Dzina ya Mulungu m’Malemba Acigerego Acikristu

Anyakufufudza pya Bhibhlya asatawira kuti dzina ya Mulungu idalembwa na Tetragrama (יהוה), isagumanika maulendo cifupi na 7.000 mʼmabukhu akutoma a Malemba Acihebheri. Mbwenye anthu azinji asalonga kuti dzina ineyi nee isagumanika mʼmabukhu akutoma a Malemba Acigerego Acikristu. Na thangwi ineyi, Mabhibhlya mazinji a cincino a Cisena nee asaphatisira dzina yakuti Yahova pakuthumburuza Unthaka Upswa. Ngakhale pakuthumburuza mafala adabuluswa mʼMalemba Acihebheri, mbuto zinagumanika Tetragrama, athumburuzi azinji asaphatisira fala yakuti “Mbuya” mʼmbuto mwa dzina ya Mulungu.

Bhibhlya ya Dziko Ipswa nee yatowezera nsambo unoyu. Iyo isaphatisira dzina yakuti Yahova maulendo akukwana 237 mʼMalemba Acigerego Acikristu. Pakucita cisankhulo ceneci, athumburuzi adinga mathangwi awa mawiri akufunika kakamwe: (1) Mipukutu Yacigerego iri na ife lero nee ndi yakutoma. Pikwi pizinji pya mabukhu ali na ife lero, alembwa pidapita pyaka madzana mawiri pakumala kulembwa mabukhu akutoma. (2) Mu ndzidzi unoyu, ale akhakopyari mipukutu akhabulusa Tetragrama mbaikha fala Yacigrego Kýrios, yakuti isabveka “Mbuya,” peno akhakopyari mʼmipukutu yakuti dzina ineyi ikhadabuluswa kale.

Komiti ya Bhibhlya ya Dziko Ipswa yaona kuti pana mathangwi adidi toera kulonga kuti Tetragrama ikhagumanika mʼmipukutu yakutoma Yacigerego. Cisankhulo ceneci cacitwa na mathangwi anatowera:

• Malemba Acihebheri akhaphatisirwa mu ndzidzi wa Yezu na wa apostolo ace, akhali na Tetragrama mʼmabukhu onsene. Mu ndzidzi wakale, anthu anango akhapenula pyenepi. Mbwenye pidagumanwa mabukhu a Malemba Acihebheri a mu ndzidzi wa apostolo dhuzi na Qumran, nkhabebve mathangwi toera kupenula pyenepi.

• Mu ndzidzi wa Yezu na wa apostolo ace, Tetragrama ikhagumanikambo mʼmabukhu Acigerego a Malemba Acihebheri. Mu pyaka pizinji, anyakufufudza akhanyerezera kuti matsamba a Septuaginta Yacigerego a Malemba Acihebheri nee akhali na Tetragrama. Mbwenye mu caka 1950, anyakufufudza adinga mapindi anango akale kakamwe a Septuaginta Yacigerego akuti akhalipo mu ndzidzi wa Yezu. Mapindi anewa akhali na dzina ya Mulungu yakulembwa na maletra Acihebheri. Natenepa, mu ndzidzi wa Yezu, dzina ya Mulungu ikhagumanika mʼMalemba Acigerego. Mbwenye mu caka 301 mpaka 400 P.K.K., matsamba mazinji a Septuaginta Yacigerego, ninga Códice Vaticano na Códice Sinaítico, nee akhali na dzina ya Mulungu mʼbukhu ya Genesi mpaka Malakiya (mʼmbuto zakuti mʼmatsamba akutoma dzina ineyi ikhalipo). Natenepa, si pyakudzumisa tayu kuona kuti mabukhu adakoyiwa a ndzidzi unoyu, nee ali na dzina ya Mulungu mu Unthaka Upswa, peno khundu ya Bhibhlya ya Malemba Acigerego.

  Mwapakweca Yezu alonga: “Ine ndabwera mu dzina ya Babanga.” Pontho iye alonga kuti mabasace akhaacita mu ‘dzina ya Babaceʼ

• Malemba Acigerego Acikristu asalonga kuti Yezu akhaphatisira kazinji kene dzina ya Mulungu mbaidziwisa kuna anango. (Juwau 17:6, 11, 12, 26) Mwapakweca Yezu alonga: “Ine ndabwera mu dzina ya Babanga.” Pontho iye alonga kuti mabasace akhaacita mu ‘dzina ya Babace.’—Juwau 5:43; 10:25.

• Nakuti Malemba Acigerego Acikristu athimizirwa pa Malemba Acihebheri mukutsogolerwa na Mulungu, kubuluswa kwa dzina ya Yahova kusacitisa kuti mphangwa zinango zikhonde kugumanika. Mu caka 50 P.K.K., nyakupfundza Tiyago apanga akulu a mpingo a mu Yerusalemu: “Simiyau afokotoza mwadidi kuti cincino Mulungu atoma kutawira anthu a madzindza anango, mbasankhula anango pakati pawo toera acemerwe na dzina yace.” (Mabasa 15:14) Pidalonga nyakupfundza Tiyago nee mbapidabveka mwadidi khala mu ndzidzi wa apostolo anthu nee akhadziwa peno kuphatisira dzina ya Mulungu.

• Dzina ya Mulungu yakulembwa mwacigwagwa isagumanika mʼMalemba Acigerego Acikristu. Pa Apokalipse 19:​1, 3, 4, 6, dzina ya Mulungu isagumanika pa fala yakuti “Aleluya.” Ineyi ndi fala Yacihebheri yakuti ingathumburuzwa fala na fala isabveka “Simbani Yah.” “Yah” ndi dzina ya Yahova ingalembwa mwacigwagwa. Madzina mazinji adaphatisirwa mʼMalemba Acigerego Acikristu abulukira pa dzina ineyi ya Mulungu. Kusiyapo pyenepi, mabukhu anango asalonga kuti dzina ya Yezu isabveka “Yahova Ndi Mpulumusi.”

• Mabukhu akale Aciyuda asapangiza kuti Akristu Aciyuda akhaphatisira dzina ya Mulungu mʼmabukhu awo. Tosefta, bukhu ya mitemo yakuti yamala kulembwa cifupi na caka 300 P.K.K., yalonga tenepa thangwi ya mabukhu Acikristu akuti akhapiswa pa ntsiku ya Sabudu: “Mabukhu a ale Akhamwaza Mphangwa na mabukhu a minim [anango asalonga kuti anewa ndi Akristu Aciyuda] akhapiswa pa moto. Mbwenye iwo akhaapisa pa mbuto ikhaagumana iwo, pontho mabukhu onsene kuphatanizambo matsamba akhali na dzina ya Mulungu akhapiswa pabodzi pene.” Bukhu ibodzi ene yalonga kuti Rabhi Yosé wa ku Galileya, wakuti akhala mʼmaso kumatomero a pyaka 100 P.K.K., alonga kuti ntsiku zinango za sumana, “makhundu [panango anewa ndi malemba Acikristu] akhabwera Dzina ya Mulungu akhaagwanda mbaakoya, mbwenye anango onsene akhaapisa.”

• Anyakufufudza pya Bhibhlya anango atawira kuti dzina ya Mulungu isagumanika mʼMalemba Acigerego Acikristu mʼmbuto zakuti mafalace abuluswa mʼMalemba Acihebheri. Bukhu yakuti The Anchor Bible Dictionary pa nsolo wakuti “Tetragrama mu Unthaka Upswa,” yalonga: “Pana umboni unapangiza kuti Tetragrama ya Dzina ya Mulungu yakuti Yahweh, ikhagumanika mʼmatsamba akutoma mʼmbuto zinango peno mʼmbuto zonsene za Unthaka Upswa zakuti mafalace abuluswa mʼMalemba Acihebheri.” Nyakufufudza anacemerwa George Howard alonga: “Nakuti Tetragrama ikhapitiriza kulembwa mʼmabukhu a Bhibhlya Yacigerego [ya Septuaginta] Malemba akuti akhaphatisirwa na uphemberi wakutoma, ndi pyakuthema kukhulupira kuti ale adalemba Unthaka Upswa, mu ndzidzi ukhalemba iwo mafala a Unthaka Wakale, nee akhafudza Tetragrama.”

• Athumburuzi a Bhibhlya akulemedzwa aphatisira dzina ya Mulungu mʼMalemba Acigerego Acikristu. Anango a iwo acita pyenepi Bhibhlya ya Dziko Ipswa mbidzati kuthumburuzwa. Natenepa tendeni tione madzina a athumburuzi anewa na mabukhu awo: A Literal Translation of the New Testament . . . From the Text of the Vatican Manuscript, ya Herman Heinfetter (1863); The Emphatic Diaglott, ya Benjamin Wilson (1864); The Epistles of Paul in Modern English, ya George Barker Stevens (1898); St. Paulʼs Epistle to the Romans, ya W. G. Rutherford (1900); The New Testament Letters, ya J.W.C. Wand, Bhispu wa ku Londre (1946). Kusiyapo mabukhu anewa, nʼthumburuzi Pablo Besson aphatisira “Jehová” pa Luka 2:15 na Yuda 14 mʼBhibhlya yace Yacixipanyola mukhatoma pyaka 1900, pontho mʼBhibhlya ineyi muli na pidzindikiro pyapantsi pyakupiringana 100 pyakuti piri na dzina ya Mulungu. Ndzidzi uzinji mabukhu anewa mbadzati kuthumburuzwa, mabukhu Acihebheri a Malemba Acikristu adalembwa kutomera caka 1550 kuenda kutsogolo aphatisira Tetragrama mʼmbuto zizinji. Mu Cialemanya basi, Mabhibhlya 11 aphatisira “Yahova” (peno fala Yacihebheri yakuti “Yahweh”) mʼMalemba Acigerego Acikristu, pontho athumburuzi anango anai athimizira dzina ya Mulungu mʼmaparenti patsogolo pa cidzo cakuti “Mbuya.” Kusiyapo pyenepi, mabhibhlya akupiringana 70 a Cialemanya asaphatisira dzina ya Mulungu mu pidzindikiro pyapantsi peno mʼmbuto zinango.

  

• Mabhibhlya adathumburuzwa mu pilongero pyakupiringana ¹⁰⁰ aphatisira dzina ya Mulungu mʼMalemba Acigerego Acikristu. Pilongero pizinji pya ku Afrika, Amerika, Azya, Europa na pilongero pinalongwa mu ntsuwa za Pacífico pisaphatisira mwakusudzuka dzina ya Mulungu. (Onani ndandanda pa tsamba 1742 mpaka 1743.) Pidacitisa athumburuzi anewa kuphatisira dzina ya Mulungu ndi pibodzi pyene na pidalonga ife nduli. Anango mwa mabhibhlya anewa a Malemba Acigerego Acikristu athumburuzwa cincino, ninga Bhibhlya ya Rotumano (1999), yakuti isaphatisira “Jihova” mʼmaulendo 51 mʼmavesi 48, pontho Bhibhlya ya Bhataki (Toba) ya ku Indonezya (1989), yakuti isaphatisira “Jahowa” mʼmaulendo 110.

  

Mwakukhonda penula, pana mathangwi adidi toera kuikha pontho dzina ya Mulungu, Yahova, mʼMalemba Acigerego Acikristu. Mwandimomwene ndi pyenepi pidacita ale adathumburuza Bhibhlya ya Dziko Ipswa. Iwo asalemedza kakamwe dzina ya Mulungu, pontho asagopa kakamwe kubulusa mphangwa zikhagumanika mʼmabukhu akutoma.—Apokalipse 22:18, 19.