’Muso o Lebetsoeng o Hlabisitseng Bahlahlobisisi ba Bibele Lihlong
“Histori ea ’muso oa Assyria pejana e ne e le e ’ngoe ea likhaolo tse patehileng ka ho fetisisa litlalehong tsa lefatše.” “Sohle se neng se tsejoa ka Ninive ea boholo-holo se ne se akareletsa lipono le boprofeta bo qalikaneng bo lebisang ho eona ka Bibeleng, le litsebiso tse tloaelehileng tse ngotsoeng likotoaneng tsa letsopa mabapi le histori ea Assyria ea Diodorus Siculus . . . le ba bang.”—Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature, Meqolo 1 le 3, 1862.
RAHISTORI oa Mogerike Diodorus Siculus o ile a phela lilemo tse 2 000 tse fetileng. O ile a bolela hore Ninive e ne e le motse o haheletsoeng ka mahlakore a mane; mahlakore a mane a ne a lekana le listadia tse 480 ka bolelele. ’Me ho o potoloha ho ne ho etsa lik’hilomithara tse 96! Bibele e fana ka setšoantšo se tšoanang, e hlalosa Ninive e le motse o moholo “o tsamauoang matsatsi a mararo.”—Jonase 3:3.
Bahlahlobisisi ba Bibele ba lekholong la bo19 la lilemo ba ne ba hana ho lumela hore motse o sa tsejoeng oa lefatše la boholo-holo o ne o ka ba boholo bo bokaalo. Hape ba bolela hore haeba Ninive e ne e le teng, e tlameha hore e ne e le karolo ea moloko oa batho oa boholo-holo oa pele ho Babylona.
Pono ena e ne e fapane le Genese khaolo 10, e bolelang hore setloholoana sa Noe, Nimrode, se ile sa hloma naha ea pele ea bopolotiki karolong ea Babele, kapa Babylona. Bibele e tsoela pele ka ho re: “Ha tsoa fatšeng leo Assure, ’me a haha Ninive, le motse oa Rehobothe, le Kalah, le Resene pakeng tsa Ninive le Kalah; ke oona motse o moholo.” (Genese 10:8-12) Hlokomela hore mangolo a hlalosa metse e mecha e mene ea Assyria e le “motse [o le mong] o moholo.”
Ka 1843 moepolli oa lintho tsa khale oa Mofora, Paul-Émile Botta, o ile a sibolla masupi a ntlo ea borena a ipakileng ho ba karolo ea motse oa Assyria. Ha litaba tsa tšibollo ena li finyella batho bohle, li ile tsa baka maikutlo a thabo e khōlō. Alan Millard bukeng ea hae Treasures From Bible Times oa hlalosa: “Thahasello ea sechaba e ile ea phahama haholo ha ho ne ho pakoa hore ntlo ea borena e ne e le ea Sargone, morena oa Assyria ea boletsoeng ho Esaia 20:1, eo ho ba teng ha hae ho neng ho belaeloa hobane a ne a sa tsejoe.”
Khabareng, moepolli e mong oa lintho tsa khale, Austen Henry Layard, a qala ho epa masuping a sebaka se bitsoang Nimrud se ka bang lik’hilomithara tse 42 ka boroa-bophirimela ho Khorsabad. Ho ile ha fumanoa masupi a Kalah—o mong oa metse e mene ea Assyria e boletsoeng ho Genese 10:11. Eaba ka 1849, Layard o epolla masupi a ntlo ea borena e khōlō sebakeng se bitsoang Kuyunjik, pakeng tsa Kalah le Khorsabad. Ntlo ea borena e ne e le karolo ea Ninive. Pakeng tsa Khorsabad le Kalah ho na le masupi le libaka tse ling tsa bolulo, ho akaretsa tutulu e bitsoang Karamles. Layard oa hlokomela: “Haeba re nka litutulu tse ’nè tse khōlō tsa Nimrúd [Kalah], Koyunjik [Ninive], Khorsabad, le Karamles, e le likhutlo tsa khutlo-’nè, ho tla fumanoa hore mahlakore a mane a lumellana ka ho nepahala le listadia tse 480 kapa [lik’hilomithara tse 96] tsa setsebi sa jeokrafi, tse etsang matsatsi a mararo a leeto la moprofeta [Jonase].”
Joale, kamoo ho bonahalang ka teng, Jonase o ile a akareletsa libaka tsena tsohle tsa bolulo joaloka “motse o moholo,” a li bitsa ka lebitso la motse o thathamisitsoeng pele ho Genese 10:11, o bitsoang Ninive. Hoa tšoana le kajeno. Ka mohlala, ho na le phapang pakeng tsa motse oa pele oa London le metse e haufi le toropo ea oona, ho etsang hoo ka linako tse ling ho bitsoang “Greater London” (London e Khōlō).
Morena oa Assyria ea Ikhohomosang
Ntlo ea borena e Ninive e ne e na le likamore tse fetang 70, e e-na le mabota a ka etsang lik’hilomithara tse tharo. Maboteng ho ne ho na le mesaletsa ea litšoantšo tse betliloeng tse cheleng tse tšoaeang litlhōlo tsa sesole le lintho tse ling tse ileng tsa finyelloa. Tse ngata li ne li senyehile haholo. Leha ho le joalo, qetellong ea leeto la hae, Layard o ile a sibolla kamore e ’ngoe e boemong bo sirelelitsoeng haholo. Maboteng ho ne ho na le litšoantšo tse bontšang ho hapuoa ha motse o marako a maholo, batšoaruoa ba tsamaisoa ho tla pel’a morena ea hlasetseng, ea neng a lutse holim’a terone ka ntle ho motse. Ka holimo ho morena ho na le mongolo oo litsebi tsa mongolo oa Seassyria li o fetolelang ka tsela ena: “Sankeribe, morena oa lefatše, morena oa Assyria, ea lutseng holim’a terone- ea nimedu ’me a hlahloba tse hapiloeng (tse nkiloeng) Lakishe (La-ki-su).”
Kajeno setšoantšo sena le mongolo li ka bonoa Setsing sa Polokelo ea Lintho tsa Bohlokoa sa Brithani. Se lumellana le ketsahalo ea histori e tlalehiloeng Bibeleng ho 2 Marena 18:13, 14: “Ka selemo sa leshome le metso e mene sa ho busa ha Ezekiase, Sankeribe, morena oa Assyria, a futuhela metse eohle ea Juda e marako, ’me a e kena. Joale, Ezekiase, morena oa Juda, a romela ho morena oa Assyria, Lakishe, a re: Ke sitiloe; khutla ho ’na; seo u tla ntjarisa sona ke tla se jara. Morena oa Assyria a lefisa Ezekiase, morena oa Juda, litalenta tse makholo a mararo tsa silevera, le talenta tse mashome a mararo tsa gauda.”
Mongolo o mong o fumanoeng har’a masupi a Ninive o fana ka lintlha tse qaqileng tse eketsehileng tsa tlhaselo ea Sankeribe ea Juda le sethaba-thaba se entsoeng ke Ezekiase. Layard o ile a ngola: “Mohlomong e ’ngoe ea lintho tse tšoanang hantle li sa reroa tse hlokomelehang tsa bopaki ba histori tse tlalehiloeng, ke palo ea matlotlo a gauda a nkiloeng ho Ezekiase, litalenta tse mashome a mararo, tse lumellanang ka ho phethahala litlalehong tse peli tse fapaneng.” Sir Henry Rawlinson, ea thusitseng ho hlalosa mongolo oa Seassyria, o ile a tsebisa hore mongolo ona “o ne o beha boitsebahatso [ba Sankeribe] historing boemong bo phahameng hoo bo ke keng ba hanyetsoa.” Ho feta moo, Layard bukeng ea hae Nineveh and Babylon oa botsa: “Ke mang ea neng a ka lumela hore e ka ba ’nete kapa ha etsahala, pele litšibollo tsena li etsoa, hore ka tlas’a qhubu ea lefatše le thotobolo e neng e tšoaea sebaka sa Ninive, ho ne ho ka fumanoa histori ea lintoa pakeng tsa Ezekiase le Sankeribe, li ngotsoe ka nako eo li etsahetseng ka eona ke Sankeribe ka boeena, ’me li tiisa esita le lintlha tse qaqileng tse nyenyane tsa tlaleho ea Bibele?”
Ke ’nete hore lintlha tse ling tsa tlaleho ea Sankeribe ha li lumellane le Bibele. Ka mohlala, moepolli oa lintho tsa khale Alan Millard oa hlokomela: “Ntlha e makatsang ka ho fetisisa e hlaha qetellong [ea tlaleho ea Sankeribe]. Ezekiase o rometse lenģosa la hae, le sethaba-thaba sohle, ho Sankeribe ‘hamorao, Ninive’. Lebotho la Assyria ha lea ka la se nka ho se isa hae ka mor’a ho hlōla ka tsela e tloaelehileng.” Bibele e tlaleha hore sethaba-thaba se ile sa lefshoa pele morena oa Assyria a khutlela Ninive. (2 Marena 18:15-17) Ke hobane’ng ha ho e-na le phapang? ’Me ke hobane’ng ha Sankeribe a sa ka a itlotlisa ka ho hlōla motse-moholo oa Juda, Jerusalema, ka tsela eo a ileng a itlotlisa ka ho hlōla motse oa Juda Lakishe? Bangoli ba bararo ba Bibele ba fana ka karabo. E mong oa bona, paki e boneng ka mahlo, o ngotse: “Lengeloi la Jehova la tsoa, la bolaea batho ba likete tse lekholo le nang le mashome a robileng meno e le ’meli a metso e mehlano liahelong tsa ba-Assyria. Eare ha ho tsohuoa hosasane, ea be e se e le litopo feela tse sa utloeng. Eaba Sankeribe, morena oa Assyria, o tloha, a ikela, a khutlela hae, a ea lula Ninive.”—Esaia 37:36, 37; 2 Marena 19:35; 2 Likronike 32:21.
Bukeng ea hae Treasures From Bible Times, Millard o phetha ka ho re: “Ha ho lebaka le utloahalang la ho belaela tlaleho ena . . . Ka ho utloahalang, Sankeribe o ne a ke ke a tlaleha tlokotsi e joalo hore bahlahlami ba hae ba e bale, hobane e ne e tla mo tlotlolla.” Ho e-na le hoo, Sankeribe o ile a leka ho etsa hore ho bonahale eka tlhaselo ea hae ea Juda e ne e atlehile le hore Ezekiase o ile a tsoela pele a le tlas’a hae, ka ho romela sethaba-thaba Ninive.
Qalo ea Assyria ea Tiisoa
Lilaebrari tse nang le matlapana a letsopa a mashome a likete le tsona li ile tsa sibolloa Ninive. Litokomane tsena li paka hore ’Muso oa Assyria o qalile boroa ba Babylona, feela joalokaha Genese 10:11 e bontša. Ho latela boitsebiso bona, baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba ile ba qala ho lebisa boiteko ba bona ho elella ka ’nģa boroa. Encyclopædia Biblica ea hlalosa: “Lintho tsohle tseo Baassyria ba li siileng li bontša qalo ea bona Babylona. Puo ea bona le mokhoa oa ho ngola, lingoliloeng tsa bona, bolumeli ba bona, le saense ea bona li ile tsa nkoa ho tsoa ho baahisane ba bona ba ka boroa ’me liphetoho ke tse nyenyane feela.”
Litšibollo tse joaloka tse ka holimo li entse hore bahlahlobisisi ba Bibele ba fetole lipono tsa bona. Ka sebele, tlhahlobisiso e tiileng ea Bibele e bontša hore e ngotsoe ke bangoli ba hlokolosi, ba tšepahalang. Eo e neng e le mookameli oa lekhotla la toka la Lekhotla le Phahameng la United States, Salmon P. Chase, o ile a bua mantsoe a latelang ka mor’a ho hlahlobisisa Bibele: “E ne e le thuto e telele, e tebileng, le e matla: ’me ke sebelisa melao-motheo ea bopaki e tšoanang tabeng ena ea bolumeli joalokaha ka mehla ke etsa litabeng tsa mosebetsi, ke fihletse qeto ea hore Bibele ke buka e phahametseng tlhaho, hore e tsoa ho Molimo.”—The Book of Books: An Introduction.
Ka sebele, Bibele hase feela histori e nepahetseng. Ke Lentsoe la Molimo le bululetsoeng, mpho ea ho ruisa batho molemo. (2 Timothea 3:16) Bopaki ba sena bo ka bonoa ka ho hlahloba jeokrafi ea Bibele. Sena se tla tšohloa tokollong e tlang.
[Litšoantšo tse leqepheng la 6, 7]
Ka holimo: Lintlha tse tharo tse nkiloeng litšoantšong tse betliloeng leboteng
Ka tlaase: Setšoantšo se betliloeng leboteng la Assyria se bontša ho hlaseloa ha Lakishe
[Litlhaloso Tsa Moo Litšoantšo li Nkiloeng Teng]
(Courtesy of The British Museum)
(From The Bible in the British Museum, published by British Museum Press)
[Tlhaloso ea Moo Setšoantšo se Nkiloeng Teng e leqepheng la 4]
Courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum