma mu wa 30 M.I.C. Ubwo ni bwo Roma yabaye ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi, isimbuye u Bugiriki.

NI IKI WAMENYE?

• Ni gute ubwami bugari bwa Alexandre bwiciyemo ibice?

• Abami b’Abaseluside bakomeje gutegeka muri Siriya kugeza ryari?

• Ubwami bw’abakomokaga kuri Ptolémée bwo mu Misiri bwarangiye ryari?

[Ikarita]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu gitabo)

UKO UBWAMI BWA ALEXANDRE BWICIYEMO IBICE

Cassandre

Lysimaque

Ptolémée wa I

Séleucus wa I

[Amafoto]

Ptolémée wa I

Séleucus wa I

[Imbonerahamwe/Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 139]

UBUTEGETSI BW’IBIHANGANGE BW’ISI BWO MU BUHANUZI BWA DANIYELI

Igishushanyo kinini (Daniyeli 2:31-​45)

Inyamaswa enye zavuye mu nyanja (Daniyeli 7:3-8, 17, 25)

BABULONI kuva mu wa 607 M.I.C.

ABAMEDI N’ABAPERESI kuva mu wa 539 M.I.C.

U BUGIRIKI kuva mu wa 331 M.I.C.

ROMA kuva mu wa 30 M.I.C.

UBUTEGETSI BW’IGIHANGANGE BW’U BWONGEREZA NA AMERIKA kuva mu wa 1763 I.C.

ISI YICIYEMO IBICE MU RWEGO RWA POLITIKI mu gihe cy’imperuka

[Ifoto yuzuye ipaji ya 128]

[Ifoto yuzuye ipaji ya 147]