Igice cya cumi na kane

Ba bami babiri bahinduka

1, 2. (a) Ni iki cyatumye Antiochus wa IV yemera ibyo Roma yamusabaga? (b) Ni ryari Siriya yahindutse intara yategekwaga na Roma?

ANTIOCHUS wa IV umwami wa Siriya yateye Misiri arayigarurira, maze ariyimika yigira umwami wayo. Roma yohereje mu Misiri Ambasaderi Caius Popilius Laenas, ibisabwe na Ptolémée wa VI Umwami wa Misiri. Yajyanye amato y’intambara ahambaye n’amategeko ahawe n’Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu cya Roma, avuga ko Antiochus wa IV agomba kuva ku ntebe y’ubwami bwa Misiri kandi agahita ava muri icyo gihugu. Uwo mwami wa Siriya n’uwo ambasaderi w’Umuroma bahuriye imbona nkubone ahitwa Éleusis, mu nkengero z’umujyi wa Alexandrie. Antiochus wa IV yasabye igihe cyo kubanza kugisha inama abajyanama be, ariko Laenas aca umurongo w’uruziga ruzengurutse uwo mwami, maze amubwira ko atari buwurenge atabanje gusubiza. Antiochus wa IV yakozwe n’ikimwaro maze yemera ibyo Abaroma bamusabye, asubira muri Siriya mu mwaka wa 168 M.I.C. Nuko ubushyamirane hagati y’umwami w’amajyaruguru wa Siriya n’umwami w’amajyepfo wa Misiri burangira butyo.

² Roma, ari na yo ifite umwanya w’ibanze mu bibera mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, yakomeje kwitegekera Siriya. Ku bw’ibyo rero, n’ubwo hari abandi bami bo mu muryango wa cyami w’Abaseluside bategetse Siriya nyuma y’aho Antiochus wa IV apfiriye mu mwaka wa 163 M.I.C., ntibafashe umwanya w’ “umwami w’ikasikazi [“w’amajyaruguru,” NW ]” (Daniyeli 11:15). Amaherezo, Siriya yaje kuba intara ya Roma mu mwaka wa 64 M.I.C.

3. Ni ryari kandi ni gute Roma yigaruriye Misiri?

³ Umuryango wa cyami w’abakomoka kuri Ptolémée mu Misiri wo ukomeje kugira uruhare rwo kuba “umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ]” mu gihe cy’imyaka isaga 130 ho gato, nyuma y’urupfu rwa Antiochus wa IV (Daniyeli 11:14). Mu mirwano yabereye ahitwa Actium, mu mwaka wa 31 M.I.C., umutegetsi w’Umuroma witwa Octavien yanesheje ingabo zishyize hamwe za Cléopâtre wa VII​—umwamikazi wa nyuma mu bakomoka kuri Ptolémée​—n’iz’umukunzi we w’Umuroma, Marc Antoine. Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho Cléopâtre yariyahuye, nyuma y’aho Misiri na yo ihinduka intara ya Roma, maze ntiyongera ukundi kuba umwami w’amajyepfo. Mu mwaka wa 30 M.I.C., Roma yari yarigaruriye Siriya na Misiri. None se ubwo twakwitega ko hari ubundi butegetsi bwari kuzagira uruhare mu kuba umwami w’amajyaruguru n’umwami w’amajyepfo?

UMWAMI MUSHYA YOHEREZA “UMUKORESHA W’IKORO”

4. Kuki twagombye kwitega ko hari urundi rwego rw’ubutegetsi rwaba umwami w’amajyaruguru?

⁴ Mu rugaryi rw’umwaka wa 33 I.C., Yesu Kristo yabwiye abigishwa be ati “ubwo muzabona ikizira kirimbura cyahanuwe n’umuhanuzi Daniyeli gihagaze Ahera, . . . icyo gihe abazaba bari i Yudaya bazahungire ku misozi” (Matayo 24:15, 16). Yesu yerekeje ku byanditswe muri Daniyeli 11:31, aha abigishwa be umuburo ku bihereranye n’ “ikizira cy’umurimbuzi” cyari kuzaza. Ubwo buhanuzi burebana n’umwami w’amajyaruguru, bwatanzwe hashize imyaka igera ku 195 nyuma y’urupfu rwa Antiochus wa IV, umwami wa Siriya wa nyuma mu bafashe uwo mwanya. Nta gushidikanya rero ko hari urundi rwego rw’ubutegetsi rwagombaga kuba umwami w’amajyaruguru. Rwari kuba uruhe?

5. Ni nde wahagurutse akaba umwami w’amajyaruguru, agafata umwanya wahoze ufitwe na Antiochus wa IV?

⁵ Marayika wa Yehova Imana yahanuye agira ati “hazahaguruka undi mu cyimbo cye [mu cyimbo cya Antiochus wa IV], uzohereza umukoresha w’ikoro mu gihugu gifite ubwiza [“mu bwami bwiza,” NW ] , na we nihashira iminsi mike, azarimburwa atazize uburakari cyangwa intambara” (Daniyeli 11:20). ‘Uwahagurutse’ muri ubwo buryo yabaye Octavien, umwami w’abami wa mbere w’Umuroma, bakaba baramwitaga Kayisari Awugusito.​—Reba ingingo ifite umutwe uvuga ngo “Umwe Yarubashywe, Undi Arasuzugurwa,” ku ipaji ya 248.

6. (a) Ni ryari “umukoresha w’ikoro” yoherejwe mu “bwami bwiza” (NW ), kandi se ibyo byagize kamaro ki? (b) Kuki dushobora kuvuga ko Awugusito yapfuye “atazize uburakari cyangwa intambara”? (c) Ni irihe hinduka ryabaye ku bihereranye n’uwari umwami w’amajyaruguru?

⁶ ‘Ubwami bwiza’ (NW ) bwa Awugusito, bwari bukubiyemo n’ “[i]gihugu gifite ubwiza”​—ni ukuvuga Yudaya, intara ya Roma (Daniyeli 11:16). Mu mwaka wa 2 M.I.C., Awugusito yohereje “umukoresha w’ikoro” igihe yategekaga ko abantu bajya kwiyandikisha, cyangwa kwibaruza, akaba ashobora kuba yarashakaga kumenya umubare w’abaturage kugira ngo amenye uko abaka imisoro n’uko abinjiza mu ngabo. Kubera iryo tegeko, Yozefu na Mariya bagiye kwibaruza i Betelehemu, bituma Yesu avukira muri ako karere kari karahanuwe. (Mika 5:1, umurongo wa 2 muri Biblia Yera; Matayo 2:1-​12.) ‘Hashize iminsi mike’​—ni ukuvuga muri Kanama 14 I.C., cyangwa nyuma y’igihe gito kuva rya barura ritegetswe​—Awugusito yapfuye afite imyaka 76, atazize “uburakari” ngo yicwe n’umuntu runaka cyangwa “intambara,” ahubwo azize uburwayi. Mu by’ukuri, umwami w’amajyaruguru yari yarahindutse! Icyo gihe, uwo mwami yari asigaye ari Ubwami bw’Abaroma, bwari buhagarariwe n’abami b’abami babwo.

‘HAHAGURUKA UMUNTU W’INSUZUGURWA’

7, 8. (a) Ni nde wahagurutse akaba umwami w’amajyaruguru mu cyimbo cya Awugusito? (b) Kuki uwasimbuye Awugusito Kayisari yahawe “icyubahiro cy’ubwami” by’amaburakindi?

⁷ Marayika yakomeje kwerekeza kuri ubwo buhanuzi agira ati “mu cyimbo cye [cya Awugusito] hazahaguruka umuntu w’insuzugurwa, adahawe icyubahiro cy’ubwami; ariko azaza mu gihe cyo kwirara, azihesha igihugu kwihakirizwa kwe. Maze ingabo [“amaboko y’umwuzure,” NW ] zizatemba imbere ye nk’umwuzure, zimenagurike, ndetse n’umutware w’isezerano na we ni uko.”​—Daniyeli 11:21, 22.

⁸ Uwo ‘muntu w’insuzugurwa’ yari Tiberiyo Kayisari, umuhungu wa Livie, umugore wa gatatu wa Awugusito. (Reba ingingo ifite umutwe uvuga ngo “Umwe Yarubashywe, Undi Arasuzugurwa,” ku ipaji ya 248.) Awugusito yangaga uwo mwana utari uwe bitewe n’imico ye mibi, bityo akaba atarashakaga ko ari we wazamusimbura mu kuba Kayisari. Yahawe “icyubahiro cy’ubwami” by’amaburakindi, ari uko abandi bose bashoboraga kuburagwa bamaze gupfa. Mu mwaka wa 4 I.C. ni bwo Awugusito yagize Tiberiyo umwana we, maze amugira umuragwa w’intebe y’ubwami. Awugusito amaze gupfa, Tiberiyo wari ufite imyaka 54​—ari na we muntu w’insuzugurwa​—‘yarahagurutse’ afata ubutegetsi, aba umwami w’abami wa Roma n’umwami w’amajyaruguru.

9. Ni gute Tiberiyo ‘yihesheje igihugu kwihakirizwa kwe’?

⁹ Igitabo The New Encyclopædia Britannica kigira kiti “Tiberiyo yakoresheje amayeri imbere y’Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu, maze hashira hafi ukwezi [kuva aho Awugusito apfiriye] atarayemerera kumuha izina ry’umwami w’abami.” Yabwiye Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu ko nta muntu washobora kwikorera umuzigo wo kuyobora Ubwami bwa Roma uretse Awugusito wenyine, maze asaba abayigize gusubizaho repubulika binyuriye mu guha ubutegetsi itsinda ry’abantu, aho kubuha umuntu umwe. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Will Durant yaranditse ati “Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu ntiyatinyutse kwemera ibyo avuze, ahubwo yatangiye kumuvuga amagambo yo kumutaka, kugeza aho amaherezo yemereye gufata ubutegetsi.” Durant yongeyeho ati “uwo mukino wakinwe neza ku mpande zombi. Tiberiyo yashakaga kuba umwami akikubira ububasha, naho ubundi yari kubona uburyo bwo kubyanga; Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu yo yaramutinyaga kandi ikamwanga, ariko nanone yirinze kongera gushyiraho repubulika igizwe n’intumwa za rubanda zitwa ko zifite ububasha mu magambo gusa, nk’uko byari byarahoze bimeze.” Nguko uko Tiberiyo ‘yihesheje igihugu kwihakirizwa kwe.’

10. Ni gute ‘ingabo zatembye nk’umwuzure zikamenagurika’?

¹⁰ Ku bihereranye n’ “amaboko y’umwuzure” (NW )​—ni ukuvuga ingabo z’ubwami bwari bukikije ubwe​—marayika yagize ati ‘zizatemba nk’umwuzure, zimenagurike.’ Igihe Tiberiyo yabaga umwami w’amajyaruguru, umuhungu wabo Germanicus Kayisari yari umugaba w’ingabo z’Abaroma zari ku Ruzi rwa Rhin. Mu mwaka wa 15 I.C., Germanicus yagabye ingabo ze zitera Arminius intwari y’Umudage, ayitsinda mu rugero runaka. Ariko kandi, kugira ngo atsinde mu rugero runaka atyo yahatakarije byinshi, ku buryo nyuma y’aho Tiberiyo yahagaritse ibyo kugaba ibitero mu Budage. Ahubwo yahateje intambara y’isubiranamo ry’abaturage, kugira ngo abuze amoko y’Abadage kunga ubumwe. Muri rusange, Tiberiyo we yashyize imbere politiki yo kwitegura kwivuna umwanzi uwo ari we wese watera, maze yibanda ku gushyira ingabo zikomeye ku mipaka. Ubwo buryo bwagize ingaruka nziza. Bwatumye ‘ingabo zitemba nk’umwuzure,’ zirigarurirwa maze ‘ziramenagurika.’

11. Ni gute “umutware w’isezerano [yamenaguritse]”?

¹¹ Undi ‘wamenaguritse’ ni “umutware w’isezerano,” iryo Yehova Imana yari yaragiranye na Aburahamu kugira ngo imiryango yose yo ku isi izahabwe umugisha. Yesu Kristo ni we Mbuto ya Aburahamu yari yarasezeranyijwe muri iryo sezerano (Itangiriro 22:18, NW; Abagalatiya 3:16, NW ). Ku itariki ya 14 Nisani 33 I.C., Yesu yahagaze imbere ya Pontiyo Pilato, mu ngoro y’umutware w’Umuroma i Yerusalemu. Abatambyi b’Abayahudi bari bashinje Yesu ko agambanira umwami w’abami. Ariko kandi, Yesu yabwiye Pilato ati “ubwami bwanjye si ubw’iyi si . . . Ubwami bwanjye si ubw’ino.” Kugira ngo uwo mutware w’Umuroma atarekura Yesu wari umwere, Abayahudi bateye hejuru bagira bati “nurekura uyu, uraba utari incuti ya Kayisari: kuko umuntu wese wigize umwami, aba agomeye Kayisari.” Bamaze gusaba ko Yesu yakwicwa, baravuze bati “nta mwami dufite keretse Kayisari.” Pilato akurikije itegeko rirebana n’ibyo “kugomera umutware” Tiberiyo yari yararemereje kugeza ubwo rihana n’udukorwa duto duto two gupfobya Kayisari, yatanze Yesu kugira ngo ‘amenagurike,’ cyangwa amanikwe ku giti cy’umubabaro.​—Yohana 18:36; 19:12-​16; Mariko 15:14-​20.

UMUTEGETSI W’IGITUGU ‘YIGIRA INAMA’

12. (a) Ni bande basezeranye na Tiberiyo? (b) Ni gute Tiberiyo ‘yahindutse umunyambaraga, n’ubwo yari afite abantu bake’?

¹² Marayika yakomeje ahanura ibya Tiberiyo, agira ati “nibamara gusezerana na we, aza[ba]riganya, kuko azaza yihinduye umunyambaraga, nubwo azaba afite abantu bake” (Daniyeli 11:23). Mu buryo buhuje n’itegekonshinga, abari bagize Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu ya Roma bari ‘barasezeranye’ na Tiberiyo, kandi byitwaga ko ari bo agenderaho. Nyamara yarabashukaga, ahubwo mu by’ukuri aza kuba ‘umunyambaraga, nubwo yari afite abantu bake.’ Abo bantu bake bari Ingabo z’Abaroma Zarindaga Umwami, zari zikambitse hafi y’inkike za Roma. Kuba zari ziri aho hafi byateraga ubwoba abari bagize Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu, kandi bigafasha Tiberiyo kuburizamo imyivumbagatanyo iyo ari yo yose y’abaturage yo kurwanya ubutegetsi bwe. Ku bw’ibyo rero, Tiberiyo yakomeje kuba umunyambaraga, yifashishije ingabo zimurinda zageraga ku bantu 10.000.

13. Ni mu biki Tiberiyo yarushije ba sekuruza?

¹³ Wa mumarayika yakomeje ahanura ati “mu minsi yo kwirara azatera ahantu harumbuka hose ho mu gihugu, akore ibyo ba sekuru na ba sekuruza batigeze gukora, agabanye abantu be imicuzo n’iminyago n’ubutunzi; ndetse azamara igihe gito yigiriye inama yo gutera ibihome byaho bikomeye” (Daniyeli 11:24). Tiberiyo yakabyaga gukeka abantu amababa, ku buryo mu gihe cy’ubwami bwe hari benshi yicishije. Imyaka ya nyuma y’ubwami bwe yaranzwe n’iterabwoba, cyane cyane akabikora yohejwe na Séjan, umugaba w’Ingabo Zarindaga Umwami. Amaherezo ariko, Séjan na we ubwe yaje gukekwa amababa, maze aricwa. Mu bihereranye no gukandamiza abaturage, Tiberiyo yarushije ba sekuruza.

14. (a) Ni gute Tiberiyo yakwirakwije “imicuzo n’iminyago n’ubutunzi” mu ntara zose zategekwaga n’Abaroma? (b) Ahagana mu gihe Tiberiyo yapfiriyemo, yabonwaga ate?

¹⁴ Icyakora, Tiberiyo yakwirakwije “imicuzo n’iminyago n’ubutunzi” mu ntara zose zategekwaga n’Abaroma. Igihe yapfaga, abaturage yategekaga bose bari bafite uburumbuke. Imisoro yari yoroheje, kandi Tiberiyo yajyaga agoboka abantu bari mu turere twabaga turi mu mimerere igoye. Mu gihe abasirikare cyangwa abategetsi babaga bagize umuntu bahutaza cyangwa bakitwara nabi mu bintu runaka, bagombaga kwitega ko umwami abibaryoza. Gutegekesha igitsure byatumye abantu bose bagira umutekano, kandi uburyo bwo gutumanaho buvuguruye bwatumaga ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi birushaho kugenda neza. Tiberiyo yarebaga neza ko ibintu bikorwa nta kubogama kandi kuri gahunda, haba muri Roma cyangwa hanze y’aho. Amategeko yaravuguruwe, kandi amabwiriza arebana n’imyifatire mbonezamubano n’umuco aranonosorwa, binyuriye mu gukomereza kuri gahunda z’ivugurura zari zaratangijwe na Awugusito Kayisari. Ariko kandi, Tiberiyo ‘yigiraga inama’ ubwe, ku buryo umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umuroma witwaga Tacite yamwerekejeho avuga ko yari umuntu w’indyarya, ufite ubuhanga bwo kwiyerekana uko atari. Igihe Tiberiyo yapfaga muri Werurwe 37 I.C., yabonwaga ko yari umutegetsi w’igitugu.

15. Roma yari imeze ite mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya mbere no mu ntangiriro z’icya kabiri I.C.?

¹⁵ Mu bategetsi bakurikiye Tiberiyo bafashe umwanya w’umwami w’amajyaruguru, harimo Gayo Kayisari (Caligula), Claude wa I, Nero, Vespasien, Titus, Domitien, Nerva, Trajan na Hadrien. Igitabo The New Encyclopædia Britannica kigira kiti “abategetse nyuma ya Awugusito usanga ahanini barakomeje politiki ye y’iby’ubutegetsi na porogaramu ye y’iby’ubwubatsi, n’ubwo bongeragaho ibintu bishya bike cyane ariko bagakabya kubyiratana.” Icyo gitabo gikomeza kigira kiti “mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya mbere no mu ntangiriro z’icya kabiri, ni bwo Roma yari igeze ku rwego ruhanitse mu birebana no gukomera no kugira abaturage benshi.” N’ubwo icyo gihe Roma yari ifite imidugararo runaka ku mipaka yayo, ubushyamirane bwa mbere bwahanuwe yagiranye n’umwami w’amajyepfo ntibwigeze buba kugeza mu kinyejana cya gatatu I.C.

AHAGURUTSWA NO GUTERA UMWAMI W’AMAJYEPFO

16, 17. (a) Ni nde wafashe umwanya w’umwami w’amajyaruguru uvugwa muri Daniyeli 11:25? (b) Ni nde waje gufata umwanya w’umwami w’amajyepfo, kandi se ibyo byaje bite?

¹⁶ Marayika w’Imana yakomeje ubuhanuzi agira ati “[Umwami w’amajyaruguru] namara kwiyungura amaboko n’ubushizi bw’amanga, azatera umwami w’ikusi [“w’amajyepfo,” NW ] atabaranye n’ingabo nyinshi; nuko umwami w’ikusi azarwana intambara, afite ingabo nyinshi zikomeye cyane; ariko [umwami w’amajyaruguru] ntazashikama, kuko bazamugambanira. Ndetse abazaba batunzwe na we ni bo bazamurimbura; ingabo ze zizangara, kandi abenshi muri bo bazicwa.”​—Daniyeli 11:25, 26.

¹⁷ Hashize imyaka hafi 300 Octavien ahinduye Misiri intara yategekwaga na Roma, Aurélien Umwami w’Abami w’Umuroma yafashe umwanya w’umwami w’amajyaruguru. Muri icyo gihe, Umwamikazi Septimia Zenobia (Zénobie) w’intara ya Palmyre yari yarakoronijwe na Roma, ni we wari mu mwanya w’umwami w’amajyepfo.a (Reba ingingo ifite umutwe uvuga ngo “Zénobie​—Umwamikazi wa Palmyre w’Umurwanyi,” ku ipaji ya 252.) Ingabo za Palmyre zafashe Misiri mu wa 269 I.C., zitwaje ko ngo ziyirindira Roma. Zénobie yashakaga guhindura Palmyre umujyi ukomeye kurusha indi mu burasirazuba, kandi yashakaga gutegeka intara zo mu burasirazuba zategekwaga na Roma. Imigambi ya Zénobie yashishe Aurélien, maze yiyungura “amaboko n’ubushizi bw’amanga” kugira ngo amutere.

18. Ubushyamirane bwabaye hagati y’Umwami w’Abami Aurélien wari umwami w’amajyaruguru, n’Umwamikazi Zénobie wari umwami w’amajyepfo, bwagize izihe ngaruka?

¹⁸ Umwami w’amajyepfo, ni ukuvuga urwego rw’ubutegetsi rwari ruyobowe na Zénobie, yashishikajwe no ‘kurwana’ intambara n’umwami w’amajyaruguru “afite ingabo nyinshi zikomeye cyane,” zari ziyobowe n’abajenerali babiri, ari bo Zabdas na Zabbai. Ariko kandi, Aurélien yigaruriye Misiri, hanyuma agaba igitero muri Aziya Ntoya no muri Siriya. Zénobie yatsindiwe ahitwa Emesa (ari yo Homs y’ubu), maze asubira i Palmyre. Igihe Aurélien yagotaga uwo mujyi, Zénobie yawurwaniriye abigiranye ubutwari ariko biba iby’ubusa. We n’umuhungu we bahunze berekeza i Buperesi, ariko Abaroma bamufatira ku Ruzi Ufurate. Mu wa 272 I.C., ni bwo ingabo za Palmyre zahaze uwo mujyi. Aurélien yaretse Zénobie ntiyamwica, maze amugira igishungero mu mutambagiro wo gutsinda wabereye i Roma mu wa 274 I.C. Igihe cyose cyari gisigaye cy’imibereho ye, yakimaze ari umubyeyi w’inararibonye w’Umuroma.

19. Ni gute Aurélien yaguye azize ko ‘bamugambaniye’?

¹⁹ Aurélien na we ubwe ‘ntiyashikamye, kuko bamugambaniye.’ Mu wa 275 I.C., yateguye igitero cyo kurwana n’Abaperesi. Mu gihe yari i Thrace ategereje ko haboneka uburyo bwo kwambuka imiyoboro y’amazi ngo ajye muri Aziya Ntoya, abari ‘batunzwe na we’ baramugambaniye maze ‘baramurimbura.’ Yashakaga guhana umunyamabanga we Eros ku bw’imyifatire ye mibi. Ariko kandi, Eros yahimbye ilisiti y’amazina y’abategetsi bakuru bakatiwe urwo gupfa. Abo bategetsi bamaze kubona iyo lisiti, byabateye kugambanira Aurélien, maze baramwica.

20. Ni gute “ingabo” z’umwami w’amajyaruguru ‘zangaye’?

²⁰ Ibyo kuba umwami w’amajyaruguru ntibyarangiranye n’urupfu rw’Umwami w’Abami Aurélien. Hari abandi bategetsi b’Abaroma bakurikiyeho. Hashize igihe runaka hari umwami w’abami w’iburengerazuba n’undi w’iburasirazuba. Mu gihe hategekaga abo bami, “ingabo” z’umwami w’amajyaruguru ‘zarangaye,’ mu yandi magambo ‘zaratatanye,’b kandi inyinshi muri zo ‘zarishwe’ ziguye mu bitero byagabwaga n’amoko y’Abadage baturukaga mu majyaruguru. Mu kinyejana cya kane I.C., abitwaga Goths bambutse imbibi z’Abaroma. Ibitero byakomeje kugabwa byiyungikanya. Mu wa 476 I.C., umuyobozi w’Umudage witwaga Odoacre yavanyeho umwami w’abami wa nyuma wategekeye i Roma. Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya gatandatu, Ubwami bw’Abaroma bwo mu burengerazuba bwari bwaracitsemo ibice, kandi abami b’Abadage ni bo bategekaga mu Bwongereza, muri Gaule, mu Butaliyani, muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru no muri Hisipaniya. Igice cy’iburasirazuba cy’ubwo bwami cyo cyarakomeje, kigeza mu kinyejana cya 15.

UBWAMI BUKOMEYE BWICAMO IBICE

21, 22. Ni irihe hinduka ryazanywe na Konsitantino mu kinyejana cya kane I.C.?

²¹ Marayika wa Yehova ntiyiriwe atanga ibisobanuro bitari ngombwa ku bihereranye no gusenyuka k’Ubwami bw’Abaroma kwamaze ibinyejana byinshi, ahubwo yakomeje ahanura ibindi bintu byari kuzakorwa n’umwami w’amajyaruguru n’umwami w’amajyepfo. Ariko kandi, gusubira inyuma tugaterera akajisho ku bintu runaka byabaye mu Bwami bw’Abaroma, biradufasha kumenya abaje kuba abo bami babiri bahiganwa mu bihe byakurikiyeho.

²² Mu kinyejana cya kane, Konsitantino Umwami w’Abami w’Umuroma yahaye Ubuzima Gatozi Abakristo b’abahakanyi. Ndetse yanatumije konsili ya kiliziya ahitwa i Nicée muri Aziya Ntoya mu wa 325 I.C., kandi aba ari we ubwe uyiyoborera. Nyuma y’aho, Konsitantino yimuye ubuturo bwa cyami, buva i Roma bujya i Byzance, cyangwa Constantinople, uwo mujyi aba ari wo ahindura umurwa mukuru we mushya. Ubwami bwa Roma bwakomeje kugenda buyoborwa n’umwami w’abami umwe gusa, kugeza aho Umwami w’Abami Théodose wa I apfiriye, ku itariki ya 17 Mutarama 395 I.C.

23. (a) Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Théodose, ni gute Ubwami bw’Abaroma bwiciyemo ibice? (b) Ubwami bw’i Burasirazuba bwarangiye ryari? (c) Ni nde wategetse Misiri mu mwaka wa 1517?

²³ Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Théodose, abahungu be bigabanyije Ubwami bwa Roma. Honorius yafashe igice cy’iburengerazuba, naho Arcadius afata icy’iburasirazuba, umurwa mukuru we ukaba wari Constantinople. U Bwongereza, Gaule, u Butaliyani, Hisipaniya n’Afurika y’Amajyaruguru zari zimwe mu ntara zigize icyo gice cy’iburengerazuba. Macédoine, Thrace, Aziya Ntoya, Siriya na Misiri, zari intara zigize igice cy’iburasirazuba. Mu wa 642 I.C., umurwa mukuru wa Misiri ari wo Alexandrie, wafashwe n’abitwaga Sarrasins (Abarabu), maze Misiri ihinduka intara itegekwa n’abayobozi b’Abisilamu. Muri Mutarama 1449, Konsitantino wa XI yabaye umwami w’abami wa nyuma w’igice cy’iburasirazuba. Ku itariki ya 29 Gicurasi 1453, Abaturukiya bitwaga Ottomans bayobowe na Sultan Mehmed wa II bafashe Constantinople, Ubwami bw’Abaroma bw’i Burasirazuba burangira butyo. Mu mwaka wa 1517, Misiri yahindutse intara yategekwaga na Turukiya. Ariko kandi, icyo gihugu cyari cyarahoze ari icy’umwami w’amajyepfo cyari kuzagera ubwo cyigarurirwa n’ubundi bwami bwo mu gace k’iburengerazuba.

24, 25. (a) Dukurikije ibivugwa n’abahanga mu by’amateka bamwe na bamwe, ni iki cyabaye intangiriro y’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma? (b) Amaherezo byaje kugendekera bite izina ry’icyubahiro ry’ “umwami w’abami” w’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma?

²⁴ Mu gice cy’iburengerazuba cy’Ubwami bw’Abaroma hadutse umwepisikopi wa Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma, ari we Papa Léon wa I, uzwiho kuba mu kinyejana cya gatanu I.C. yaraharaniye ko ba papa bagira ubutegetsi. Byaje kugera ubwo papa yiha kwimika umwami w’abami mu gice cy’iburengerazuba. Ibyo byabereye i Roma kuri Noheli yo mu mwaka wa 800 I.C., igihe Papa Léon wa III yimikaga Charles (Charlemagne) Umwami w’Abafaransa, akamugira umwami w’abami w’Ubwami bushya bw’Abaroma bw’i Burengerazuba. Iryo yimika ryatumye i Roma hongera gutegeka umwami w’abami, kandi dukurikije uko abahanga mu by’amateka bamwe na bamwe babivuga, ni ryo ryabaye intangiriro y’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma. Kuva icyo gihe, hari hariho Ubwami bw’i Burasirazuba n’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma iburengerazuba, bwombi bukaba bwarihandagazaga bwiyita ubwa Gikristo.

²⁵ Uko igihe cyagendaga gihita, abasimbuye Charlemagne baje kuba abayobozi badashoboye. Ndetse hari n’igihe cyahise ari nta mwami w’abami uriho. Hagati aho, Otto wa I Umwami w’u Budage yari yarigaruriye igice kinini cy’u Butaliyani bw’amajyaruguru n’ubwo hagati. Yiyise umwami w’u Butaliyani. Ku itariki ya 2 Gashyantare 962 I.C., Papa Yohani wa XII yimitse Otto wa I, amugira umwami w’abami w’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma. Umurwa mukuru wabwo wari mu Budage, kandi abami b’abami babwo bari Abadage, kimwe na benshi mu bayoboke babo. Nyuma y’ibinyejana bitanu, umuryango w’abitwaga Habsbourg bo muri Otirishiya wahawe izina ry’icyubahiro ry’ “umwami w’abami,” kandi wararigumanye mu gihe hafi ya cyose Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma bwari bushigaje.

BA BAMI BABIRI BONGERA KUGARAGARA NEZA

26. (a) Twavuga iki ku bihereranye n’irunduka ry’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma? (b) Ni uwuhe mwami w’amajyaruguru wadutse?

²⁶ Nyuma y’intambara Napoléon wa I yarwanye mu Budage akazitsinda mu mwaka wa 1805, yahiritse Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma igihe yangaga kwemera ko buriho. Ku itariki ya 6 Kanama 1806, Umwami w’Abami François wa II abonye ko adashoboye kurwanirira ubwami, yahise yegura ku mwanya w’icyubahiro wo kuba umwami w’abami wa Roma, maze yigira gutegeka mu gihugu cye, aba umwami w’abami wa Otirishiya. Nyuma y’imyaka 1.006 yari ishize, Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma​—bwashinzwe na papa Léon wa III wa Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma hamwe na Charlemagne umwami w’Abafaransa⁠​—bwagize butya burarunduka. Mu mwaka wa 1870, Roma yahindutse umurwa mukuru w’ubwami bw’u Butaliyani, butagengwa na Vatikani. Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho, hatangiye ubwami bw’u Budage, butangirana na Guillaume wa I, akaba yaritwaga kayisari, cyangwa kaiser. Nguko uko umwami w’amajyaruguru wo muri ibi bihe​—ni ukuvuga u Budage⁠​—yageze mu rubuga rw’isi.

27. (a) Ni gute Misiri yaje kuba igihugu kigengwa n’u Bwongereza? (b) Umwami w’amajyepfo yaje kuba uwuhe?

²⁷ Ariko se, umwami w’amajyepfo wo muri iki gihe we yari uwuhe? Amateka agaragaza ko u Bwongereza bwafashe ubutegetsi bwa cyami mu kinyejana cya 17. Mu mwaka wa 1798, Napoléon wa I yaje kwigarurira Misiri, kugira ngo abone uko afunga imihanda u Bwongereza bwanyuzagamo ibicuruzwa byabwo. Ibyo byatumye havuka intambara, maze Abongereza n’abitwaga Ottomans bishyize hamwe bahatira Abafaransa kuva mu Misiri, igihugu cyari cyarahoze ari umwami w’amajyepfo mu ntangiriro z’ubushyamirane. Mu kinyejana cyakurikiyeho, uruhare rw’u Bwongereza mu Misiri rwariyongereye. Nyuma y’umwaka wa 1882, Misiri yari yarabaye neza neza igihugu cyategekwaga n’u Bwongereza. Igihe Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose yarotaga mu wa 1914, Misiri yari mu maboko ya Turukiya, igategekwa n’uwitwaga khédive, cyangwa uhagarariye umwami. Ariko kandi, aho Turukiya imariye kwifatanya n’u Budage muri iyo ntambara, u Bwongereza bwavanyeho uwo witwaga khédive, maze butangaza ko Misiri ibaye igihugu kigengwa n’u Bwongereza. Buhoro buhoro, u Bwongereza na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika byagiye bigirana ubucuti bwa bugufi, maze biza guhinduka Ubutegetsi bw’Igihangange bw’Isi bw’u Bwongereza na Amerika. Byombi byafashe umwanya w’umwami w’amajyepfo.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

NI IKI WAMENYE?

• Ni uwuhe mwami w’abami w’Umuroma wabanje kuba umwami w’amajyaruguru, kandi se ni ryari yohereje “umukoresha w’ikoro”?

• Nyuma ya Awugusito, ni nde wabaye umwami w’amajyaruguru, kandi se ni gute “umutware w’isezerano [yamenaguritse]”?

• Ubushyamirane bwabaye hagati ya Aurélien wari umwami w’amajyaruguru na Zénobie wari umwami w’amajyepfo, bwagize izihe ngaruka?

• Byaje kugendekera bite Ubwami bwa Roma, kandi se ahagana mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 19, ni ubuhe butegetsi bw’ibihangange bwari bufite imyanya ya ba bami babiri?

[Agasanduku/Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 248-251]

UMWE YARUBASHYWE, UNDI ARASUZUGURWA

UMWE yahinduye repubulika yari yaramazwe n’ubushyamirane ayigira ubwami bw’igihangange bw’isi. Undi yazahuye ubukungu bwayo, bwikuba incuro makumyabiri mu myaka 23 gusa. Umwe yarapfuye ahabwa icyubahiro, naho undi arasuzugurwa. Mu gihe cy’ubwami bw’abo bami b’abami babiri ba Roma ni bwo Yesu yabayeho, kandi ni na cyo gihe yakoreyemo umurimo we. Abo bari bande? Kandi se, kuki umwe yubashywe naho undi ntiyubahwe?

“YASANZE ROMA ARI AMATAFARI, AYISIGA ARI AMABUYE Y’URUGARIKA”

Mu mwaka wa 44 M.I.C., igihe Jules César yicwaga, Gaius Octavien umwuzukuru wa mushiki we yari afite imyaka 18 gusa. Kubera ko Jules César yari yaramugize umwana we n’umuragwa we, Octavien wari ukiri muto yahise ajya i Roma guharanira umurage we. Aho yahahuriye n’umwanzi w’igihangange​—uwo akaba ari Marc Antoine, liyetona mukuru wa César, wari witeze kuba ari we uba umuragwa w’ibanze. Ubugambanyi bwa gipolitiki n’intambara yo kumaranira ubutegetsi byakurikiyeho, byamaze imyaka 13.

Aho Octavien atsindiye ingabo ziyunze za Cléopâtre Umwamikazi wa Misiri n’iz’umukunzi we Marc Antoine (mu mwaka wa 31 M.I.C.), ni bwo yabaye umwami udashidikanywaho w’Ubwami bwa Roma. Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho, Antoine na Cléopâtre bariyahuye, maze Octavien yigarurira Misiri. Nguko uko igisigisigi cya nyuma cy’Ubwami bwa Kigiriki cyavuyeho, maze Roma igahinduka ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi.

Octavien yibukaga ko Jules César yari yarishwe azira kwikubira ubutegetsi no gutegekesha igitugu, bityo rero yagize amakenga, yirinda kugwa muri iryo kosa. Kugira ngo atarakaza Abaroma bashakaga ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri repubulika, yahinduye isura y’ubwami bwe, bugira ishusho ya repubulika. Yanze amazina y’icyubahiro yo kwitwa “umwami” n’ “umutware utavuguruzwa.” Si ibyo gusa kandi, kuko yanatangaje ko yashakaga kwegurira Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu ya Roma ubutegetsi bw’intara zose, kandi asaba ko yakwegura ku myanya runaka yari afite. Ayo mayeri yagize icyo ageraho. Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu yishimiye Octavien, imusaba kugumana imyanya yari afite no gukomeza kuyobora intara zimwe na zimwe.

Byongeye kandi, ku itariki ya 16 Mutarama 27 M.I.C., Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu yahaye Octavien izina ry’icyubahiro rya “Awugusito,” (Augustus mu Kilatini), risobanurwa ngo “Uwahawe Ikuzo, Uwera.” Octavien ntiyemeye iryo zina gusa, ahubwo yanagize ukwezi yitirira izina rye, kandi avana umunsi umwe ku kwezi kwa Gashyantare kugira ngo ukwezi kwa Kanama (Augustus mu Kilatini) kugire iminsi ingana n’iy’ukwa Nyakanga (Julius mu Kilatini), ukwezi kwitiriwe Jules César. Nguko uko Octavien yabaye umwami w’abami wa mbere wa Roma, maze nyuma y’aho akaza kwitwa Kayisari Awugusito, cyangwa “Awugusito Mukuru.” Nyuma y’aho, yaje no kwitwa “pontifex maximus” (umutambyi mukuru), kandi mu mwaka wa 2 M.I.C.​—umwaka Yesu yavutsemo​—Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu yamuhaye izina ry’icyubahiro rya Pater Patriae, ni ukuvuga “Umubyeyi w’Igihugu.”

Muri uwo mwaka kandi, ni bwo ‘itegeko ryavuye kwa Kayisari Awugusito, ngo abo mu bihugu bye bose bandikwe. Bose bajya kwiyandikisha, umuntu wese ajya mu mudugudu w’iwabo’ (Luka 2:1-3). Ingaruka z’iryo tegeko, ni uko Yesu yavukiye i Betelehemu mu buryo buhuje n’ubuhanuzi bwa Bibiliya.​—Daniyeli 11:20; Mika 5:1, umurongo wa 2 muri Biblia Yera.

Ubutegetsi bwa Awugusito bwaranzwe no kwanga umugayo mu rugero runaka hamwe no kudahindagurika kw’amafaranga n’agaciro kayo. Nanone kandi, Awugusito yashyizeho gahunda nziza y’iby’amaposita kandi akora imihanda, yubaka n’amateme. Yavuguruye ingabo, ashyiraho amato y’intambara ahoraho, kandi arema umutwe kabuhariwe w’abasirikare bo kurinda umwami, witwaga Garde prétorienne (Abafilipi 1:13). Yagize uruhare mu gutuma abanditsi basagamba, urugero nka Virgil na Horace, kandi atuma abanyabukorikori bakora amashusho meza cyane, muri iki gihe akaba yitwa amashusho y’umuderi wa kera. Awugusito yujuje amazu Jules César yari yarasize atarangije, kandi asana insengero nyinshi. Icyitwaga Pax Romana (“Amahoro ya Roma”) yatangije, cyamaze imyaka isaga 200. Ku itariki ya 19 Kanama 14 I.C., Awugusito yapfuye afite imyaka 76, maze nyuma y’aho agirwa imana.

Awugusito yajyaga yirata ko yari ‘yarasanze Roma ari amatafari maze akayisiga ari amabuye y’urugarika.’ Kubera ko atashakaga ko Roma yazongera kumera nk’uko yari imeze igihe yari yaramazwe n’ubushyamirane muri repubulika yari yarabanje, yifuzaga gutunganyiriza inzira umwami w’abami wari kuzamukurikira. Ariko kandi, nta mahitamo yari afite ku bihereranye n’uwagombaga kuzamusimbura. Mwishywa we, abuzukuru be babiri, umukwe we n’umwana w’umugore we, bose bari barapfuye, akaba yari asigaranye Tiberiyo, umwana w’umugore we wenyine.

“UMUNTU W’INSUZUGURWA”

Nyuma y’igihe kitageze ku kwezi Awugusito apfuye, Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu ya Roma yagize Tiberiyo wari ufite imyaka 54 umwami w’abami. Tiberiyo yabayeho kandi ategeka kugeza muri Werurwe 37 I.C. Ni ukuvuga ko ari we wari umwami w’abami wa Roma mu gihe cy’umurimo wo mu ruhame wa Yesu.

Umwami w’abami Tiberiyo yari afite imico myiza, ariko akagira n’ingeso mbi runaka. Mu mico ye myiza, hari harimo uwo kuba atarihutiraga gusesagura amafaranga mu bintu byo kwinezeza. Ibyo byatumye ubwo bwami butera imbere, kandi haboneka amafaranga yo kubuzahura mu mimerere yari yaratewe n’impanuka kamere hamwe n’ibihe bibi. Ikindi kintu cyiza Tiberiyo yashimirwaga, ni uko yibonaga ko ari umuntu buntu gusa, akaba yaragiye yanga amazina menshi y’ibyubahiro, kandi akenshi akaba yarasabaga ko ibikorwa byo kuramya umwami w’abami byagenerwa Awugusito, aho kubyiyerekezaho ubwe. Nta kwezi ko kuri kalendari yitiriye izina rye nk’uko Awugusito na Jules César bari barabigenje, kandi nta n’ubwo yemereye abandi kumwubaha muri ubwo buryo.

Ariko kandi, ingeso mbi za Tiberiyo zasumbaga imico myiza ye. Mu mibanire ye n’abandi, yakabyaga kubakeka amababa no kuba indyarya, kandi ubwami bwe bwaranzwe no kumena amaraso y’abantu benshi yakatiye urwo gupfa​—muri abo hakaba hari harimo benshi mu bahoze ari incuti ze. Yaremereje itegeko rya lèse-majesté (ryahanaga abagambanyi b’umwami), kugeza ubwo ritahanaga ibikorwa by’ubugambanyi gusa, ahubwo rikanahana amagambo yo kumuharabika. Iryo tegeko rishobora kuba ari ryo Abayahudi bishingikirijeho, bakotsa igitutu Guverineri Pontiyo Pilato w’Umuroma ngo akatire Yesu urwo gupfa.​—Yohana 19:12-​16.

Tiberiyo yakusanyirije Umutwe w’Ingabo Zarindaga Umwami mu nkengero za Roma, azubakira amazu afite ibihome mu majyaruguru y’inkike z’uwo murwa. Kuba uwo Mutwe w’Ingabo wari uri hafi aho, byateraga ubwoba abagize Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu ya Roma, ari na bo bashoboraga guteza akaga ubutegetsi bwe, kandi bikamufasha kuburizamo imyivumbagatanyo y’abaturage yo kumurwanya. Nanone kandi, Tiberiyo yashyigikiraga ibyo gukoresha ba maneko, ku buryo ubutegetsi bwe bwaje kurangwa n’iterabwoba mu marembera yabwo.

Igihe Tiberiyo yapfaga, yabonwaga ko ari umutegetsi w’igitugu. Icyo gihe Abaroma barishimye, maze Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu na yo yanga kumugira imana. Kubera izo mpamvu hamwe n’izindi, tubona ko Tiberiyo yasohoreweho n’ubuhanuzi bwavugaga ko “umuntu w’insuzugurwa” yari kuzahaguruka akaba “umwami w’amajyaruguru” (NW ).​—Daniyeli 11:15, 21.

NI IKI WAMENYE?

• Ni gute Octavien yaje kuba umwami w’abami wa mbere wa Roma?

• Ni iki twavuga ku bihereranye n’ibyo ubutegetsi bwa Awugusito bwagezeho?

• Ni iyihe mico myiza n’ingeso mbi bya Tiberiyo?

• Ni gute Tiberiyo yasohoreweho n’ubuhanuzi buhereranye n’ “umuntu w’insuzugurwa”?

[Ifoto]

Tiberiyo

[Agasanduku/Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 252-255]

ZÉNOBIE​—UMWAMIKAZI WA PALMYRE W’UMURWANYI

“YAJYAGA kuba umuyumbu . . . Yari afite amenyo yera nk’amasaro, akagira amaso manini yirabura yabengeranaga mu buryo budasanzwe, indoro ye ikaba yararangwaga n’ubugwaneza bureshya cyane. Yari afite ijwi rinini kandi rinogeye amatwi. Amashuri yari yaratumye ubumenyi bwa kamere yari afite burushaho kwiyongera kandi arabwizihiza. Yari azi Ikilatini, ariko akamenya n’Ikigiriki, ururimi rw’Igisiriyake n’Urunyamisiri.” Ayo ni amagambo Edward Gib­bon, umuhanga mu by’amateka, yavuze ataka Zénobie​—umwamikazi w’umurwanyi w’umujyi wa Palmyre ho muri Siriya.

Umugabo wa Zénobie yari Odenath, umuntu w’igikomerezwa w’i Palmyre, wari warazamuwe mu ntera mu mwaka wa 258 I.C. akagirwa umutware uhagarariye Roma, bitewe n’uko yari yaratsinze mu ntambara yarwanaga n’u Buperesi arwanirira Ubwami bw’Abaroma. Imyaka ibiri nyuma y’aho, Umwami w’Abami Gallien wa Roma yahaye Odenath izina ry’icyubahiro, amwita corrector totius Orientis (guverineri w’u Burasirazuba bwose). Ubwo bwari uburyo bwo kumushimira ku bwo kuba yaratsinze Shapour wa I Umwami w’u Buperesi. Byaje kugera ubwo Odenath ubwe yiha izina ry’icyubahiro ry’ “umwami w’abami.” Uko gutsinda kose, Odenath ashobora kuba ahanini yaragukeshaga ubutwari n’amakenga bya Zénobie.

ZÉNOBIE AHARANIRA GUSHYIRAHO UBWAMI

Mu wa 267 I.C., igihe ubutegetsi bwa Odenath bwari bumaze guhama, we hamwe n’umuhungu we w’imfura wari kuzamusimbura baje kwicwa. Zénobie yafashe umwanya w’umugabo we, kubera ko umuhungu we yari akiri muto cyane ku buryo atawufata. Kubera ko yari umugore ufite uburanga, wahataniraga kugira umwanya ukomeye, wari ushoboye kuba umutegetsi, wari waramenyereye gutabarana n’umugabo we, kandi akaba yari azi indimi nyinshi, yashoboye kwihesha icyubahiro imbere y’abaturage be kandi atuma bamushyigikira. Zénobie yakundaga kwiga, bityo yiyegereza abanyabwenge. Umwe mu bajyanama be yitwaga Cassius Longinus, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya akaba n’intyoza​—uvugwaho kuba yari “inkoranyabitabo nzima n’inzu ndangamurage igenda.” Mu gitabo Palmyra and Its Empire​—Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome, umwanditsi Richard Stoneman yagize ati “mu myaka itanu yakurikiye urupfu rwa Odenath . . . , Zénobie yari yaramaze kwinjira mu bwenge bw’abantu be, bakaba bari bazi ko ari we mwamikazi w’u Burasirazuba.”

Ku ruhande rumwe rw’akarere Zénobie yategekaga, hari u Buperesi, ubwo we n’umugabo we bari barazahaje, naho ku rundi ruhande hakaba Roma yari igeze aharindimuka. Ku bihereranye n’imimerere yarangaga Ubwami bw’Abaroma muri icyo gihe, umuhanga mu by’amateka J. M. Roberts yagize ati “ikinyejana cya gatatu . . . cyari igihe kigoye cyane kuri Roma, ku mipaka yayo y’iburasirazuba n’iy’iburengerazuba, mu gihe i Roma ubwaho na ho hari harongeye kwaduka isubiranamo ry’abaturage n’ibyo kumaranira ubutegetsi. Hategetse abami makumyabiri na babiri (hatabariwemo abiyitaga bo).” Ku rundi ruhande, umwamikazi wa Siriya we yari yarahindutse umutware utavuguruzwa, washinze imizi mu karere ke. Stoneman yagize ati “kuba yari afite ijambo mu bwami bubiri [ubw’u Buperesi n’ubwa Roma], byatumaga agambirira gushyiraho ubwa gatatu bwari kuzategeka ubwo bwombi.”

Mu mwaka wa 269 I.C., ni bwo Zénobie yabonye umwanya wo kwagura ubutegetsi bwe bukomeye, igihe mu Misiri hadukaga umuntu wari wihaye kurwanya ubutegetsi bw’Abaroma. Ingabo za Zénobie zahise zinyarukira mu Misiri zitsembaho icyo cyigomeke, maze zigarurira icyo gihugu. Yatangaje ubwe ko ari we mwamikazi wa Misiri, maze acurisha igiceri cyanditsweho izina rye. Ubwo noneho, ubwami bwe bwaheraga ku ruzi rwa Nili bukagera ku ruzi Ufurate. Muri icyo gihe cy’imibereho ya Zénobie, ni bwo yabaye “umwami w’amajyepfo” (NW ).​—Daniyeli 11:25, 26.

UMURWA MUKURU WA ZÉNOBIE

Zénobie yakomeje umurwa mukuru we wa Palmyre kandi awugira mwiza, ku buryo wageze ku rwego rw’imijyi y’Abaroma yarushaga indi kuba minini. Ugereranyije, wari utuwe n’abaturage basaga 150.000. Palmyre yari umujyi ugizwe n’amazu meza ya leta, insengero, ubusitani, inkingi n’inyubako z’urwibutso, ukikijwe n’inkike zavugwagaho kuba zari zifite umuzenguruko ureshya n’ibirometero 21. Hariho inkingi 1.500 zireshya na metero 15 zari zikikije umuhanda munini​—zikaba zari zubatswe hakurikije imyubakire ya Kigiriki ya kera. Uwo mujyi wari wuzuyemo amashusho maremare n’amagufi y’abantu b’ibirangirire bahabwaga icyubahiro n’ay’abakungu b’abagiraneza. Mu mwaka wa 271 I.C., Zénobie yashinze amashusho abiri, iye ubwe hamwe n’iy’umugabo we wari warapfuye.

Urusengero rw’Izuba ni rumwe mu mazu meza kurusha ayandi yose yari i Palmyre, kandi nta gushidikanya ko ari na rwo rwari rufite abayoboke b’idini benshi muri uwo mujyi. Birashoboka ko Zénobie na we yasengaga imana yari izwiho kuba ari imana y’izuba. Ariko kandi, Siriya yo mu kinyejana cya gatatu yari igihugu cyarimo amadini menshi. Mu karere Zénobie yategekagamo, hari harimo abiyitaga Abakristo, Abayahudi n’abasengaga izuba n’ukwezi. Ni gute yabonaga ubwo buryo bunyuranye bwo gusenga? Umwanditsi witwa Stoneman yagize ati “umutegetsi wese urangwa n’ubwenge ntasuzugura imigenzo iyo ari yo yose isa n’aho inogeye abaturage be . . . Biringiraga . . . ko imana zari zarakorakoranyirijwe hamwe ziri ku ruhande rwa Palmyre.” Uko bigaragara, Zénobie yoroheraga abandi mu birebana n’amadini yabo.

Zénobie yashimagizwaga n’abantu benshi, kubera ko yari afite kamere itangaje. Ikintu cy’ingenzi kurusha ibindi byose, ni uruhare yagize mu guhagararira urwego runaka rwa gipolitiki rwari rwarahanuwe mu buhanuzi bwa Daniyeli. Ariko kandi, ubutegetsi bwe ntibwarengeje imyaka itanu. Mu mwaka wa 272 I.C., Umwami w’Abami Aurélien yatsinze Zénobie, maze nyuma y’aho aza gusahura Palmyre kandi ayihindura umusaka, ku buryo itigeze yongera gusanwa. Zénobie yagiriwe impuhwe ntiyicwa. Bavuga ko yashatswe n’umwe mu bari bagize Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu ya Roma, kandi ko igihe cyari gisigaye cy’imibereho ye yakimaze yibera ahantu hiherereye.

NI IKI WAMENYE?

• Zénobie avugwaho kuba yari ateye ate?

• Bimwe mu bigwi bya Zénobie ni ibihe?

• Zénobie yabonaga ate ibihereranye n’amadini?

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Umwamikazi Zénobie aha amabwiriza abasirikare be

[Imbonerahamwe/​Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 24]

ABAMI BO MURI DANIYELI 11:20-​26

Daniyeli 11:20 Awugusito

Daniyeli 11:21-24 Tiberiyo

Daniyeli 11:25, 26 Aurélien Umwamikazi Zénobie

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Tiberiyo

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Aurélien

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Ishusho ya Charlemagne

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Awugusito

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Ubwato bw’intambara bw’u Bwongereza mu kinyejana cya 17

[Ifoto yuzuye ipaji ya 230]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 233]

Awugusito

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 234]

Tiberiyo

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 235]

Kubera itegeko rya Awugusito, Yozefu na Mariya bagiye i Betelehemu

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 237]

Nk’uko byari byarahanuwe, Yesu ‘yamenaguritse’ igihe yapfaga

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 245]

1. Charlemagne 2. Napoléon wa I 3. Guillaume wa I 4. Ingabo z’u Budage, Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose