Igice Cya Cumi Na Gatatu

Abami Babiri Bashyamiranye

1, 2. Kuki twagombye gushishikazwa n’ubuhanuzi bwo muri Daniyeli igice cya 11?

ABAMI babiri bahiganwa bararwana intambara ya simusiga bamaranira kuba ibihangange. Uko imyaka igenda ihita, abo bami bombi bagenda basimburana kuri uwo mwanya. Hari igihe umwami umwe ategeka ari we gihangange, mu gihe undi aba yibereye aho gusa, kandi hari n’igihe nta bushyamirane buba buhari. Ariko hanyuma, indi ntambara igira itya ikarota, maze ubushyamirane bugakomeza. Mu bagize uruhare muri ubwo bushyamirane harimo Séleucus wa I Nicator Umwami wa Siriya, Ptolémée Lagus Umwami wa Misiri, Cléopâtre wa I umukobwa w’Umwami wa Siriya akaba n’Umwamikazi wa Misiri, Awugusito na Tiberiyo, Abami b’abami b’Abaroma, na Zénobie Umwamikazi wa Palmyre. Mu gihe ubwo bushyamirane bwagendaga bwegereza iherezo, u Budage bw’Abanazi, ibihugu bigendera ku matwara ya Gikomunisiti, Ubutegetsi bw’Igihangange bw’Isi bw’u Bwongereza na Amerika, Umuryango w’Amahanga n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, na byo byabugizemo uruhare. Iherezo ry’ubwo bushyamirane rizaba ikintu kizatungura izo nzego za gipolitiki zose. Marayika wa Yehova yatangarije umuhanuzi Daniyeli ubwo buhanuzi bushishikaje, ubu hakaba hashize imyaka 2.500.​—Daniyeli, igice cya 11.

² Mbega ukuntu Daniyeli agomba kuba yarashimishijwe no kumva marayika amuhishurira neza ubushyamirane bwari kuzaba hagati y’abami babiri bari bagiye kuzaduka! Ibyo bintu biradushishikaje natwe, bitewe n’uko iyo ntambara yo kumaranira ubutware hagati y’abami babiri igikomeza no muri iki gihe. Kwibonera ukuntu amateka yemeje isohozwa ry’igice cya mbere cy’ubwo buhanuzi, bizatuma turushaho kwizera tudashidikanya ko n’ibivugwa mu gice cya nyuma cy’iyo nkuru y’ubuhanuzi na byo bizasohora nta kabuza. Kwita kuri ubwo buhanuzi bizatuma dusobanukirwa neza aho igihe kigeze. Nanone kandi, bizatuma turushaho kwiyemeza kutagira aho tubogamira muri ubwo bushyamirane, mu gihe dukomeza gutegereza twihanganye ko Imana itugoboka (Zaburi 146:3, 5). Bityo rero, nimucyo dutege amatwi twitonze ibyo marayika wa Yehova abwira Daniyeli.

KURWANYA UBWAMI BW’U BUGIRIKI

3. Ni nde marayika yakomeje “mu mwaka wa mbere wo ku ngoma ya Dariyo w’Umumedi”?

³ Marayika yagize ati “nanjye, mu mwaka wa mbere wo ku ngoma ya Dariyo w’Umumedi [539/538 M.I.C.], nahagurukijwe no kumufasha no kumukomeza” (Daniyeli 11:1). Dariyo ntiyari akiriho, ariko uwo mumarayika yafatiye ku ngoma ye, agaragaza intangiriro y’ubutumwa runaka bw’ubuhanuzi. Uwo mwami ni we wari warategetse ko Daniyeli avanwa mu rwobo rw’intare. Nanone kandi, Dariyo yari yarategetse ko abaturage be bose bagomba kujya batinya Imana ya Daniyeli. (Daniyeli 6:22-28, umurongo wa 21-​27 muri Biblia Yera.) Ariko kandi, Dariyo w’Umumedi si we marayika yari yarahagurukiye gufasha, ahubwo ni undi mumarayika mugenzi we ari we Mikayeli​—umutware w’ab’ubwoko bwa Daniyeli. (Gereranya no muri Daniyeli 10:12-14.) Marayika w’Imana yafashije Mikayeli igihe yarwanaga na dayimoni wari umutware w’ubwami bw’u Bumedi n’u Buperesi.

4, 5. Abami bane b’u Buperesi bahanuwe bari bande?

⁴ Marayika w’Imana yakomeje agira ati “hazima abandi bami batatu i Buperesi; ariko uwa kane uzima azarusha ba batatu bose ubutunzi cyane; namara kugwiza imbaraga ku bw’ubutunzi bwe, azahagurutsa ingabo ze zose kurwanya ubwami bw’u Bugiriki” (Daniyeli 11:2). None se, abo bategetsi b’Abaperesi bari bande?

⁵ Abami batatu ba mbere bari Kuro Mukuru, Cambyse wa II na Dariyo wa I. Kubera ko Bardiya (cyangwa wenda umuntu warwaniraga ubutegetsi witwaga Gaumata) yategetse amezi arindwi gusa, ubwo buhanuzi ntibwitaye kuri iyo ngoma ye yamaze igihe gito. Mu mwaka wa 490 M.I.C., umwami wa gatatu witwaga Dariyo wa I yagerageje gutera u Bugiriki ku ncuro ya kabiri. Ariko kandi, Abaperesi baje kunesherezwa ahitwa i Marathon maze basubira muri Aziya Ntoya. N’ubwo Dariyo yakoze imyiteguro abyitondeye kugira ngo azongere gutera u Bugiriki, yapfuye atarabutera, nyuma y’imyaka ine. Ibyo byasigaye bireba umwana we Xerxès wa I ari na we wamusimbuye, aba umwami ‘wa kane.’ Uwo ni we Mwami Ahasuwerusi washakanye na Esiteri.​—Esiteri 1:1; 2:15-​17.

6, 7. (a) Ni gute umwami wa kane ‘yahagurukije ingabo ze zose kurwanya ubwami bw’u Bugiriki’? (b) Intambara Xerxès yarwanye n’u Bugiriki yageze ku ki?

⁶ Koko rero, Xerxès wa I ‘yahagurukije ingabo ze zose kurwanya ubwami bw’u Bugiriki,’ ni ukuvuga za leta za Kigiriki zigenga zose hamwe. Igitabo The Medes and Persians​—Conquerors and Diplomats kigira kiti “Xerxès yasunitswe n’ibyegera bye byarangwaga no kurarikira, agaba igitero aciye iy’ubutaka no mu mazi.” Hérodote, umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umugiriki wo mu kinyejana cya gatanu M.I.C., yanditse avuga ko “nta kindi gitero kizwi cyigeze kimera nk’icyo .” Inkuru ye ivuga ko ingabo zirwanira mu mazi, “zose hamwe zageraga ku bantu 517.610. Abasirikare bigenza bageraga kuri 1.700.000; abagendera ku mafarashi bari 80.000; kuri abo hakaba hagomba kongerwaho n’Abarabu bagenderaga ku ngamiya, n’Abanyalibiya barwaniraga mu magare y’intambara, ngereranyije bakaba barageraga ku 20.000. Ku bw’ibyo rero, ingabo zirwanira ku butaka n’izirwanira mu mazi zose hamwe zageraga ku bantu 2.317.610.”

⁷ Kubera ko Xerxès wa I yari agamije kunesha ibi bidasubirwaho, yahagurukije ingabo ze nyinshi cyane atera u Bugiriki mu wa 480 M.I.C. Abaperesi bamenye amayeri Abagiriki bari bakoresheje mu gutinda i Thermopyles maze basenya Athènes. Icyakora bageze i Salamine, baratsinzwe bikomeye. Aho Abagiriki bongeye gutsinda, ni i Platée, mu mwaka wa 479 M.I.C. Mu bami barindwi bakurikiye Xerxès ku ntebe y’Ubwami bw’u Buperesi mu myaka 143 yakurikiyeho, nta n’umwe wigeze atera u Bugiriki. Hanyuma ariko, mu Bugiriki haje kwaduka umwami w’igihangange.

UBWAMI BUGARI BUGABANYWAMO KANE

8. Ni uwuhe ‘mwami ukomeye’ wimye, kandi se ni gute yaje ‘gutege[ke]sha imbaraga nyinshi’?

⁸ Wa mumarayika yagize ati “hazima umwami ukomeye, uzatege[ke]sha imbaraga nyinshi, agenze uko yishakiye” (Daniyeli 11:3). Mu mwaka wa 336 M.I.C., Alexandre wari ufite imyaka makumyabiri ‘yarimye’ aba umwami wa Macédoine. Yabaye “umwami ukomeye”​—Alexandre le Grand (Alexandre Mukuru). Yasunitswe n’umugambi se Philippe wa II yari asanganywe, maze afata intara z’u Buperesi zari mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati. Ingabo ze zari zigizwe n’abantu 47.000 zambutse uruzi rwa Ufurate na Tigre, zitatanya ingabo za Dariyo wa III zari zigizwe n’abantu 250.000 ahitwa i Gaugamèles. Ku bw’ibyo, Dariyo yarahunze hanyuma aza kwicwa, maze urutonde rw’abami b’Abaperesi rurangira rutyo. Icyo gihe, u Bugiriki bwahindutse ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi, maze Alexandre ‘atege[ke]sha imbaraga nyinshi, agenza uko yishakiye.’

9, 10. Ni gute ubuhanuzi bwavugaga ko ubwami bwa Alexandre butari kuzaragwa abo mu rubyaro rwe bwasohoye?

⁹ Ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi bwa Alexandre bwagombaga kumara igihe gito, kuko marayika w’Imana yongeyeho ati “namara gukomera, ubwami bwe buzatagarana bugabanywemo mu birere bine byo mu ijuru, kandi ntibuzazungurwa n’urubyaro rwe, ntibuzategekwa nk’uko yari asanzwe abutegeka, kuko ubwami bwe buzakurwaho, hakazima abandi batari abe” (Daniyeli 11:4). Alexandre yari ataruzuza imyaka 33, igihe indwara yamuhitanaga amanzaganya, akagwa i Babuloni mu wa 323 M.I.C.

¹⁰ Ubwami bugari bwa Alexandre ntibwazunguwe n’ “urubyaro rwe.” Umuvandimwe we Philippe wa III Arrhidée yategetse mu gihe cy’imyaka itageze no kuri irindwi maze aricwa, yicishijwe na Olympias nyina wa Alexandre, mu wa 317 M.I.C. Alexandre wa IV, umwana wa Alexandre, ni we wategetse ageza mu wa 311 M.I.C., ari na bwo yishwe na Cassandre, umwe mu bagaba b’ingabo ba se. Héraclès, umwana wa Alexandre w’ikinyendaro, yashatse gutegeka mu izina rya se, ariko aza kwicwa mu wa 309 M.I.C. Nguko uko urubyaro rwa Alexandre rwashize, umuryango we ugatakaza ‘ubutegetsi.’

11. Ni gute ubwami bwa Alexandre ‘bwagabanyijwe mu birere bine byo mu ijuru’?

¹¹ Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Alexandre, ubwami bwe ‘bwagabanyijwe mu birere bine.’ Abagaba benshi b’ingabo ze basubiranyemo bapfa uturere bagendaga bikubira. Antigonus wa I, Umujenerali wari upfuye ijisho, yagerageje kwigarurira ubwami bwose bwa Alexandre. Ariko kandi, yaguye ku rugamba ahitwa Ipsus ho muri Phrygie. Mu mwaka wa 301 M.I.C., bane mu bagaba b’ingabo ba Alexandre ni bo bayoboraga akarere kagari shebuja yari yarigaruriye. Cassandre yategekaga Macédoine n’u Bugiriki. Lysimaque yafashe Aziya Ntoya na Thrace. Séleucus wa I Nicator yari afite Mezopotamiya na Siriya. Naho Ptolémée Lagus we yafashe Misiri na Palesitina. Byagenze nk’uko ijambo ry’ubuhanuzi ryari ryarabivuze, ubwami bugari bwa Alexandre bugabanywamo ubwami bune bwa Kigiriki.

HADUKA ABAMI BABIRI BAHIGANWA

12, 13. (a) Ni gute ubwami bune bwa Kigiriki bwaje gusigara ari bubiri? (b) Ni uwuhe muryango wa cyami Séleucus yashinze muri Siriya?

¹² Cassandre amaze imyaka mike afashe ubutegetsi, yarapfuye, maze mu wa 285 M.I.C., Lysimaque afata akarere k’Ubwami bw’u Bugiriki kari kari mu Burayi. Mu wa 281 M.I.C., Lysimaque yaguye mu ntambara yarwanaga na Séleucus wa I Nicator, bityo asigira Séleucus igice kinini cy’intara zo muri Aziya. Mu mwaka wa 276 M.I.C., Antigonus wa II Gonatas, umwuzukuru w’umwe mu bagaba b’ingabo ba Alexandre, yagiye ku ntebe y’ubwami bwa Macédoine. Byaje kugera ubwo Macédoine itangira kwishingikiriza kuri Roma, maze amaherezo iza guhinduka intara yategekwaga na Roma mu mwaka wa 146 M.I.C.

¹³ Muri bwa bwami bune bwa Kigiriki, icyo gihe bubiri ni bwo bwonyine bwari busigaye bugikomeye​—ni ukuvuga bwa bundi bwahoze buyoborwa na Séleucus wa I Nicator na bwa bundi bwa Ptolémée Lagus. Séleucus yashinze umuryango wa cyami w’Abaseluside muri Siriya. Mu mijyi yashinze, hari harimo Antiyokiya​—umurwa mukuru mushya wa Siriya​—n’icyambu cya Selukiya. Nyuma y’aho, intumwa Pawulo yaje kwigishiriza muri Antiyokiya, aho abigishwa ba Yesu biswe ku ncuro ya mbere Abakristo (Ibyakozwe 11:25, 26; 13:1-4). Séleucus yishwe mu mwaka wa 281 M.I.C., ariko umuryango we wa cyami wakomeje gutegeka kugeza mu mwaka wa 64 M.I.C., igihe Umujenerali w’Umuroma witwaga Cnaeus Pompée yahinduraga Siriya intara yategekwaga na Roma.

14. Umuryango wa cyami w’abakomokaga kuri Ptolémée washinzwe ryari mu Misiri?

¹⁴ Ubwami bwa Kigiriki bwarambye cyane muri bwa bundi bwose uko ari bune, ni ubwa Ptolémée Lagus, cyangwa Ptolémée wa I, wafashe izina ry’umwami mu wa 305 M.I.C. Umuryango wa cyami w’abamukomokagaho yashinze, wakomeje gutegeka mu Misiri, kugeza aho ifatiwe na Roma mu wa 30 M.I.C.

15. Ni abahe bami babiri bakomeye badutse muri bwa bwami bune bwa Kigiriki, kandi se ni iyihe ntambara batangije?

¹⁵ Ku bw’ibyo rero, mu bwami bune bwa Kigiriki, hadutsemo abami babiri bakomeye​—ari bo Séleucus wa I Nicator wategekaga Siriya, na Ptolémée wa I wategekaga Misiri. Abo bami babiri ni bo batangije intambara imaze igihe kirekire ishyamiranyije “umwami w’amajyaruguru” n’ “umwami w’amajyepfo,” ikaba ivugwa muri Daniyeli igice cya 11. Marayika wa Yehova ntiyigeze avuga amazina y’abo bami bombi, bitewe n’uko bari kuzagenda bahindagurika mu bihereranye n’abo ari bo hamwe n’ubwenegihugu bwabo, uko ibinyejana byari kuzagenda bihita. Marayika yirinze ibisobanuro bitari ngombwa, ahubwo yivugira gusa abatware n’ibintu by’ingenzi byari kuzagira uruhare muri ubwo bushyamirane.

UBUSHYAMIRANE BUTANGIRA

16. (a) Abo bami babiri bari bari mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo ya bande? (b) Ni abahe bami babanje kuba “umwami w’amajyaruguru” n’ “umwami w’amajyepfo”?

¹⁶ Tega amatwi! Mu kuvuga ukuntu ubwo bushyamirane bukomeye bwari kuzatangira, marayika wa Yehova yagize ati “umwami w’amajyepfo azakomera, ndetse n’umwe wo mu bikomangoma bye [bya Alexandre]; kandi [umwami w’amajyaruguru] azamurusha amaboko, kandi azategeka maze ubutware bwe bukomere cyane rwose kurusha ubutegetsi bw’uwo wundi” (Daniyeli 11:5, NW ). Amagambo ngo “umwami w’amajyaruguru” n’ “umwami w’amajyepfo” yerekeza ku bami bategekaga mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo y’ubwoko bwa Daniyeli, icyo gihe bukaba bwari bwaragobotowe mu bunyage bwa Babuloni busubira mu gihugu cy’u Buyuda. Mu mizo ya mbere, “umwami w’amajyepfo” yari Ptolémée wa I wa Misiri. Umwe mu bagaba b’ingabo ba Alexandre wagize imbaraga kurusha Ptolémée wa I maze agategeka, ‘ubutware bwe bugakomera cyane,’ ni Séleucus wa I Nicator Umwami wa Siriya. Ni we wari “umwami w’amajyaruguru.”

17. Ubushyamirane bw’umwami w’amajyaruguru n’umwami w’amajyepfo bugitangira, ni nde wari warigaruriye igihugu cy’u Buyuda?

¹⁷ Mu ntangiriro z’ubwo bushyamirane, igihugu cy’u Buyuda cyari cyarigaruriwe n’umwami w’amajyepfo. Kuva hafi mu mwaka wa 320 M.I.C., Ptolémée wa I yashishikarije Abayahudi kujya gutura mu Misiri. Umuryango w’Abayahudi wari warasagambye muri Alexandrie, aho Ptolémée wa I yashinze inzu y’ibitabo izwi cyane. Abayahudi b’i Buyuda bakomeje kugengwa na Misiri ya Ptolémée, umwami w’amajyepfo, kugeza mu mwaka wa 198 M.I.C.

18, 19. Ni gute abo bami babiri bahiganwa baje kugera ubwo ‘buzura’?

¹⁸ Ku bihereranye n’abo bami bombi, marayika yahanuye agira ati “nihashira imyaka bazuzura, kuko umukobwa w’umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ] azasanga umwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ] kugira ngo abuzuze; ariko uwo mukobwa azabura imbaraga z’amaboko ye, uwo mugabo na we ubwe ntazahagarara, ngo akomere, n’amaboko ye na yo ni uko, ariko uwo mukobwa azatanganwa n’abamuzanye n’umubyeyi we, n’uwamukomezaga icyo gihe” (Daniyeli 11:6). Ni gute ibyo byaje gusohora?

¹⁹ Ubwo buhanuzi ntibwavugaga ibya Antiochus wa I umuhungu wa Séleucus wa I Nicator akaba ari na we wamusimbuye, kuko nta ntambara ikaze yarwanye n’umwami w’amajyepfo. Ariko Antiochus wa II wamusimbuye, we yamaze igihe kirekire arwana intambara na Ptolémée wa II, umwana wa Ptolémée wa I. Antiochus wa II ni we wari umwami w’amajyaruguru, naho Ptolémée wa II akaba umwami w’amajyepfo. Antiochus wa II yarongoye Laodice, babyarana umwana witwaga Séleucus wa II, mu gihe Ptolémée wa II we yari afite umukobwa witwaga Bérénice. Mu wa 250 M.I.C., abo bami bombi ‘baruzuye.’ Kugira ngo Antiochus wa II atange ikiguzi cy’ubwo bucuti, yatanye n’umugore we Laodice, maze arongora Bérénice, “umukobwa w’umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ] .” Yabyaranye na Bérénice umuhungu waje kuba umuragwa w’intebe y’ubwami ya Siriya, aho kugira ngo iragwe abana ba Laodice.

20. (a) Ni gute “amaboko” ya Bérénice atahagaze? (b) Ni gute Bérénice, “abamuzanye,” hamwe n’ “uwamukomezaga” batanzwe? (c) Ni nde wabaye umwami wa Siriya nyuma y’aho Antiochus wa II aburiye “amaboko ye,” cyangwa imbaraga ze?

²⁰ “Amaboko” ya Bérénice, cyangwa imbaraga zari zimushyigikiye, yari se, Ptolémée wa II. Igihe yapfaga mu wa 246 M.I.C., uwo mugore ‘yabuze imbaraga z’amaboko ye’ mu maso y’umugabo we. Antiochus wa II yaramwanze, yongera gucyura Laodice, maze ategeka ko umwana babyaranye ari we uzamusimbura. Bérénice n’umwana we baje kwicwa, nk’uko Laodice yari yarabiteguye. Uko bigaragara, abagaragu bari baravanye Bérénice mu Misiri bamujyana i Siriya​—ni ukuvuga abari ‘baramuzanye’​—na bo ni uko byabagendekeye. Ndetse Laodice yanaroze Antiochus wa II, bityo “amaboko ye,” cyangwa imbaraga ze, na yo ‘ntiyahagarara.’ Bityo rero, se wa Bérénice​—ni ukuvuga “umubyeyi we”⁠—​n’umugabo we w’Umunyasiriya​—ari na we ‘wamukomeje’ mu gihe runaka​—bombi barapfuye. Ibyo byatumye Séleucus wa II, umwana wa Laodice, aba ari we uba umwami wa Siriya. None se, ni gute umwami wakurikiyeho wo mu muryango wa Ptolémée yari kuzifata ku birebana n’ibyo bintu byose?

UMWAMI AHORA URUPFU RWA MUSHIKI WE

21. (a) Ni nde wari “umwe wo mu rubyaro” rwakomotse ku “gishitsi” cya Bérénice, kandi se ni gute ‘yahagurutse’? (b) Ni gute Ptolémée wa III ‘yinjiye mu bihome by’umwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ]’ maze akamunesha?

²¹ Marayika yagize ati “umwe wo mu rubyaro rwe, wakomotse ku gishitsi cye, azahaguruka yime ingoma ya sekuruza, azajya mu ngabo, yinjire mu bihome by’umwami w’ikasikazi, abigirire uko ashaka, yerekane imbaraga ze” (Daniyeli 11:7). “Umwe wo mu rubyaro” rw’ababyeyi ba Bérénice, cyangwa “[i]gishitsi,” yari musaza we. Igihe se yapfaga, ‘yarahagurutse’ aba umwami w’amajyepfo, ari we Farawo Ptolémée wa III wa Misiri. Mbere na mbere, yateguye ukuntu azahora urupfu rwa mushiki we. Yateye Séleucus wa II Umwami wa Siriya, ari na we Laodice yari yarakoresheje mu kwica Bérénice n’umwana we, maze agera mu “bihome by’umwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ] .” Ptolémée wa III yafashe igice cya Antiyokiya cyari kigizwe n’ibihome, kandi yica Laodice. Yakomeje mu karere k’umwami w’amajyaruguru yerekeza iburasirazuba, asahura Babuloni, maze arakomeza agera mu Buhinde.

22. Ni iki Ptolémée wa III yashubije mu Misiri, kandi se kuki ‘yamaze imyaka aretse umwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ]’?

²² Byagenze bite nyuma y’aho? Marayika w’Imana aratubwira ati “ndetse n’imana zabo azazijyana ho iminyago mu Egiputa n’ibishushanyo biyagijwe n’ibintu byabo byiza by’ifeza n’izahabu; kandi azamara imyaka aretse umwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ]” (Daniyeli 11:8). Hari hashize imyaka 200 Cambyse wa II Umwami w’u Buperesi atsinze Misiri, maze ajyana imana zo mu Misiri, ni ukuvuga ‘ibishushanyo biyagijwe byabo.’ Kubera ko Ptolémée wa III yasahuye Suse, ahahoze ari umurwa mukuru wa cyami w’u Buperesi, yongeye kubona izo mana, maze azijyanaho “iminyago” mu Misiri. Nanone kandi, yazanye iminyago myinshi y’ “ibintu byabo byiza by’ifeza n’izahabu.” Kubera ko byabaye ngombwa ko Ptolémée wa III agaruka mu gihugu cye guhosha imidugararo yari yavutse, ‘yaretse umwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ] ,’ ntiyongera kumubuza amahwemo.

UMWAMI WA SIRIYA YIHORERA

23. Kuki umwami w’amajyaruguru ‘yasubiye mu gihugu cye’ nyuma yo gutera ubwami bw’umwami w’amajyepfo?

²³ Umwami w’amajyaruguru yabyifashemo ate? Daniyeli yarabwiwe ngo “uwo mwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ] azatera igihugu cy’umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ] , maze asubire mu gihugu cye” (Daniyeli 11:9). Umwami w’amajyaruguru​—Séleucus wa II Umwami wa Siriya​—yagabye igitero. Yateye “igihugu” cyangwa ubwami bw’umwami w’amajyepfo wa Misiri, ariko araneshwa. Séleucus wa II hamwe n’ingabo ze nkeya gusa yari asigaranye, ‘yasubiye mu gihugu cye,’ maze yisubirira muri Antiyokiya umurwa mukuru wa Siriya, ahagana mu wa 242 M.I.C. Amaze gupfa, yasimbuwe n’umuhungu we Séleucus wa III.

24. (a) Byagendekeye bite Séleucus wa III? (b) Ni gute Antiochus wa III Umwami wa Siriya ‘yateye agasandara nk’umwuzure w’amazi, agakwira’ igihugu cy’umwami w’amajyepfo?

²⁴ Ni iki cyari cyarahanuwe ku birebana n’urubyaro rwa Séleucus wa II Umwami wa Siriya? Marayika yabwiye Daniyeli ati “naho ku birebana n’abahungu be, bazarubira maze rwose bakoranye ingabo nyinshi. Kandi mu kuza, azaza nta kabuza maze adendeze nk’umwuzure, ahitanye. Ariko azasubirayo, maze agende yigamba inzira yose, arinde agera mu gihome cye” (Daniyeli 11:10, NW ). Séleucus wa III yishwe ataramara imyaka itatu ku butegetsi, nuko ingoma ye irangira ityo. Umuvandimwe we Antiochus wa III ni we wamusimbuye ku ntebe y’ubwami ya Siriya. Uwo muhungu wa Séleucus wa II yateranyije ingabo nyinshi zo gutera umwami w’amajyepfo, icyo gihe akaba yari Ptolémée wa IV. Umwami mushya w’amajyaruguru wa Siriya yarwanye na Misiri arayitsinda, yongera gusubirana icyambu cya Selukiya, intara ya Cœlésyrie, umujyi wa Tiro n’uwa Ptolémaïs hamwe n’imidugudu yari iyikikije. Yakubise incuro ingabo z’Umwami Ptolémée wa IV kandi afata imijyi myinshi y’u Buyuda. Mu rugaryi rw’umwaka wa 217 M.I.C., Antiochus wa III yavuye mu mujyi wa Ptolémaïs, maze yerekeza mu majyaruguru, ‘ahindurana igihome cye’ muri Siriya. Ariko kandi, hari icyari kigiye guhinduka.

IBINTU BIHINDUKA

25. Ni hehe Ptolémée wa IV yahuriye na Antiochus wa III bakarwana, kandi se, ni iki ‘cyagarujwe umuheto’ n’umwami w’amajyepfo wa Misiri?

²⁵ Kimwe na Daniyeli, natwe dutega amatwi dufite amatsiko ibyo marayika wa Yehova akomeza ahanura agira ati “umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ] azarakara, azasohoka arwane n’umwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ] ; azagaba ingabo nyinshi; maze ingabo z’umwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ] zizagaruzwa umuheto n’umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ]” (Daniyeli 11:11). Ptolémée wa IV, umwami w’amajyepfo, yafashe ingabo zigera ku bantu 75.000 ajya mu majyaruguru kwivuna umwanzi. Antiochus wa III, umwami w’amajyaruguru wa Siriya, yari yahagurukije “ingabo” zigera ku bantu 68.000 zo guhangana na we. Ariko izo ‘ngabo zagarujwe umuheto’ n’umwami w’amajyepfo mu mirwano yabereye mu mujyi wari ku nkengero z’inyanja witwaga Raphia, hafi y’umupaka wa Misiri.

26. (a) Ni izihe ‘ngabo’ umwami w’amajyepfo yanesheje mu mirwano y’i Raphia, kandi se, bimwe mu byari bikubiye mu masezerano y’amahoro yahabereye ni ibihe? (b) Ni gute Ptolémée wa IV ‘atanesheje rwose’? (c) Ni nde wakurikiyeho mu kuba umwami w’amajyepfo?

²⁶ Ubwo buhanuzi bukomeza bugira buti “umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ] namara kunesha izo ngabo, azishyira hejuru; ariko nubwo azaba arimbuye abantu inzovu nyinshi, ntazaba anesheje rwose” (Daniyeli 11:12). Ptolémée wa IV umwami w’amajyepfo ‘yaranesheje’ maze yica abasirikare b’Abanyasiriya bigenza bagera ku 10.000, n’abagendera ku mafarashi bagera kuri 300, kandi abagera ku 4.000 abagira imfungwa. Hanyuma, abo bami bagiranye amasezerano y’amahoro, yemereraga Antiochus wa III kugumana icyambu cye cya Selukiya y’i Siriya, ariko atakaza Foyinike na Cœlésyrie. Umwami w’amajyepfo wa Misiri amaze gutsinda iyo ntambara, umutima we ‘wishyize hejuru,’ cyane cyane mu kurwanya Yehova. U Buyuda bwagumye mu maboko ya Ptolémée wa IV. Ariko kandi, ntiyakomeje gukurikirana umwami w’amajyaruguru wa Siriya ngo ‘amuneshe rwose.’ Ahubwo, Ptolémée wa IV yishoye mu mibereho y’ubwiyandarike, maze Ptolémée wa V, umuhungu we w’imyaka itanu aza kumusimbura aba umwami w’amajyepfo, mu myaka runaka mbere y’urupfu rwa Antiochus wa III.

INTWARI IGARUKA

27. Ni gute umwami w’amajyaruguru yagarutse ‘hashize imyaka’ kugira ngo yisubize intara yari yarambuwe na Misiri?

²⁷ Kubera ibikorwa byose by’ubutwari Antiochus wa III yakoze, yaje kwitwa Antiochus Mukuru. Marayika yamwerekejeho agira ati ‘umwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ] azagaruka agabe ingabo ziruta iza mbere; kandi nihashira imyaka, azazana n’ingabo nyinshi n’ibintu byinshi’ (Daniyeli 11:13). Iyo ‘myaka’ yari imyaka 16 cyangwa isaga, kuva igihe Abanyamisiri bari baraneshereje Abanyasiriya i Raphia. Igihe Ptolémée wa V wari ukiri muto yabaga umwami w’amajyepfo, Antiochus wa III yahagurukanye “ingabo ziruta iza mbere” kugira ngo yisubize intara yari yarambuwe n’umwami w’amajyepfo wa Misiri. Kugira ngo abigereho, we na Philippe wa V Umwami wa Macédoine, bateranyirije hamwe ingabo zabo.

28. Ni ibihe bibazo umwami w’amajyepfo wari ukiri muto yari afite?

²⁸ Nanone kandi, umwami w’amajyepfo yari afite ibibazo mu bwami bwe. Marayika yagize ati “icyo gihe benshi bazahagurutswa no kurwanya umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ]” (Daniyeli 11:14a). Hari benshi ‘bahagurukijwe no kurwanya umwami w’ikusi.’ Uretse guhangana n’ingabo za Antiochus wa III na munywanyi we wa Macédoine, umwami w’amajyepfo wari ukiri muto yari anafite ibibazo iwe mu Misiri. Kubera ko umurinzi we Agathocle wamutegekeraga yirataga ku Banyamisiri, hari benshi bigometse. Marayika yongeyeho ati “kandi ab’inguguzi bo mu bwoko bwawe bazahaguruka kugira ngo basohoze ibyerekanywe mu nzozi, ariko bazagwa” (Daniyeli 11:14b). Ndetse hari na bamwe bo mu bwoko bwa Daniyeli bahindutse “inguguzi,” cyangwa abashyigikiye ko ibintu bihinduka. Ariko ‘inzozi’ izo ari zo zose abo Bayahudi bari bafite zo kugobotora igihugu cyabo ku butegetsi bw’Abanyamahanga zari ikinyoma, kandi bari kuzatsindwa, cyangwa “kugwa.”

29, 30. (a) Ni gute “ingabo z’umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ]” zaneshejwe n’igitero giturutse mu majyaruguru? (b) Ni gute umwami w’amajyaruguru yaje ‘guhagarara mu gihugu gifite ubwiza’?

²⁹ Marayika wa Yehova yakomeje ahanura ati “umwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ] azaza, atere umudugudu ugoswe n’inkike z’amabuye zikomeye, azazirundaho ikirundo cyo kuririraho, ahereko awutsinde; ingabo z’umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ] , ndetse n’intore ze ntizizamushobora, ntizizagira amaboko yo kumwimira. Ahubwo uzaba ahateye azagenza nk’uko ashaka, kandi nta wuzamuhagarara imbere; nuko azahagarara mu gihugu gifite ubwiza, arimbuze ukuboko kwe.”​—Daniyeli 11:15, 16.

³⁰ Ingabo za Ptolémée wa V, cyangwa “ingabo z’umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ] ,” zaneshejwe n’igitero giturutse mu majyaruguru. Ahitwa Panéas (Kayisariya y’i Filipi), Antiochus wa III yashushubikanyije Jenerali Scopas wa Misiri hamwe n’abantu 10.000 yari yaratoranyije, cyangwa “intore” ze, bahatirwa guhungira i Sidoni, “umudugudu ugoswe n’inkike z’amabuye zikomeye.” Uwo mudugudu Antiochus wa III ‘yawurunzeho ikirundo cyo kuririraho,’ maze afata icyo cyambu cyo mu karere ka Foyinike mu mwaka wa 198 M.I.C. ‘Yagenje nk’uko ashaka,’ kuko ingabo z’umwami w’amajyepfo wa Misiri zitashoboraga guhangana na we. Hanyuma, Antiochus wa III yerekeje iya Yerusalemu, umurwa mukuru w’ “[i]gihugu gifite ubwiza,” ari cyo cy’u Buyuda. Mu mwaka wa 198 M.I.C., Yerusalemu n’u Buyuda byavanywe mu maboko y’umwami w’amajyepfo wa Misiri, byigarurirwa n’umwami w’amajyaruguru wa Siriya. Nuko Antiochus wa III, umwami w’amajyaruguru, atangira ‘guhagarara mu gihugu gifite ubwiza.’ ‘Yarimbuje ukuboko kwe’ Abayahudi n’Abanyamisiri bose bamurwanyaga. Uwo mwami w’amajyaruguru yari kuzamara igihe kingana iki agenza nk’uko ashaka?

ROMA IGANZA YA NTWARI

31, 32. Kuki umwami w’amajyaruguru amaherezo yaje ‘kwikiranura’ n’umwami w’amajyepfo?

³¹ Marayika wa Yehova aduha igisubizo agira ati “[umwami w’amajyaruguru] azagambirira kuzana n’ingabo z’igihugu cye cyose, maze azikiranura n’umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ] , azamushyingira umukobwa we, kugira ngo azanire ubwami bw’ikusi [“bw’amajyepfo,” NW ] kurimbuka; ariko imigambi ye ntizuzura, ntabwo azahindura icyo gihugu.”​—Daniyeli 11:17.

³² Antiochus wa III umwami w’amajyaruguru ‘yagambiriye’ kwigarurira Misiri ‘azanye ingabo z’igihugu cye cyose.’ Ariko amaherezo, yaje ‘kwikiranura’ na Ptolémée wa V umwami w’amajyepfo. Ibyo Roma yasabaga Antiochus wa III byari byatumye ahindura umugambi we. Igihe we n’Umwami Philippe wa V wa Macédoine bishyiraga hamwe bagamije kurwanya umwami wa Misiri wari ukiri muto kugira ngo bigarurire intara ze, abarinzi ba Ptolémée wa V bisunze Roma kugira ngo ibatabare. Roma yaboneyeho uburyo bwo kwagura ahantu yagendaga icengeza amatwara yayo, ibona umwanya wo kugaragaza imbaraga zayo.

33. (a) Ni ayahe masezerano y’amahoro yabaye hagati ya Antiochus wa III na Ptolémée wa V? (b) Ishyingiranwa rya Cléopâtre wa I na Ptolémée wa V ryari rigamije iki, kandi se kuki uwo mugambi waburiyemo?

³³ Antiochus wa III abihatiwe na Roma, yasabye kugirana amasezerano y’amahoro n’umwami w’amajyepfo. Aho kumusubiza intara ze yari yarigaruriye nk’uko Roma yabimusabaga, Antiochus wa III yahimbye umugambi w’ukuntu yazimuha mu buryo bw’urwiyerurutso gusa, binyuriye mu gushyingira Ptolémée wa V “umukobwa we” Cléopâtre wa I. Intara runaka zirimo n’u Buyuda, “[i]gihugu gifite ubwiza,” zagombaga gutangwaho ibirongoranywa by’uwo mukobwa. Ariko kandi, mu gihe cy’ishyingiranwa ryabaye mu mwaka wa 193 M.I.C., uwo mwami wa Siriya ntiyahaye Ptolémée wa V izo ntara. Ryari ishyingiranwa rya gipolitiki, ryari rigamije gutuma Misiri ijya mu maboko ya Siriya. Icyakora uwo mugambi waje kuburiramo, bitewe n’uko Cléopâtre wa I ‘atahinduye icyo gihugu,’ kuko nyuma y’aho yaje kujya ku ruhande rw’umugabo we. Igihe intambara yarotaga hagati ya Antiochus wa III n’Abaroma, Misiri yashyigikiye Abaroma.

34, 35. (a) Ni ibihe ‘birwa’ umwami w’amajyaruguru yahindukiriye? (b) Ni gute Roma yavanyeho “agasuzuguro” k’umwami w’amajyaruguru? (c) Ni gute Antiochus wa III yapfuye, kandi se, ni nde waje kumukurikira mu kuba umwami w’amajyaruguru?

³⁴ Marayika yerekeje ku kuntu umwami w’amajyaruguru yari kuzatsindwa, yongeraho ati “hanyuma y’ibyo [Antiochus wa III] azahindukira atere ibirwa, ahindūre byinshi; maze undi mutware [ni ukuvuga Roma] azashyire iherezo ku gasuzuguro yabasuzuguraga [yasuzuguraga Roma]; ndetse azamugarurira [azagarurira Antiochus wa III] agasuzuguro ke. [Antiochus wa III] ahereko ahindukirir[e] ibihome byo mu gihugu cye bwite, ariko azasitara agwe, ye kuzaboneka ukundi.”​—Daniyeli 11:18, 19.

³⁵ Ibyo ‘birwa’ byari ibya Macédoine, iby’u Bugiriki n’ibya Aziya Ntoya. Mu mwaka wa 192 M.I.C., mu Bugiriki harose intambara, bituma Antiochus wa III yumva asunikiwe kujyayo. Roma imaze kurakazwa n’imihati umwami wa Siriya yashyiragaho yo kwigarurira izindi ntara muri icyo gihugu, yahise imutera nta kuzuyaza. Yaje gutsindirwa n’Abaroma ahitwa Thermopyles. Hashize hafi umwaka nyuma y’aho atsindiwe ahitwa Magnésie mu mwaka wa 190 M.I.C., byabaye ngombwa ko ahara ibyo yari afite byose mu Bugiriki, muri Aziya Ntoya, hamwe n’uturere twari mu burengerazuba bw’Imisozi ya Taurus. Roma yamusabye kujya atanga amakoro ahanitse, maze ihita itangira kujya igenga umwami w’amajyaruguru wa Siriya. Kubera ko Antiochus wa III yari yamaze kwirukanwa mu Bugiriki no muri Aziya Ntoya, kandi akaba yari yatakaje amato ye y’intambara hafi ya yose, ‘yahindukiriye ibihome byo mu gihugu cye bwite,’ ari cyo Siriya. Abaroma bari ‘bamugaruriye agasuzuguro [yabasuzuguraga].’ Antiochus wa III yapfuye arimo agerageza gusahura ibyari mu rusengero ahitwa Élymaïs ho mu Buperesi, mu mwaka wa 187 M.I.C. Nguko uko ‘yaguye’ agapfa, maze asimburwa n’umuhungu we Séleucus wa IV, ari na we mwami w’amajyaruguru wakurikiyeho.

UBUSHYAMIRANE BUKOMEZA

36. (a) Ni gute umwami w’amajyepfo yagerageje gukomeza intambara, ariko se byamugendekeye bite? (b) Ni gute Séleucus wa IV yaguye, kandi se, ni nde wamusimbuye?

³⁶ Ptolémée wa V umwami w’amajyepfo, yagerageje gufata za ntara yagombaga kuba yarahaweho ibirongoranywa bya Cléopâtre, ariko yaje kurogwa, iyo mihati ye ishirira aho. Yasimbuwe na Ptolémée wa VI. Bite se ku bihereranye na Séleucus wa IV? Kubera ko yari akeneye amafaranga yo kwishyura amakoro ahanitse yagombaga guha Roma, yohereje Héliodore umubitsi we gufata ubutunzi bwavugwagaho kuba buhunitswe mu rusengero rw’i Yerusalemu. Kubera ko Héliodore yifuzaga kuba umwami, yishe Séleucus wa IV. Icyakora, Umwami Eumène wa Pergame n’umuvandimwe we Attale bimitse Antiochus wa IV, umuvandimwe w’uwo mwami wari wishwe.

37. (a) Ni gute Antiochus wa IV yagerageje kwigaragaza ko ari umunyambaraga kurusha Yehova Imana? (b) Igikorwa cya Antiochus wa IV cyo guhumanya urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu cyatumye habaho iki?

³⁷ Uwo mwami mushya w’amajyaruguru, ari we Antiochus wa IV, yashatse kwiyerekana ko ari umunyambaraga kurusha Imana, agerageza kuvanaho burundu gahunda yo gusenga Yehova. Yihaye gusuzugura Yehova, yegurira urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu imana Zewu, cyangwa Jupiter. Mu kwezi k’Ukuboza 167 M.I.C., hejuru y’igicaniro gikuru cyo mu rugo rw’urusengero cyajyaga gitambirwaho buri munsi ibitambo byotswa byaturwaga Yehova, hubatswe igicaniro cy’imana ya gipagani. Hashize iminsi cumi, kuri icyo gicaniro cy’imana ya gipagani hatambiwe igitambo kigenewe Zewu. Ibyo bikorwa byo guhumanya urusengero byatumye Abayahudi bivumbagatanya, bayobowe n’Abamakabe. Antiochus wa IV yamaze imyaka itatu arwana na bo. Mu mwaka wa 164 M.I.C., ku munsi w’urwibutso rwo guhumanywa k’urusengero, Yuda Makabe yongeye kurwegurira Yehova, maze umunsi mukuru wo kwibuka kwezwa k’urusengero​—ari wo witwa Hanukkah⁠​—ushyirwaho ubwo.​—Yohana 10:22.

38. Ni gute ubutegetsi bw’Abamakabe bwavuyeho?

³⁸ Abamakabe bashobora kuba baragiranye na Roma amasezerano mu mwaka wa 161 M.I.C., maze baza gushyiraho ubwami mu mwaka wa 104 M.I.C. Ariko intambara yari hagati yabo n’umwami w’amajyaruguru wa Siriya yo yarakomeje. Amaherezo, Roma yaje gusabwa gutabara. Umujenerali w’Umuroma witwaga Cnaeus Pompée yafashe Yerusalemu mu mwaka wa 63 M.I.C., nyuma y’amezi atatu yari imaze igoswe. Mu wa 39 M.I.C., Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu ya Roma yashyizeho Herodi​—w’Umunyedomu⁠—​ngo abe umwami wa Yudaya. Uwo mwami yafashe Yerusalemu mu wa 37 M.I.C., bityo avanaho ubutegetsi bw’Abamakabe.

39. Ni izihe nyungu uboneye mu gusuzuma ibikubiye muri Daniyeli 11:1-19?

³⁹ Mbega ukuntu bishimishije kubona igice cya mbere cy’ubuhanuzi buhereranye n’abami babiri bashyamiranye gisohora mu buryo bunonosoye! Mu by’ukuri rero, mbega ukuntu bishishikaje gukurikirana amateka y’ibyabaye mu myaka 500 nyuma y’aho Daniyeli aherewe bwa butumwa bw’ubuhanuzi, maze tukamenya abategetsi babaye umwami w’amajyaruguru n’umwami w’amajyepfo! Ariko kandi, ibintu byo mu rwego rwa gipolitiki biranga abo bami bombi bigenda bihinduka, uko intambara ibashyamiranya yagiye ikomeza ikageza igihe Yesu Kristo yari ari ku isi, ndetse kugeza no muri iki gihe. Nitugereranya ibintu byabayeho mu mateka n’ibisobanuro bitangaje byagiye bihishurwa muri ubwo buhanuzi, tuzashobora kumenya abo bami babiri bahanganye abo ari bo.

NI IKI WAMENYE?

• Ni iyihe miryango ibiri y’abami bakomeye yadutse mu bwami bwa Kigiriki, kandi se ni iyihe ntambara abo bami batangije?

• Nk’uko byari byarahanuwe muri Daniyeli 11:6, ni gute abo bami babiri ‘buzuye’?

• Ni gute ubushyamirane bwakomereje hagati ya

Séleucus wa II na Ptolémée wa III (Daniyeli 11:7-9)?

Antiochus wa III na Ptolémée wa IV (Daniyeli 11:10-​12)?

Antiochus wa III na Ptolémée wa V (Daniyeli 11:13-​16)?

• Ishyingirwa rya Cléopâtre wa I na Ptolémée wa V ryari rigamije iki, kandi se kuki uwo mugambi waburiyemo (Daniyeli 11:17-​19)?

• Ni izihe nyungu waboneye mu kwita ku bikubiye muri Daniyeli 11:1-​19?

[Imbonerahamwe/Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 228]

ABAMI BO MURI DANIYELI 11:5-19

Umwami Umwami

w’Amajyaruguru Umwami w’Amajyepfo

Daniyeli 11:5 Séleucus wa I Nicator Ptolémée wa I

Daniyeli 11:6 Antiochus wa II Ptolémée wa II

(umugore Laodice) (umukobwa Bérénice)

Daniyeli 11:7-9 Séleucus wa II Ptolémée wa III

Daniyeli 11:10-12 Antiochus wa III Ptolémée wa IV

[Ifoto]

Igiceri gishushanyijeho Ptolémée wa II n’umugore we

[Ifoto]

Séleucus wa I Nicator

[Ifoto]

Antiochus wa III

[Ifoto]

Ptolémée wa VI

[Ifoto]

Ptolémée wa III n’abamusimbuye bubatse uru rusengero rwa Horus ahitwa Idfu, mu Misiri ya Ruguru

[Ikarita/Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 216 n’iya 217]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu gitabo)

Amagambo ngo “umwami w’amajyaruguru” n’ “umwami w’amajyepfo” yerekeza ku bami bategekaga mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo y’igihugu ubwoko bwa Daniyeli bwari butuyemo

MACÉDOINE

U BUGIRIKI

AZIYA NTOYA

ISIRAYELI

LIBIYA

MISIRI

ETIYOPIYA

SIRIYA

Babuloni

ARABIYA

[Ifoto]

Ptolémée wa II

[Ifoto]

Antiochus Mukuru

[Ifoto]

Igisate cy’ibuye kiriho amategeko ya leta yatanzwe na Antiochus Mukuru

[Ifoto]

Igiceri gishushanyijeho Ptolémée wa V

[Ifoto]

Umuryango wa Ptolémée wa III i Karnak ho mu Misiri

[Ifoto yuzuye ipaji ya 210]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 215]

Séleucus wa I Nicator

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 218]

Ptolémée wa I