Izina ry’Imana mu Byanditswe by’Ikigiriki

Abahanga mu bya Bibiliya bemera ko izina bwite ry’Imana rigaragazwa n’inyuguti enye bakunda kwita Tetaragaramu (יהוה), riboneka inshuro zigera hafi ku 7.000 mu mwandiko w’umwimerere w’Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo. Icyakora, abenshi bumva ko ritabonekaga mu mwandiko w’umwimerere w’Ibyanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo. Ni yo mpamvu Bibiliya nyinshi zo muri iki gihe zidakoresha izina Yehova mu cyo bakunda kwita Isezerano Rishya. N’iyo abahinduzi barimo guhindura amagambo yavanywe mu Byanditswe by’Igiheburayo abonekamo izina ry’Imana, abenshi bakoresha ijambo “Umwami” aho gukoresha izina bwite ry’Imana.

Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’Isi Nshya yo ntikurikiza ubwo buryo bukoreshwa na benshi. Ikoresha izina Yehova inshuro 237 mu Byanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo. Abahinduye iyo Bibiliya bafashe uwo mwanzuro bashingiye ku bintu bibiri by’ingenzi: (1) Inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki dufite muri iki gihe, si umwimerere. Kopi zibarirwa mu bihumbi ziboneka muri iki gihe, hafi ya zose zanditswe nyuma y’imyaka igera nibura kuri 200 kopi z’umwimerere zanditswe. (2) Icyo gihe abandukuye izo nyandiko bavanyemo za nyuguti zigaragaza izina ry’Imana mu Giheburayo, bazisimbuza ijambo ry’Ikigiriki Kyʹri·os, rivuga “Umwami,” cyangwa bazandukura bahereye ku nyandiko zari zaramaze kuvanwamo izo nyuguti zigaragaza izina ry’Imana.

Komite yahinduye Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya yagaragaje ko hari ibimenyetso bifatika byemeza ko izina ry’Imana ryabonekaga mu nyandiko z’umwimerere z’Ikigiriki. Uwo mwanzuro wari ushingiye ku bimenyetso bikurikira:

• Kopi z’Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo zakoreshwaga mu gihe cya Yesu n’abigishwa be zari zirimo izina ry’Imana. Kera hari abantu bake batabyemeraga. Ariko igihe kopi z’Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo zo mu kinyejana cya mbere zavumburwaga hafi y’i Qumran, impaka zahise zishira.

• Mu gihe cya Yesu n’intumwa ze, izina ry’Imana ryabonekaga mu nyandiko z’Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo zahinduwe mu Kigiriki. Mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi, abahanga batekerezaga ko izina ry’Imana ritabonekaga muri Bibiliya y’Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo ihinduye mu Kigiriki yitwa Septante. Nyuma yaho, ahagana mu myaka ya 1950, abahanga basuzumye bimwe mu bice bya kera cyane by’iyo Bibiliya y’Ikigiriki yitwa Septante byariho no mu gihe cya Yesu. Basanze ibyo bice bibonekamo izina bwite ry’Imana, ryanditswe mu nyuguti z’Igiheburayo. Ibyo bigaragaza ko mu gihe cya Yesu, kopi z’Ibyanditswe zo mu Kigiriki zabonekagamo izina ry’Imana. Icyakora mu kinyejana cya kane, inyandiko nyinshi zandikishijwe intoki za Septante, urugero nka Kodegisi ya Vatikani na Kodegisi ya Sinayi, ntizarimo izina ry’Imana kuva mu Ntangiriro kugeza muri Malaki (aho ryari risanzwe riri mu mwandiko wa kera wandikishijwe intoki). Ni yo mpamvu bidatangaje kuba inyandiko zo muri icyo gihe bakunda kwita Isezerano rishya cyangwa Ibyanditswe by’Ikigiriki zitabonekamo izina ry’Imana.

  Yesu yasenze Imana avuga ati: “Abantu wampaye ubatoranyije mu isi nabamenyesheje izina ryawe.” Nanone yakomeje avuga ko azakomeza kurimenyekanisha

• Ibyanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo bigaragaza ko Yesu yakundaga gukoresha izina ry’Imana kandi ko yarimenyeshaga abandi. Yesu yasenze Imana avuga ati: “Abantu wampaye ubatoranyije mu isi nabamenyesheje izina ryawe.” Nanone yakomeje avuga ko azakomeza kurimenyekanisha.—Yohana 17:6, 11, 12, 26.

• Kubera ko Ibyanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo na byo byahumetswe kimwe n’Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo, biramutse bitarimo izina rya Yehova byaba bitandukanye. Mu kinyejana cya mbere, umwigishwa Yakobo yabwiye abasaza b’i Yerusalemu ati: “Simeyoni yatubwiye mu buryo burambuye ukuntu muri iki gihe Imana yitaye ku bantu batari Abayahudi, kugira ngo itoranyemo abantu bitirirwa izina ryayo” (Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa 15:14). Iyo abantu bo mu kinyejana cya mbere baba batazi izina ry’Imana cyangwa batararikoreshaga, Yakobo ntiyari kuvuga ayo magambo.

• Izina ry’Imana riboneka mu Byanditswe by’Ikigiriki, ryanditswe mu buryo buhinnye. Mu Byahishuwe 19:1, 3, 4, 6, iryo zina riboneka mu ijambo “Haleluya.” Iryo ni ijambo ry’Igiheburayo risobanura ngo: “Nimusingize Yah!” “Yah” ni ukuvuga izina “Yehova” mu buryo buhinnye. Hari amazina menshi yakoreshejwe mu Byanditswe by’Ikigiriki akomoka ku izina ry’Imana. Ndetse hari n’ibitabo bitandukanye bivuga ko izina “Yesu” ubwaryo risobanura ngo: “Yehova ni agakiza.”

• Inyandiko za kera z’Abayahudi zigaragaza ko Abakristo b’Abayahudi bakoreshaga izina ry’Imana mu nyandiko zabo. Hari urutonde rw’amategeko atari yanditse yarangije gukusanywa mu mwaka wa 300 (Tosefta), rwavuze ibirebana n’inyandiko za gikristo zatwikwaga ku Isabato rugira ruti: “Ibitabo by’ababwirizabutumwa ndetse n’ibitabo bya ba minim [bashobora kuba bari Abakristo b’Abayahudi] bigomba gutwikwa. Ntibikavanwe mu muriro ahubwo mujye mubireka bishye hamwe n’izina ry’Imana ririmo.” Urwo rutonde rwanasubiyemo amagambo yavuzwe n’umwigisha w’Umunyagalilaya witwaga Yosé wabayeho mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya kabiri, ruvuga ko ku yindi minsi y’icyumweru “umuntu yakataga [mu nyandiko za gikristo] agace kanditseho Izina ry’Imana akakabika, ibindi bice bisigaye akabitwika.”

• Bamwe mu bahanga mu bya Bibiliya bemera ko izina ry’Imana ryabonekaga mu mirongo y’Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo yandukuwe mu Byanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo. Mu gitabo gisobanura amagambo yo muri Bibiliya, munsi y’agatwe kavuga ngo: “Izina ry’Imana mu Isezerano Rishya,” hagira hati: “Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko izina ry’Imana ari ryo Yahweh, ryabonekaga mu magambo amwe n’amwe cyangwa mu magambo yose yavanywe mu Isezerano rya Kera akandukurwa mu Isezerano Rishya, igihe ryandikwaga bwa mbere” (The Anchor Bible Dictionary). Umuhanga witwa George Howard yaravuze ati: “Kubera ko izina ry’Imana ryari ryanditse muri kopi za Bibiliya y’Ikigiriki [Septante] ari byo Byanditswe byakoreshwaga mu itorero ryo mu kinyejana cya mbere, birakwiriye kwemera ko iyo abanditsi b’Isezerano Rishya basubiragamo amagambo yo mu Byanditswe, barekeraga iryo zina muri uwo mwandiko wa Bibiliya.”

• Abahinduzi ba Bibiliya bazwi cyane bakoresheje izina ry’Imana mu Byanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo. Bamwe muri abo bahinduzi babigenje batyo na mbere cyane y’uko hasohoka Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’Isi Nshya. Dore bamwe muri abo bahinduzi na Bibiliya bahinduye: A Literal Translation of the New Testament . . . From the Text of the Vatican Manuscript, yahinduwe na Herman Heinfetter (1863); The Emphatic Diaglott, yahinduwe na Benjamin Wilson (1864); The Epistles of Paul in Modern English, yahinduwe na George Barker Stevens (1898); St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, yahinduwe na W. G. Rutherford (1900); The New Testament Letters, yahinduwe na J.W.C. Wand, Musenyeri wa Londres (1946). Nanone kandi, muri Bibiliya y’Icyesipanyoli yo mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20, umuhinduzi witwa Pablo Besson yakoresheje izina Jehová muri Luka 2:15 no muri Yuda 14, kandi irimo ibisobanuro birenga 100 biri ahagana hasi ku ipaji bigaragaza aho izina ry’Imana ryagombaga gukoreshwa. Kera cyane mbere y’uko izo Bibiliya zihindurwa, Bibiliya z’Ibyanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo zo mu Giheburayo zo kuva mu kinyejana cya 16 na nyuma yaho, zakoresheje za nyuguti enye zigize izina ry’Imana mu mirongo myinshi. Mu rurimi rw’Ikidage honyine, hari Bibiliya nibura 11 zikoresha izina “Yehova” (cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo kurivuga mu Giheburayo ari bwo “Yahweh”) mu Byanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo. Nanone hari abandi bahinduzi bane bashyize izina ry’Imana mu dukubo inyuma y’izina “Umwami.” Bibiliya zirenga 70 zo mu rurimi rw’Ikidage zikoresha izina ry’Imana mu bisobanuro by’ahagana hasi ku ipaji no mu bindi bisobanuro.

  

• Bibiliya zahinduwe mu ndimi zirenga ijana zibonekamo izina ry’Imana mu Byanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo. Indimi nyinshi zo muri Afurika, indimi kavukire zo muri Amerika, Aziya, u Burayi n’ibirwa bya Pasifika, zikunda gukoresha izina ry’Imana. (Reba urutonde rw’izo ndimi ku ipaji ya 1742 na 1743.) Impamvu zatumye abahinduye Bibiliya muri izo ndimi bakoresha izina ry’Imana, zisa n’izo twavuze. Imwe muri izo Bibiliya y’Ibyanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo iherutse kuboneka, ni Bibiliya ya Rotuman (1999), ikoresha izina “Jihova” inshuro 51 mu mirongo 48, na Bibiliya y’Ikibataki yo muri Indoneziya (1989), ikoresha izina “Jahowa” inshuro 110.

  

Mu by’ukuri, hari impamvu zumvikana zatumye izina ry’Imana Yehova risubizwa mu Byanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo. Ibyo ni byo abahinduye Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’Isi Nshya bakoze. Bubaha cyane izina ry’Imana, kandi birinze kuvana muri Bibiliya ikintu cyose kiboneka mu mwandiko w’umwimerere.—Ibyahishuwe 22:18, 19.