Inkomoko y’Inyigisho y’Ukudapfa k’Ubugingo

“Nta ngingo n’imwe irebana n’imitekerereze n’imyifatire y’umuntu mu mibereho ye yaba yarashishikaje ubwenge bwe kurusha iyerekeranye n’imimerere ye nyuma yo gupfa.”​—Byavanywe mu nkoranyamagambo yitwa “ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF RELIGION AND ETHICS.”

1-3. Ni gute Socrate na Platon bazamuye igitekerezo kivuga ko ubugingo budapfa?

INTITI imwe igeze mu kigero cy’imyaka 70, ikaba inakora umurimo w’ubwarimu, iraregwa kutubaha Imana no kuyobya ibitekerezo by’abakiri bato binyuriye ku nyigisho zayo. N’ubwo mu kuburana kwayo yireguye mu buryo bwiza cyane, umucamanza uca urwa kibera, abonye ko icyaha kiyihama maze ayicira urwo gupfa. Amasaha make mbere y’uko yicwa, uwo mwarimu ugeze mu za bukuru, abwiye abanyeshuri bamugose uruhererekane rw’ingingo zikubiyemo ibitekerezo runaka byemeza ko ubugingo budapfa, kandi ko urupfu rudakwiriye gutinywa.

² Uwo muntu waciriwe urubanza si uwundi utari Socrate, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Umugiriki w’icyamamare wo mu kinyejana cya gatanu M.I.C.a Umunyeshuri we witwaga Platon, ni we wanditse iby’iyo nkuru mu nyandiko ze yise Apology na Phaedo. Socrate na Platon bavugwaho kuba ari bamwe mu ba mbere bazamuye igitekerezo kivuga ko ubugingo budapfa. Ariko kandi, si bo badukanye iyo nyigisho.

³ Nk’uko tuza kubibona, inkomoko y’igitekerezo cyo kudapfa k’umuntu, ni iya kera cyane. Icyakora, Socrate na Platon banonosoye icyo gitekerezo maze bagihinduramo inyigisho ya filozofiya, bityo batuma irushaho gushishikaza amatsinda y’abantu b’intiti bo mu gihe cyabo na nyuma y’aho.

Kuva Kuri Pythagore Kugeza ku Gihe cy’Imva z’Abami ba Kera bo mu Misiri

 4. Mbere ya Socrate, ni gute Abagiriki babonaga ibihereranye n’ahantu ho mu bundi buzima nyuma yo gupfa?

⁴ Abagiriki babayeho mbere ya Socrate na Platon, na bo bizeraga ko ubugingo bukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa. Pythagore, Umugiriki w’icyamamare wari umuhanga mu mibare wo mu kinyejana cya Gatandatu M.I.C., yizeraga ko ubugingo budapfa, kandi ko bwimuka. Mbere ye, uwitwa Thalès w’i Mileto, utekerezwaho kuba ari we Mugiriki w’umuhanga mu bya filozofiya uzwiho ko ari uwa kera kurusha abandi, yumvaga ko ubugingo budapfa butaba mu bantu, mu nyamaswa no mu bimera honyine, ahubwo ko buba no mu bindi bintu, urugero nko muri za rukuruzi, kuko zishobora gukurura icyuma. Abagiriki ba kera bavugaga ko ubugingo bw’abapfuye bwambukaga uruzi rwa Styx bwambukijwe n’ubwato, maze bukajya mu buturo bugari cyane bw’ahantu h’ikuzimu bwitwa isi y’abapfuye. Aho ngaho, abacamanza baciraga urubanza ubugingo maze bakabugenera kujya mu mibabaro muri gereza igoswe n’inkuta ndende, cyangwa kujya mu munezero w’iteka muri Paradizo.

5, 6. Ni gute Abaperesi babonaga ibyerekeye ubugingo?

⁵ Muri Irani, cyangwa mu Buperesi bw’i burasirazuba, hadutse umuhanuzi witwaga Zoroastre mu kinyejana cya karindwi M.I.C. Yadukanye uburyo bwo gusenga bwaje kwitwa Zoroastrianisme. Iryo ryari idini ry’Ubwami bw’Abaperesi, bwaje gutegeka isi mbere y’uko Ubugiriki buba ubutegetsi bw’igihangange. Inyandiko y’iryo dini rya Zoroastrianisme, igira iti “ubugingo bw’Umukiranutsi buzabaho mu Munezero ubuziraherezo nta gupfa, naho ubugingo bw’Umunyabinyoma bwo buzababazwa nta kabuza. Kandi ayo mategeko yategetswe na Ahura Mazda [ni ukuvuga “imana y’inyabwenge”] binyuriye mu butware Bwe bw’ikirenga.”

⁶ Nanone kandi, inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo yari imwe mu zari zigize idini ryo muri Irani ryabanjirije irya Zoroastrianisme. Urugero, amoko ya kera y’abantu bo muri Irani, bitaga ku bugingo bw’abapfuye babuha ibyo kurya n’imyambaro kugira ngo bizagire icyo bibamarira ikuzimu.

7, 8. Ni iki Abanyamisiri ba kera bizeraga ku byerekeye ubugingo ku birebana no kuba budapfa iyo umubiri upfuye?

⁷ Kwizera ko ubugingo bukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa, ni byo byari urufatiro rw’imyizerere y’idini ryo mu Misiri. Abanyamisiri bavugaga ko ubugingo bw’umuntu wapfuye bwagombaga gucirwa urubanza na Osiris, imana nkuru y’ikuzimu. Urugero, hari inyandiko yo mu muzingo wakozwe mu mfunzo, ivugwaho kuba ari iyo mu kinyejana cya 14 M.I.C., yerekana Anubis, imana y’abapfuye, ijyanye ubugingo bw’umwanditsi Hunefer imbere ya Osiris. Umutima w’uwo mwanditsi, washushanyaga umutimanama we, ushyizwe ku munzani maze upimwa ku gipimisho cy’ibaba ryambawe ku mutwe w’iyo manakazi y’ukuri n’ubutabera. Indi mana yitwa Thoth, yanditse ibipimo bibonetse. Kubera ko umutima wa Hunefer utaremerejwe no kuba uriho urubanza, ibipimo byawo biri hasi y’ibya rya baba, bityo Hunefer yemerewe kwinjira mu buturo bwa Osiris maze ahabwa ukudapfa. Nanone kandi, uwo muzingo werekana igihindugembe cy’ikigore kirekereje iruhande rw’uwo munzani, cyiteguye guconcomera uwapfuye igihe umutima we waba utagejeje ku bipimo bisabwa. Abanyamisiri na bo, bumishaga ababo babaga bapfuye kandi bashyinguraga imirambo ya ba farawo mu ngoro zihambaye zari imva z’abami ba kera bo mu misiri, bitewe n’uko batekerezaga ko ukurokoka k’ubugingo kwabaga gushingiye ku kurinda umubiri ntiwangirike.

⁸ Bityo rero, isanzuramuco rya kera ryari rifite inyigisho rusange—ari yo yo kudapfa k’ubugingo. Mbese, iryo sanzuramuco ryaba ryarakomoye iyo nyigisho mu isoko imwe?

Inkomoko

 9. Ni irihe dini ryacengeye mu Misiri, mu Buperesi no mu Bugiriki bwa kera?

⁹ Igitabo The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, kigira kiti “mu isi ya kera, Misiri, Ubuperesi n’Ubugiriki, byacengewemo n’idini rya Babuloni.” Icyo gitabo gikomeza kigira kiti “kubera imishyikirano ya kera yari iri hagati ya Misiri na Babuloni, nk’uko byagaragajwe n’inyandiko yo ku bibumbano bya El-Amarna, nta gushidikanya ko habonetse uburyo bwinshi bwo gucengeza ibitekerezo bya Babuloni n’imigenzo yayo mu iyobokamana rya Misiri. Mu Buperesi, iyobokamana rya Mithra rihishura uruhare rudashidikanywa rw’imitekerereze y’i Babuloni . . . Uruvange rukomeye rw’inyigisho zo mu karere k’i Burasirazuba n’imigani ya kera ya Kigiriki hamwe n’iyobokamana ryayo, ubu byemerwa cyane n’intiti muri rusange, ku buryo nta kindi zikeneye kongerwaho. Izo nyigisho zo mu karere k’i Burasirazuba, usanga ahanini ari iza Kibabuloni mu buryo butaziguye kandi mu rugero runini cyane.”b

10, 11. Babuloni yabonaga ite ibihereranye n’ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa?

¹⁰ Ariko se, ibitekerezo bya Babuloni ku bihereranye n’uko bigenda nyuma yo gupfa, byaba binyuranye cyane n’iby’Abanyamisiri, Abaperesi n’Abagiriki? Urugero, zirikana ibivugwa mu gitabo cy’i Babuloni cyitwa Epic of Gilgamesh. Havugwamo umuntu w’igihangange witwaga Gilgamesh wari ugeze mu za bukuru, wabuzwaga amahwemo n’amanyakuri ku bihereranye n’urupfu, watangiye urugendo rwo gushakashaka ukudapfa, ariko ntiyakubona. Inkumi ya divayi yaje guhura na yo mu rugendo rwe, yamuteye inkunga yo kuvana indamu muri ubu buzima uko bishoboka kose, kuko atari kuzigera abona ubuzima butagira iherezo yashakaga. Ubutumwa bukubiye muri iyo nkuru yose uko yakabaye, ni uko ngo urupfu rutagira aho ruhungirwa, kandi ibyiringiro byo kudapfa bikaba ari nk’inzozi gusa. None se, ibyo byaba byumvikanisha ko Abanyababuloni batizeraga ko habaho ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa?

¹¹ Morris Jastrow, Jr., umwarimu muri Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania, ho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, yanditse agira ati “ari rubanda, ari n’abayobozi ba kidini [b’i Babuloni], ntibigeze na rimwe bagira igitekerezo cy’uko ubuzima bushobora kurimbuka buheriheri. [Kuri bo], urupfu rwari inzira igana ku buzima bw’ubundi bwoko, kandi ko kutemera ukudapfa nta kindi bishaka kuvuga, uretse gusa gutsindagiriza ko guhunga ihinduka riba mu buzima rizanywe n’urupfu, bidashoboka.” Ni koko, Abanyababuloni na bo bizeraga ko ubuzima bw’ubundi bwoko, mu ishusho runaka, bukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa. Ibyo bigaragazwa n’uko umurambo w’uwapfuye bawuhambanaga ibintu byo gukoresha nyuma yo gupfa.

12-14. (a) Nyuma y’Umwuzure, inkomoko y’inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo yari iyihe? (b) Ni gute iyo nyigisho yaje gukwirakwira ku isi?

¹² Uko bigaragara, inyigisho yo kudapfa k’ubugingo, ikomoka muri Babuloni ya kera. Dukurikije Bibiliya, igitabo kirangwa n’amateka y’ukuri, umugi wa Babeli, cyangwa Babuloni, wahanzwe na Nimurodi umwuzukuruza wa Nowa.c Nyuma y’Umwuzure w’isi yose wo mu gihe cya Nowa, hariho ururimi rumwe n’idini rimwe gusa. Igihe Nimurodi yahangaga uwo mugi kandi akahubaka umunara, yatangije irindi dini. Bibiliya igaragaza ko nyuma yo kunyuranya indimi aho i Babeli, abo bubatsi bananiwe kuzuza umunara, batatanye maze bagatangira ubuzima bundi bushya, bajyanye idini ryabo (Itangiriro 10:6-10; 11:4-9). Nguko uko inyigisho za kidini z’i Babuloni zakwirakwijwe ku isi.

¹³ Bavuga ko Nimurodi yapfuye akenyutse. Nyuma y’urupfu rwe, birumvikana ko Abanyababuloni bashobora kuba barashatse gukomeza kumwubaha cyane babona ko ari we wahanze kandi akubaka umugi wabo, kandi akaba ari we mwami wawo wa mbere. Kubera ko imana Mardouk (Merodach) yabonwaga ko ari yo yahanze Babuloni, intiti zimwe na zimwe, zavuze ko Mardouk ishushanya Nimurodi wagizwe imana. Niba ari uko biri rero, igitekerezo cy’uko ubugingo budapfa, kigomba kuba cyaratangiye kwamamara nibura igihe cy’urupfu rwa Nimurodi. Uko byaba bimeze kose ariko, amateka agaragaza ko nyuma y’Umwuzure, inkomoko y’inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo yari Babeli, cyangwa Babuloni.

¹⁴ None se, ni gute iyo nyigisho yaje kuba urufatiro rw’inyigisho z’amadini menshi muri iki gihe? Igice gikurikira, kirasuzuma uko iyo nyigisho yinjiye mu madini y’i Burasirazuba.

Uko Icyo Gitekerezo Cyinjiye mu Madini y’i Burasirazuba

“Nahoraga nibwira ko imyizerere y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo ari ukuri kwemewe hose na buri wese. Ni yo mpamvu natangajwe rwose no kumenya ko hari abantu bamwe na bamwe b’abanyabwenge barwanyije iyo myizerere babigiranye umwete, haba i Burasirazuba cyangwa i Burengerazuba. Ubu nsigaye nibaza ukuntu igitekerezo cy’ukudapfa cyaje mu bitekerezo by’Abahindu.”​—Byavuzwe n’UMUNYESHURI UMWE WO MURI KAMINUZA WAREREWE MU IDINI RY’ABAHINDU.

 1. Kuki kugira ubumenyi ku bihereranye no gukura no gukwirakwira kw’inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’umuntu mu madini atandukanye ari iby’ingenzi kuri twe?

NI GUTE igitekerezo cy’uko umuntu afite ubugingo budapfa cyaje gucengera mu idini ry’Abahindu no mu yandi madini y’i Burasirazuba? Icyo kibazo ni icy’ingenzi, ndetse no ku bantu b’i Burengerazuba bashobora kuba batazi neza iby’ayo madini, bitewe n’uko iyo myizerere ifite ingaruka ku bihereranye n’ukuntu buri wese abona iby’igihe kizaza. Kubera ko inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’umuntu ari rusange mu madini menshi muri iki gihe, kumenya uko icyo gitekerezo cyagiye gikura, bishobora rwose kugira uruhare mu gutuma habaho kumvikana no gushyikirana neza kurushaho.

 2. Kuki Ubuhindi ari bwo bwabaye isoko y’ingenzi y’amatwara ya kidini muri Aziya?

² Uwitwa Ninian Smart, umwarimu wigisha amasomo y’iby’idini muri Kaminuza y’i Lancaster ho mu Bwongereza, yagize ati “ihuriro ry’ingenzi ry’amatwara y’iby’idini muri Aziya kuva kera, ni mu Buhindi. Ibyo ntibiterwa gusa n’uko Ubuhindi ubwabwo ari bwo nkomoko y’imyizerere myinshi—ni ukuvuga imyizerere y’idini ry’Abahindu, iry’Ababuda, Jayinisime, iry’Abasikh, n’ayandi n’ayandi—ahubwo ni uko idini rimwe muri ayo, ari ryo ry’Ababuda, ryaje gucengera mu buryo bwimbitse mu muco hafi ya wose wo muri Aziya y’i Burasirazuba.” Intiti imwe yo mu idini ry’Abahindu yitwa Nikhilananda, yavuze ko imico myinshi yacengewe bene ako kageni, “ikibona ko Ubuhindi ari bwo iwabo h’imibereho yayo y’iby’umwuka.” Ni gute rero iyo nyigisho y’ukudapfa yaje gucengera mu Buhindi no mu bindi bice by’Aziya?

Inyigisho y’Idini ry’Abahindu Ivuga ko Ubugingo Bwimuka Bukajya mu Wundi Mubiri

 3. Dukurikije ibivugwa n’umuhanga umwe mu by’amateka, igitekerezo cyo kwimuka k’ubugingo gishobora kuba cyarazanywe na nde mu Buhindi?

³ Mu kinyejana cya gatandatu M.I.C, igihe Pythagore hamwe na bagenzi be bo mu Bugiriki barimo bamamaza igitekerezo kivuga ko ubugingo bwimuka, abanyabwenge b’idini ry’Abahindu bo ku nkengero z’imigezi ya Indus na Gange yo mu Buhindi, na bo barimo bahanga icyo gitekerezo. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Arnold Toynbee, yavuze ko kuba iyo myizerere yaradukiye icyarimwe “mu karere katwarwaga n’Ubugiriki no mu Buhindi, bidashobora kuba ari ibintu byahuriranye gutya gusa mu buryo bw’impanuka.” Toynbee akomeza agira ati “ahantu hamwe rusange hashobora kuba ari ho soko [y’ayo matwara], ni mu muryango w’abantu b’abimukira bakomokaga ku Banyaziya n’Abanyaburayi, bakaba, mu kinyejana cya 8 n’icya 7 I.C. bari baramanukiye mu Buhindi, mu Majyepfo y’i Burengerazuba bw’Aziya, ahantu h’agasi habangikanye n’amajyaruguru y’inkengero y’Inyanja Yirabura, no mu myigimbakirwa ya Balkan na Anatolie.” Uko bigaragara, ubwo bwoko bw’abantu b’abimukira bakomokaga ku Banyaziya n’Abanyaburayi, bagiye mu Buhindi bajyanye na cya gitekerezo kivuga ko ubugingo bwimuka.

 4. Kuki igitekerezo cyo kwimuka k’ubugingo cyareheje abanyabwenge bo mu idini ry’Abahindu?

⁴ Igihe Abariyani bageraga mu Buhindi mu mwaka wa 1500 M.I.C., idini ry’Abahindu ryari ryaratangiye kera cyane mbere y’aho. Kuva rigitangira, idini ry’Abahindu ryakomeje imyizerere ivuga ko ubugingo butandukanye n’umubiri, kandi ko budapfa. Muri ubwo buryo, abayoboke b’idini ry’Abahindu bakurikije iyobokamana ry’abakurambere babo, bityo bagategurira ibyo kurya ubugingo bw’abantu babo bapfuye kugira ngo bubirye. Ibinyejana byinshi nyuma y’aho, igihe igitekerezo kivuga ko ubugingo bwimuka cyageraga mu Buhindi, bishobora kuba byarareheje abanyabwenge b’idini ry’Abahindu bari bahanganye n’ikibazo kireba isi yose gihereranye n’ububi hamwe n’imibabaro mu bantu. Mu gukomatanya icyo gitekerezo n’icyitwaga amategeko ya Karma, ayo mategeko akaba ngo ari yo mvano y’ibiba, abanyabwenge b’idini ry’Abahindu bahanze igitekerezo kivuga ko ubugingo bwimuka bukajya mu wundi mubiri, muri wo bukaba bushobora kugororerwa ku bw’ibyiza bwakoze, cyangwa guhanirwa ibibi bwakoze bukiri muri wa mubiri wa mbere.

 5. Dukurikije uko bivugwa mu idini ry’Abahindu, ni iyihe ntego y’ibanze y’ubugingo?

⁵ Ariko kandi, hari ikindi gitekerezo cyagize ingaruka ku nyigisho y’idini ry’Abahindu ku bihereranye n’ubugingo. Igitabo Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, kigira kiti “bisa n’aho ari iby’ukuri ko kuva igitekerezo kivuga ko ubugingo bwimuka hamwe n’inyigisho ya karma bicyaduka, ndetse na mbere y’aho, haba hari ikindi gitekerezo . . . cyagiye gikura buhoro buhoro mu itsinda rito ry’intiti mu Majyaruguru y’Ubuhindi—igitekerezo cya filozofiya ya Brahman-Ātman [Brahman isumba byose kandi y’iteka, imimerere nyakuri isumba iyindi].” Icyo gitekerezo cyakomatanyijwe na cya kindi kivuga ko ubugingo bwimuka bukajya mu wundi mubiri, mu gusobanura ibyerekeranye n’intego yimirizwa imbere mu idini ry’Abahindu—ni ukuvuga ukubaturwa k’ubugingo mu ruhererekane rwo kwimuka kwabwo, kugira ngo buzagere ku mimerere nyakuri isumba iyindi. Iyo myizerere y’idini ry’Abahindu, igerwaho binyuriye mu kwihatira kugira imibereho yemerwa na rubanda, no kugira ubumenyi bwihariye mu by’idini ry’Abahindu.

6, 7. Ni iyihe myizerere y’idini ry’Abahindu muri iki gihe, ku bihereranye n’ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa?

⁶ Nguko uko igitekerezo cyo kwimuka k’ubugingo abanyabwenge b’idini ry’Abahindu bagihinduyemo inyigisho ivuga ko ubugingo bwimuka bukajya mu wundi mubiri, bagikomatanyije n’amategeko ya Karma hamwe n’igitekerezo cya Brahman. Octavio Paz, umusizi wegukanye Ingororano yitiriwe Nobel, akaba yarahoze ahagarariye igihugu cya Megizike mu Buhindi, yanditse agira ati “uko idini ry’Abahindu ryagendaga rikwirakwira, ni nako hagiye hakwirakwira igitekerezo . . . kigize urufatiro rw’imyizerere y’idini rya Brahman, iy’Ababuda hamwe n’iyandi madini yo muri Aziya: ari cyo cy’uko ubugingo bwimuka bukajya mu wundi mubiri, mu rukurikirane rw’imibereho inyuranye.”

⁷ Inyigisho ivuga ko ubugingo bwimuka bukajya mu wundi mubiri, ni yo rufatiro rw’imyizerere y’idini ry’Abahindu ryo muri iki gihe. Umuhindi witwa Nikhilananda, akaba ari umuhanga mu bya filozofiya, yanditse avuga “ko kugira igikundiro cyo kudapfa, bitihariwe gusa n’abantu bake batoranyijwe, ko ahubwo ari umurage uvukanwa na buri muyoboke mwiza wese w’idini ry’Abahindu.”

Uruhererekane rwo Kuvuka Bundi Bushya mu Myizerere y’Idini ry’Ababuda

8-10. (a) Ni gute idini ry’Ababuda risobanura ubuzima? (b) Ni gute intiti y’Umubuda isobanura ibihereranye no kuvuka bundi bushya?

⁸ Idini ry’Ababuda ryashinzwe mu Buhindi, ahagana mu mwaka wa 500 M.I.C. Dukurikije ibivugwa mu muco gakondo w’Ababuda, Umuhindi witwaga Siddhārtha Gautama wari igikomangoma, waje kwitwa Buddha nyuma yo kumurikirwa, ni we washinze idini ry’Ababuda. Kubera ko iryo dini ryakomotse ku ry’Abahindu, inyigisho zaryo zenda gusa n’iz’Abahindu. Dukurikije uko bivugwa mu idini ry’Ababuda, ubuzima bugizwe n’uruhererekane ruhoraho rwo kuvuka bundi bushya no gupfa, kandi nk’uko bimeze mu idini ry’Abahindu, igihagararo cy’umuntu mu buzima bushya agezemo, kiba gishingiye ku bikorwa yakoze mu buzima bwe bwa mbere.

⁹ Ariko kandi, imyizerere y’idini ry’Ababuda ntisobanura ibihereranye n’imibereho mu bugingo budapfa. Uwitwa Arnold Toynbee yagize ati “nta kindi [Buddha] yabonye mu bugingo bw’umuntu kitari uruhererekane rw’imitekerereze n’imyifatire bisimburana ubudatuza, umuntu akaba ashobora kubigumana byose igihe yaba abyifuza.” Ariko kandi, Buddha yizeraga ko hari ikintu runaka—ni ukuvuga imimerere cyangwa imbaraga—iva mu buzima bumwe ikajya mu bundi. Dr. Walpola Rahula, intiti y’Umubuda, yavuze amagambo akurikira:

¹⁰ “Ubuzima si ikindi kitari ugukomatanya imbaraga z’umubiri ufatika n’iz’ubwenge. Icyo twita urupfu, ni imimerere y’umubiri ufatika yo guhagarara rwose ntiwongere kugira icyo ukora na gito. Mbese, izo mbaraga zose n’ingufu zose, bihagararira rimwe n’uko kudakora k’umubiri? Imyizerere y’idini ry’Ababuda isubiza igira iti ‘oya.’ Kugira ubushake, kwifuza, kugira inyota yo kubaho, gukomeza kubaho, gukomeza kubaho mu ruhererekane ruhoraho rwo kongera kuvuka bundi bushya, ni imbaraga zitangaje ndetse zisunika ubuzima bwose uko bwakabaye, zikaba zinasunika isi yose. Izo ni imbaraga ziruta izindi, ingufu ziruta izindi mu isi. Dukurikije uko bivugwa mu idini ry’Ababuda, izo mbaraga ntizihagararira rimwe no kudakora k’umubiri, ari byo gupfa; ahubwo zikomeza kwigaragaza mu wundi mubiri, zikabyara ukubaho bundi bushya, ari byo byitwa kuvuka bundi bushya.”

11. Ni gute idini ry’Ababuda ribona ibyerekeranye n’ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa?

¹¹ Uko idini ry’Ababuda ribona ibyerekeranye n’ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa, ni uku: kubaho ni iby’iteka ryose, uretse gusa igihe umuntu yaba ageze ku ntego ya nyuma ya Nirvana, ni ukuvuga kubohorwa mu ruhererekane ruhoraho rwo kuvuka bundi bushya. Nta bwo Nirvana ari imimerere y’umunezero w’iteka cyangwa kuba umwe mu bari mu mimerere nyakuri isumba iyindi. Ahubwo, ni imimerere yo kutabaho—ni ukuvuga “ahantu h’imimerere yo kudapfa” irenze kubaho k’umuntu. Inkoranyamagambo yitwa Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, isobanura ko “Nirvana” ari “ahantu cyangwa imimerere yo kwibagirwa kugira icyo umuntu yitaho, kwibagirwa ububabare cyangwa imimerere nyakuri yo hanze.” Aho guharanira kugera ku kudapfa, Ababuda baterwa inkunga yo kukurenga bagaharanira kugera kuri Nirvana.

12-14. Ni gute imyizerere inyuranye y’idini ry’Ababuda yerekeza ku gitekerezo cyo kudapfa?

¹² Uko idini ry’Ababuda ryagendaga rikwirakwira muri Aziya, ni nako ryagiye rihindura inyigisho zaryo kugira ngo rizihuze n’imyizerere y’aho ryabaga rigeze. Urugero, Ababuda bitwa Mahayana, abo bakaba biganje mu Bushinwa no mu Buyapani, bizera ko habaho abo bita Ababodhisattva cyangwa Ababuda b’igihe kizaza. Ababodhisattva bigomwa kwinjira muri Nirvana, maze bagakomeza kubaho mu ruhererekane rw’ubuzima, kugeza ku ncuro zitazwi, kugira ngo bagire icyo bamarira abandi kandi babafashe kuzagera kuri Nirvana. Bityo, hari ushobora guhitamo gukomeza kwiberaho mu ruhererekane rwo kuvuka bundi bushya na nyuma yo kugera kuri Nirvana.

¹³ Irindi vugurura ryaje kugira ingaruka mu buryo bwihariye mu Bushinwa no mu Buyapani, ni inyigisho yerekeranye n’Igihugu Kitanduye cy’i Burengerazuba, cyaremwe na Buddha Amitabha, cyangwa Amida. Abambaza mu izina rya Buddha muri uko kwizera, bongera kuvukira mu Gihugu Kitanduye, cyangwa paradizo, ahari imimerere ituma umuntu arushaho kugera ku kumurikirwa kwa nyuma. Ni iki cyaje kuva muri iyo nyigisho? Wa mwarimu wo muri kaminuza witwa Smart twigeze kuvuga, aragira ati “nk’uko byashoboraga kuba byitezwe, ubwiza bwa paradizo bwavuzwe mu buryo bushishikaje mu mirongo imwe n’imwe y’inyandiko za Mahayana, bwaje gusimbura nirvana mu bitekerezo bya rubanda, babona ko ari yo ikwiriye kuba intego y’ikirenga.”

¹⁴ Imyizerere y’Ababuda bo muri Tibet, ikubiyemo n’indi myizerere y’aho hantu. Urugero, igitabo cy’abo muri Tibet kivuga ibihereranye n’abapfuye, kivuga ibyerekeranye n’ibizaba ku muntu byanditswe mbere y’igihe mu mimerere anyuramo mbere yo kuvuka bundi bushya. Bavuga ko abapfuye bashyirwa imbere y’urumuri rurabagirana rw’imimerere nyakuri ya nyuma, maze abananiwe kwihanganira urwo rumuri ntibabohorwe, ahubwo bakongera kuvuka bundi bushya. Uko bigaragara, idini ry’Ababuda mu myizerere yaryo inyuranye, ryerekeza ku gitekerezo cy’ukudapfa.

Gusenga Abakurambere mu Idini rya Shinto ryo mu Buyapani

15-17. (a) Ni gute imyizerere yo gusenga imyuka y’abakurambere yaje mu idini rya Shinto? (b) Ni gute imyizerere y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo igize urufatiro rw’imyizerere y’idini rya Shinto?

¹⁵ Mu Buyapani hari hasanzwe idini mbere y’uko hagera idini ry’Ababuda mu kinyejana cya gatandatu I.C. Iryo dini ntiryagiraga izina, kandi ryari rikubiyemo imyizerere yajyaniranaga n’umuco wa rubanda hamwe n’imigenzo yabo. Ariko kandi, igihe hadukaga idini ry’Ababuda, byaje kuba ngombwa ko habaho gutandukanya idini ry’Abayapani n’iry’abanyamahanga. Nguko uko ijambo “Shinto” ryaje kuvuka, rikaba risobanurwa ngo “inzira y’imana.”

¹⁶ Ni iki idini rya mbere rya Shinto ryizeraga ku bihereranye n’ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa? Inkoranyamagambo yitwa Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, ivuga ko igihe hatangizwaga igikorwa cyo guhinga umuceri mu bishanga, ubwo buhinzi bw’ibishanga bwatumye biba ngombwa ko habaho amatsinda y’abantu bafite gahunda nziza kandi ihamye mu mikorere yabo, bityo imigenzo igendana n’ubuhinzi—imigenzo yaje kugira uruhare rw’ingenzi mu idini rya Shintō—igenda ivuka.” Gutinya ubugingo bw’abapfuye, byaje gutuma abo bantu ba kera bahimba imigenzo yo kubucubya. Ibyo byaje kuvamo igikorwa cyo gusenga imyuka y’abakurambere.

¹⁷ Dukurikije uko bivugwa mu myizerere y’idini rya Shinto, ubugingo bwa “nyakwigendera” buba bugifite kamere yabwo, ariko bugashyirwaho ikizinga n’urupfu. Iyo ba nyir’ugupfusha umuntu barimo bakora imihango yo kumwibuka, ubugingo bwe burezwa kugeza buvanyweho ububi bwose, maze bukagira kamere irangwa n’amahoro n’ineza. Nyuma y’igihe runaka, uwo mwuka w’umukurambere urazamurwa ukazagera ku rwego rwo kuba umukurambere usengwa, cyangwa umurinzi. Kubera ko iryo dini rya Shinto ryari ribangikanye n’iry’Ababuda, ryaje gutora inyigisho zimwe na zimwe z’Ababuda, harimo n’inyigisho yerekeranye na paradizo. Ku bw’ibyo rero, turabona ko kwizera ko habaho ukudapfa, ari byo bigize urufatiro rw’imyizerere y’idini rya Shinto.

Imyizerere yo Kudapfa mu Idini rya Tao, Gusenga Abakurambere mu Idini rya Confucius

18. Ni iyihe mitekerereze y’idini rya Tao ku bihereranye n’ukudapfa?

¹⁸ Idini rya Tao ryashinzwe na Lao-tzu, uvugwaho kuba yarabaye mu Bushinwa mu kinyejana cya gatandatu M.I.C. Intego y’ubuzima, nk’uko bivugwa mu idini rya Tao, ni uguhuza ibikorwa by’umuntu na Tao—ni ukuvuga inzira y’ibintu kamere. Imitekerereze y’idini rya Tao ku bihereranye n’ukudapfa, ishobora kuvugwa muri ubu buryo buhinnye bukurikira: Tao ni ihame rigenga isi n’ijuru. Tao ntigira itangiriro n’iherezo. Binyuriye mu kugira imibereho ihuje na Tao, umuntu yifatanya muri yo maze agahoraho.

19-21. Igikorwa cy’idini rya Tao cyo kugenekereza ibintu mu bitekerezo ibi byo gushakisha gusa, byarigejeje ku yihe mihati?

¹⁹ Mu kugerageza kuba bamwe mu bigize ibintu kamere, mu gihe runaka, abayoboke b’idini rya Tao baje gushishikazwa mu buryo bwihariye no kuramba hamwe no kugoragozwa kwaryo. Baketse ko wenda binyuriye mu kugira imibereho ihuje na Tao, cyangwa inzira y’ibintu kamere, hari ukuntu umuntu ashobora kuvumbura amabanga y’ibintu kamere, maze agahinduka umuntu udashobora kugira ikimwonona ku mubiri, kwandura indwara ndetse no gupfa.

²⁰ Abayoboke b’idini rya Tao batangiye kugerageza ibyo gufata igihe cyo gutekereza, gukora imyitozo yo guhumeka no kwibanda ku ndyo runaka, ibyo ngo bikaba byarashoboraga kurinda umubiri kubora no gupfa. Bidatinze, hatangiye gukwirakwira inkuru z’impimbano ku bihereranye n’abantu badapfa bagurukira ku bicu, bakaba baboneka cyangwa bakazimira uko bashaka, kandi bakaba bamaze imyaka itabarika ku misozi yera cyangwa ku birwa bya kure, batunzwe n’ikime cyangwa imbuto zifite ububasha ndengakamere. Amateka y’Ubushinwa, avuga ko mu mwaka wa 219 M.I.C, umwami w’abami witwa Ch’in Shih Huang Ti yohereje amato atwaye abahungu n’abakobwa bagera ku 3.000 kujya gushaka ikirwa cya P’eng-lai kivugwa mu migani, ari cyo buturo bw’abadapfa, kugira ngo bazane icyatsi gitanga ukudapfa. Ntitwiriwe tuvuga ko batigeze bagarukana uwo muti utanga ubuzima buhoraho.

²¹ Imihati yo gushaka ubuzima bw’iteka, yatumye abayoboke b’idini rya Tao bagerageza gukora ibinini bituma umuntu adapfa bakoresheje ubuhanga bwa siyansi bugendana n’ubupfumu. Idini rya Tao ribona ko ubuzima bubaho ari uko imbaraga zihabanye za yin na yang (imbaraga y’ingabo n’iy’ingore) zihuye. Bityo, mu kuvanga ubutare bwitwa plomb (bwijimye cyangwa yin) n’ubwitwa mercure (irabagirana cyangwa yang), abo bahanga mu bya siyansi ishingiye ku bupfumu, biganaga imikorere y’ibintu kamere mu gukora imiti, bagatekereza ko bari kuvanamo ikinini gituma umuntu adapfa.

22. Amatwara y’idini ry’Ababuda yagize izihe ngaruka ku mibereho y’Abashinwa mu bihereranye n’idini?

²² Mu kinyejana cya karindwi I.C., idini ry’Ababuda ryacengeye mu mibereho ya kidini yo mu Bushinwa. Ibyo byatumye habaho uruvange rw’imyizerere y’Ababuda, ubupfumu no gusenga abakurambere. Umwarimu wo muri Kaminuza witwa Smart, agira ati “idini ry’Ababuda n’irya Tao, yombi yahaye isura runaka imyizerere yerekeranye n’imibereho nyuma y’urupfu, imyizerere itari ishyitse mu iyobokamana rya kera ryo mu Bushinwa ryo gusenga abakurambere.”

23. Igihagararo cya Confucius ku birebana no gusenga abakurambere cyari ikihe?

²³ Confucius, undi munyabwenge w’Umushinwa w’icyamamare wo mu kinyejana cya gatandatu M.I.C., filozofiya ye ikaba yaraje kuba urufatiro rw’idini rya Confucius, ntiyigeze agira icyo avuga mu buryo burambuye ku bihereranye n’ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa. Ahubwo we yibanze cyane ku kamaro k’umuco wo kugira neza n’imyifatire yemewe na rubanda. Ariko kandi, yemeraga imyizerere yo gusenga abakurambere, kandi yatsindagirije cyane ibihereranye no kuziririza imigenzo n’imihango ifitanye isano n’imyuka y’abakurambere bapfuye.

Andi Madini y’i Burasirazuba

24. Ni iki idini rya Jayinisime ryigisha ku bihereranye n’ubugingo?

²⁴ Idini rya Jayinisime ryashinzwe mu Buhindi mu kinyejana cya gatandatu M.I.C. Uwarishinze, ari we Mahāvīra, yigishaga ko ibintu byose bibaho bifite ubugingo buhoraho, kandi ko kurokorwa k’ubugingo mu bubata bwa Karma, bishoboka binyuriye gusa mu kwigomwa no kwirinda mu buryo burengeje urugero, no kubahiriza mu buryo butagoragozwa ihame ryo kudahutaza ibyaremwe byose. Kugeza n’ubu, abayoboke b’iryo dini baracyafite iyo myizerere.

25, 26. Ni iyihe myizerere y’idini ry’Abahindu iboneka no mu idini ry’Abasikh?

²⁵ Nanone kandi, Ubuhindi ni bwo nkomoko y’idini ry’Abasikh, idini rifite abayoboke bagera kuri miriyoni 19. Iryo dini ryatangiye mu kinyejana cya 16, igihe uwitwa Guru Nānak yiyemezaga kuvanga ibyiza byo mu idini ry’Abahindu n’irya Isilamu maze akabivanamo idini ry’abibumbiye hamwe. Idini ry’Abasikh ryatoye imyizerere y’idini ry’Abahindu y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo, iyo kwimuka k’ubugingo bukajya mu wundi mubiri, n’iya Karma.

²⁶ Uko bigaragara, imyizerere ivuga ko ubugingo bukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa k’umubiri, ni imwe mu bigize imyizerere y’amadini menshi y’i Burasirazuba. Bite se ku bihereranye na Kristendomu, idini ry’Abayahudi n’irya Isilamu?

[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 10]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu gatabo)

CENTRAL ASIA

AZIYA YO HAGATI

KASHMIR

TIBET

UBUSHINWA

KOREYA

UBUYAPANI

Banaras

UBUHINDI

Buddh Gaya

MYANMAR

THAILANDE

SRI LANKA

CAMBODGE

JAVA

IKINYEJANA CYA 3 M.I.C.

IKINYAJANA CYA 1 M.I.C.

IKINYEJANA CYA 1 I.C.

IKINYEJANA CYA 4 I.C.

IKINYEJANA CYA 6 I.C.

IKINYEJANA CYA 7 I.C.

Idini ry’Ababuda ryacengeye muri Aziya y’i Burasirazuba hose

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 9]

Imyizerere ivuga ko ubugingo bwimuka bukajya mu wundi mubiri, ni yo rufatiro rw’imyizerere y’idini ry’Abahindu

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 11]

Umuyoboke w’idini rya Tao, agerageza kuba umuntu uhoraho iteka binyuriye mu kugira imibereho ihuje n’ibintu kamere

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 12]

Conficius yemeraga imyizerere yo gusenga abakurambere

Uko Icyo Gitekerezo Cyinjiye mu Idini ry’Abayahudi, Muri Kristendomu no mu Idini rya Isilamu

“Nanone, idini ni uburyo bwo kwemeza abantu ko igihe runaka bagomba kuzapfa, bakemera isezerano ryo kuzagira ubuzima bwiza kurushaho nyuma yo gupfa, kuvuka bundi bushya, cyangwa ibyo byombi.”​—Byavuzwe n’UMWANDITSI W’UMUDAGE WITWA GERHARD HERM.

 1. Ni iyihe myizerere amadini menshi ashingiraho isezerano ryayo ry’ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa?

MU GUTANGA isezerano ry’ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa, amadini hafi ya yose yishingikiriza ku myizerere ivuga ko umuntu afite ubugingo budapfa, kandi ko igihe cyo gupfa bujya mu bundi buturo cyangwa bukimukira mu kindi kiremwa. Nk’uko byagaragajwe mu gice kibanziriza iki, imyizerere ivuga ko umuntu adapfa, yagiye iboneka mu madini y’i Burasirazuba kuva yashingwa. Ariko se, bimeze bite ku bihereranye n’idini ry’Abayahudi, Kristendomu na Isilamu? Ni gute iyo nyigisho yaje kuba urufatiro rw’imyizerere y’ayo madini?

Uko Idini ry’Abayahudi Ryaje Gucengerwa n’Ibitekerezo bya Kigiriki

2, 3. Dukurikije ibivugwa mu gitabo Encyclopaedia Judaica, mbese, inyandiko zera za Giheburayo zaba zigisha ko habaho ubugingo budapfa?

² Idini ry’Abayahudi ryakomotse kuri Aburahamu, mbere y’imyaka 4.000 ishize. Inyandiko zera za Giheburayo zatangiye kwandikwa mu kinyejana cya 16 M.I.C. kandi zarangije kwandikwa mu gihe Socrate na Platon badukanaga igitekerezo cy’ukudapfa k’ubugingo. Mbese ye, ibyo Byanditswe byaba byigisha ko ubugingo budapfa?

³ Inkoranyamagambo yitwa Encyclopaedia Judaica, isubiza igira iti “nyuma y’igihe cya Bibiliya, ni bwo gusa hashinzwe imyizerere yuzuye kandi ihamye y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo . . . kandi ni bwo yaje kuba urufatiro rw’imyizerere y’idini ry’Abayahudi n’iya Gikristo.” Nanone iyo nkoranyamagambo igira iti “mu gihe cya Bibiliya, umuntu yabonwaga ko ari ikiremwa kimwe cyuzuye. Bityo rero, ubugingo ntibwatandukanywaga n’umubiri mu buryo bugaragara.” Iyo nkoranyamagambo igaragaraza ko Abayahudi ba kera bizeraga umuzuko w’abapfuye, kandi ibyo “bikaba bigomba gutandukanywa n’imyizerere . . . y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo.”

4-6. Ni gute inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo yaje kuba “imwe mu nyigisho z’urufatiro” zigize imyizerere y’idini rya Kiyahudi?

⁴ None se, ni gute iyo nyigisho yaje kuba “imwe mu zigize urufatiro” rw’imyizerere y’idini ry’Abayahudi? Amateka atanga igisubizo. Mu mwaka wa 332 M.I.C., Alexandre le Grand yigaruriye igice kinini cy’Uburasirazuba bwo Hagati mu kanya gato cyane. Ubwo yageraga i Yerusalemu, Abayahudi bamwakiranye yombi. Dukurikije uko Umuyahudi w’umuhanga mu by’amateka wo mu kinyejana cya mbere witwa Flavius Josephus abivuga, banamweretse ubuhanuzi bwo mu gitabo cya Daniyeli cyari cyaranditswe mbere y’icyo gihe ho imyaka isaga 200, bukaba bwaravugaga mu buryo bwumvikana neza iby’ugutsinda kw’Alexandre ari “umwami w’i Bugiriki” (Daniyeli 8:5-8, 21). Abasimbuye Alexandre bakomeje umugambi we wo gukwirakwiza isanzuramuco ry’Ubugiriki, bacengeza ururimi, umuco na filozofiya bya Kigiriki mu bice byose byari bigize ubwami bw’Ubugiriki. Imico ibiri—ni ukuvuga uw’Ubugiriki n’uw’Abayahudi—yagombaga kuvangwa byanze bikunze.

⁵ Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya gatatu M.I.C, hatangiye igikorwa cyo guhindura Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo mu rurimi rw’Ikigiriki, ubuhinduzi bwitwa La Septante. Binyuriye muri bwo, Abanyamahanga benshi baje kubaha kandi bamenya idini ry’Abayahudi, ndetse bamwe bararihindukirira. Ku rundi ruhande, Abayahudi batoye imitekerereze ya Kigiriki, ndetse bamwe bahinduka intiti mu bya filozofiya, ibyo bikaba byari bishya rwose kuri bo. Uwitwa Philon d’Alexandrie wo mu kinyejana cya mbere I.C., yari umwe muri abo Bayahudi b’abahanga mu bya filozofiya.

⁶ Philon uwo yemeye cyane Platon kandi yihatira gusobanura iby’idini ry’Abayahudi mu mvugo ya filozofiya ya Kigiriki. Igitabo cyitwa Heaven—A History, kigira kiti “mu guhanga inyigisho igizwe n’uruvange rwa filozofiya ya Platon n’inyigisho ishingiye kuri Bibiliya, Philon yaharuriye inzira Abakristo [kimwe n’Abayahudi] bazi gutekereza bari kuzaza nyuma y’aho.” Kandi se, Philon yizeraga iki ku bihereranye n’ubugingo? Icyo gitabo gikomeza kigira kiti “kuri we, urupfu rusubiza ubugingo mu mimerere yabwo ya mbere, mbere yo kuvuka. Ubwo ubugingo bukomoka mu isi y’imyuka, ubuzima mu mubiri nta kindi buba cyo kitari icyiciro kigufi, ndetse kenshi kibi, cy’uruhererekane rw’ibintu biba mu gihe runaka.” Mu bandi Bayahudi bari bazi gutekereza bizeraga ko habaho ubugingo budapfa, harimo uwitwa Isaac Israeli, umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’Umuyahudi uzwi cyane wo mu kinyejana cya 10, na Moses Mendelssohn, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya wo mu kinyajana cya 18 ukomoka ku mubyeyi w’Umudage n’uw’Umuyahudi.

7, 8. (a) Ni gute Talmud isobanura ibyerekeranye n’ubugingo? (b) Ni iki ibitabo by’amayobera by’Abayahudi byanditswe nyuma y’aho byaje kuvuga ku byerekeye ubugingo?

⁷ Nanone kandi, igitabo cyacengeye mu buryo bwimbitse mu mitekerereze y’Abayahudi no mu mibereho yabo, ni Talmud—inyandiko ihinnye y’icyitwa amategeko atanditswe, yaje kongerwamo ibitekerezo n’ibisobanuro nyuma y’aho, ikaba yaraje gukorwamo igitabo ikusanyijwe na ba rabi kuva mu kinyejana cya kabiri kugeza mu Gihe Rwagati. Inkoranyamagambo yitwa Encyclopaedia Judaica, ivuga ko “ba rabi bo muri Talmud bizeraga ko ubuzima bukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa.” Ndetse, Talmud ivuga iby’ukuntu abapfuye bashyikirana n’abazima. Inkoranyamagambo yitwa Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, ivuga ko “[ba rabi] bizeraga ibyo kubaho k’ubugingo nyuma yo gupfa, wenda bitewe n’ibitekerezo bya Platon byari byarabacengeyemo.”

⁸ Nyuma y’aho, igitabo cy’Abayahudi cy’amayobera cyitwa Cabala, cyageze n’aho gitanga inyigisho ivuga ko nyuma yo gupfa k’umuntu ubugingo bwe bwimuka bukajya mu wundi mubiri. Ku bihereranye n’iyo myizerere, inkoranyamagambo yitwa The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia igira iti “icyo gitekerezo gisa n’aho cyaba cyarakomotse mu Buhindi . . . Muri Kabbalah, icyo gitekerezo kiboneka mbere na mbere mu gitabo cyitwa Bahir, hanyuma, uhereye kuri Zohar, icyo gitekerezo cyemerwaga na benshi mu bashyigikiraga amayobera, kikaba cyari gifite uruhare rw’ingenzi mu myizerere no mu nyandiko za Gihasidiki.” Muri iki gihe muri Isirayeli, inyigisho ivuga ko nyuma yo gupfa k’umuntu ubugingo bwe bwimukira mu wundi mubiri, yemerwa na benshi ko ari inyigisho ya Kiyahudi.

 9. Ni gute udutsiko twinshi dukomoka ku idini rya Kiyahudi tubona imyizerere y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo?

⁹ Bityo rero, igitekerezo cy’ukudapfa k’ubugingo cyaje kwinjira mu idini ry’Abayahudi binyuriye mu guncengerwa na filozofiya ya Kigiriki, kandi muri iki gihe icyo gitekerezo cyemerwa n’udutsiko tw’amadini hafi ya twose turikomokaho. Twavuga iki se ku bihereranye no kwinjira kw’iyo nyigisho muri Kristendomu?

Uko Kristendomu Yatoye Ibitekerezo bya Platon

10. Ni uwuhe mwanzuro waje kugerwaho n’intiti imwe y’icyamamare yo muri Hisipaniya ku birebana n’imyizerere ya Yesu ku bihereranye n’ukudapfa k’ubugingo?

¹⁰ Ubukristo nyakuri bwatangijwe na Kristo Yesu. Ku bihereranye na Yesu, uwitwa Miguel de Unamuno, intiti y’icyamamare yo mu kinyajana cya 20 ikomoka muri Hisipaniya, yanditse igira iti “yizeraga ko habaho ukuzuka k’umubiri nk’uko Abayahudi babyizeraga, aho kwizera ukudapfa k’ubugingo mu buryo bwa Platon [w’Umugiriki]. . . . Ibihamya by’ibyo, bishobora kuboneka mu gitabo icyo ari cyo cyose cyizerwa gitanga ibisobanuro.” Yashoje agira ati “inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo . . . ishingiye kuri filozofiya ya gipagani.”

11. Ni ryari filozofiya ya Kigiriki yatangiye gucengera mu Bukristo?

¹¹ Ni ryari kandi ni gute iyo “nyigisho ishingiye kuri filozofiya ya gipagani” yaje gucengera mu Bukristo? Inkoranyamagambo yitwa New Encyclopædia Britannica, igira iti “kuva mu kinyejana cya 2 rwagati I.C., Abakristo bari baratojwe mu rugero runaka filozofiya ya Kigiriki, batangiye kumva bakeneye kwatura ukwizera kwabo mu mvugo yayo, babitewe no gushaka kunyurwa mu bihereranye n’ubuhanga hamwe no gushaka guhindura abapagani bari barize. Filozofiya yabanyuze kurusha izindi, yari iya Platon.”

12-14. Origène na Augustin bagize uruhe ruhare mu kuvanga filozofiya ya Platon n’Ubukristo?

¹² Hari abahanga mu bya filozofiya nk’abo babiri bagize uruhare runini mu gucengeza ibitekerezo mu nyigisho ya Kristendomu. Umwe muri bo yari uwitwa Origène d’Alexandrie (c.185-254 I.C.), naho undi akaba yari Augustin d’Hippone (354-430 I.C.). Ku bihereranye n’abo bantu, inkoranyamagambo yitwa New Catholic Encyclopedia igira iti “binyuriye kuri abo bonyine, ni ukuvuga Origène i Burasirazuba na St. Augustin i Burengerazuba, byari byaremejwe ko ubugingo ari umwuka, hanyuma igitekerezo gishingiye kuri filozofiya kiza kugena kamere yabwo.” Ni iki Origène na Augustin bashingiyeho ibitekerezo byabo ku bihereranye n’ubugingo?

¹³ Inkoranyamagambo yitwa New Catholic Encyclopedia, igira iti Origène yari umunyeshuri wa Clément d’Alexandrie, “wari uwa mbere mu Bapadiri watoye mu buryo bugaragara inyigisho ya Kigiriki ku bihereranye n’ubugingo.” Ibitekerezo bya Platon ku byerekeye ubugingo, bigomba kuba byari byaracengeye Origène mu buryo bwimbitse. Mu gitabo The Harvard Theological Review, umuhanga mu bya tewolojiya witwa Werner Jaeger, yagize ati “inyigisho za Gikristo, [Origène] yazongeyemo inyigisho ikubiyemo ibitekerezo birambuye cyane ku bihereranye n’ubugingo, ibitekerezo yakomoye kuri Platon.”

¹⁴ Abantu bamwe na bamwe bo muri Kristendomu, babona ko Augustin ari we muhanga mu gutekereza kurusha abandi wo mu bihe bya kera. Mbere y’uko Augustin ahindukirira “Ubukristo” agejeje ku myaka 33, yashishikazwaga cyane na filozofiya, kandi yari yaramaze kuba umuyoboke w’inyigisho za Platon.a Igihe yahindukiriraga Ubukristo, yakomeje kuba umuyoboke wa Platon mu bitekerezo bye. Inkoranyamagambo yitwa The New Encyclopædia Britannica, ivuga ko “mu bitekerezo bye hari ahantu idini rishingiye ku Isezerano Rishya ryari ryaravangavanze cyane kurusha ahandi na filozofiya ya Kigiriki ishingiye ku nyigisho ya Platon.” Inkoranyamagambo yitwa New Catholic Encyclopedia yemeza ko “inyigisho [ya Augustin ku bihereranye n’ubugingo], yaje kwemerwa mu buryo bumwe i Burengerazuba kugeza mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 12, ahanini yari ishingiye . . . ku ya Platon.”

15, 16. Mbese, umwuka wo gushishikarira inyigisho z’Aristote mu kinyejana cya 13, waba warahinduye igihagararo cya kiliziya ku byerekeranye n’inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo?

¹⁵ Mu kinyejana cya 13, inyigisho z’Aristote zarimo zamamara mu Burayi, ahanini bitewe n’uko inyandiko z’intiti z’Abarabu zabonekaga mu rurimi rw’Ikilatini, zikaba zaravuze byinshi ku nyandiko z’Aristote. Intiti y’Umugatolika yitwa Thomas d’Aquin, yashishikajwe mu buryo bwimbitse n’imitekerereze y’Aristote. Kubera inyandiko za Thomas d’Aquin, ibitekerezo by’Aristote byagize ingaruka ku nyigisho za kiliziya kurusha ibitekerezo bya Platon. Ibyo ariko nta ngaruka byagize ku nyigisho ihereranye n’ukudapfa k’ubugingo.

¹⁶ Aristote yigishije ko ubugingo bufatanye n’umubiri ubudatandukana, bityo bukaba budakomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa k’umuntu, kandi ko niba hari n’ikintu gihoraho kiba mu muntu, ko cyaba ari ikintu kidafatika, kidafite kamere itekereza. Uko kubona ibintu atyo ku bihereranye n’ubugingo, byari binyuranye n’imyizerere ya kiliziya ku birebana n’ubugingo bufite kamere idapfa. Bityo rero, Thomas d’Aquin yahinduye ibitekerezo bya Aristote ku bihereranye n’ubugingo, avuga ko ukudapfa k’ubugingo gushobora kwemezwa binyuriye mu gutekereza. Ni yo mpamvu imyizerere ya kiliziya yerekeranye no kudapfa k’ubugingo itagize icyo ihungabanaho.

17, 18. (a) Mbese, Ivugurura ryo mu kinyejana cya 16 ryaba ryaravuguruye inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo? (b) Ni ikihe gihagararo cy’amadini menshi ya Kristendomu ku bihereranye n’ukudapfa k’ubugingo?

¹⁷ Mu kinyejana cya 14 n’icya 15, mu mizo ya mbere y’igihe cya Renaissance (mu kinyejana cya 15 n’icya 16 I.C.), habayeho undi mwuka mushyashya wo gushishikarira inyigisho za Platon. Umuryango uzwi cyane witwaga Médicis wo mu Butaliyani, wageze n’aho ugira uruhare mu gushyiraho inteko y’intiti yitiriwe Platon mu mugi wa Florence, kugira ngo uteze imbere igikorwa cyo kwiga filozofiya ya Platon. Mu kinyejana cya 16 n’icya 17, gushishikarira inyigisho z’Aristote byahawe intebe. Hanyuma kandi, Ivugurura ryo mu kinyejana cya 16 ntiryigeze rivugurura inyigisho yerekeranye n’ubugingo. N’ubwo Abaporotesitanti bo mu gihe cy’Ivugurura babyukije impaka ku nyigisho ya purugatori, bemeye igitekerezo kirebana n’igihano cy’iteka cyangwa ingororano y’iteka.

¹⁸ Nguko uko inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo yaje kwiganza mu madini menshi ya Kristendomu. Mu kuzirikana ibyo, intiti imwe y’Umunyamerika yanditse igira iti “mu by’ukuri, kuri benshi cyane mu bwoko bwacu bwite, idini si ikindi kitari ukudapfa. Imana ni yo nkomoko y’ukudapfa.”

Ukudapfa n’Idini rya Isilamu

19. Idini rya Isilamu ryashinzwe ryari, kandi ni nde warishinze?

¹⁹ Idini rya Isilamu ryatangiye igihe Muhamadi yahamagarirwaga kuba umuhanuzi ageze mu kigero cy’imyaka hafi 40. Muri rusange, Abisilamu bemera ko yabonekewe mu gihe cy’imyaka iri hagati ya 20 na 23, kuva mu wa 610 I.C. kugeza igihe apfiriye, mu wa 632 I.C. Iby’uko kubonekerwa byanditswe mu gitabo cyitwa Korowani, igitabo gitagatifu cy’Abisilamu. Igihe idini rya Isilamu ryadukaga, idini ry’Abayahudi na Kristendomu, byari byaracengewe n’ibitekerezo bya Platon ku bihereranye n’ubugingo.

20, 21. Ni iki Abisilamu bizera ku bihereranye n’ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa?

²⁰ Abisilamu bemera ko ukwizera kwabo ari umusozo w’iyerekwa ry’ibyahishuriwe Abaheburayo n’Abakristo bizerwa ba kera. Korowani yerekeza ku magambo yo mu Byanditswe bya Giheburayo n’ibya Kigiriki. Ariko kandi, Korowani inyuranya n’inyandiko zabyo ku biheraranye n’inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo. Korowani yigisha ko umuntu afite ubugingo bukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa. Nanone kandi, ivuga iby’umuzuko w’abapfuye, umunsi w’urubanza n’amaherezo y’ubugingo—ni ukuvuga guhabwa ubuzima mu busitani bwa paradizo bwo mu ijuru, cyangwa guhanishwa umuriro w’iteka.

²¹ Abisilamu bizera ko ubugingo bw’uwapfuye bujya muri Barzakh, cyangwa “Urusika,” ni ukuvuga “ahantu abantu bazaba, cyangwa imimerere bazabamo nyuma yo gupfa na mbere y’urubanza.” (Surah 23:99, 100, The Holy Qur-an, ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji.) Ubugingo bugira ubwimenye, aho bugenerwa icyiswe “Igihano cy’Imva” mu gihe umuntu yaba yaritwaye nabi, cyangwa bukagenerwa umunezero mu gihe umuntu yaba yarabaye uwizerwa. Nanone ariko, abantu bizerwa, bagerwaho n’imibabaro runaka bitewe n’ibyaha bike baba barakoze bakiri bazima. Ku munsi w’urubanza, buri wese azagenerwa imimerere azabamo iteka ryose, izasimbura iyo y’agateganyo.

22. Ni ibihe bitekerezo binyuranye byatanzwe n’Abarabu bamwe na bamwe b’abahanga mu bya filozofiya ku bihereranye n’amaherezo y’ubugingo?

²² Igitekerezo cy’ukudapfa k’ubugingo cyinjiye mu idini ry’Abayahudi no muri Kristendomu biturutse ku bitekerezo bya Platon, ariko idini rya Isilamu ryo ryatangiranye n’icyo gitekerezo. Ibyo ntibishaka kuvuga ko intiti z’Abarabu zitagerageje kuvanga inyigisho za Isilamu n’iza filozofiya ya Kigiriki. Koko rero, Abarabu bari baracengewe cyane n’ibitekerezo by’Aristote. Hanyuma kandi, intiti z’Abarabu zizwi cyane, urugero nka Avicenne na Averroës, zatanze kandi zihanga ibisobanuro bishingiye ku bitekerezo bya Aristote. Ariko kandi, mu mihati yabo yo kugerageza guhuza ibitekerezo bya Kigiriki n’inyigisho z’Abisilamu ku bihereranye n’ubugingo, batanze ibitekerezo bitandukanye. Urugero, Avicenne yavuze ko ubugingo bw’umuntu budapfa. Ku rundi ruhande, Averroës we yamaganye icyo gitekerezo. N’ubwo bimeze bityo ariko, Abisilamu bakomeje kugira imyizerere y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo.

23. Ni ikihe gihagararo cy’idini ry’Abayahudi, icya Kristendomu n’icya Isilamu ku bihereranye n’ukudapfa k’ubugingo?

²³ Uko bigaragara rero, idini ry’Abayahudi, Kristendomu n’irya Isilamu, yose yigisha inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo.