Moea (Soul)
Tlhaloso: Ka Bibeleng, “moea [soul]” o fetoletsoe ho tloha ho neʹphesh ea Seheberu le psy·kheʹ ea Segerike. Tšebeliso ea Bibele e bontša hore moea (soul) ke motho kapa phoofolo kapa bophelo boo motho kapa phoofolo a bo thabelang. Leha ho le joalo, ho batho ba bangata, “moea [soul]” ke karolo e sa bonahaleng ea motho kapa moea (spirit) e phonyohang lefu la ’mele oa nama. Ba bang ba utloisisa hore ke mohloli oa bophelo. Empa maikutlo ana a morao ha a rutoe ke Bibele.
Bibele e re’ng e re thusang ho utloisisa hore na moea (soul) ke eng?
Gen. 2:7: “Jehova Molimo a bōpa motho ka lerōle la lefatše, ’me a bululela linkong tsa hae phefumoloho ea ho phela, ’me motho ea e-ba moea [soul] o phelang.” (Hlokomela hore ha e re motho o ile a neoa moea [soul] empa hore e ile ea e-ba moea [soul], motho ea phelang.) (Karolo ea lentsoe la Seheberu le ngotsoeng e le “moea [soul]” mona ke neʹphesh. NW, KJ, AS, le Dy li lumellana le phetolelo eo. RS, JB, NAB, li re “boleng.” NE e re “sebopuoa.” Kx e re “motho.”)
1 Ba-Kor. 15:45: “Joale ka ha ho ngoliloe, ho thoe: Motho oa pele, Adama, o entsoe moea [soul] o phelang, ’me Adama oa morao o entsoe moea [spirit] o phelisang.” (Ka hona Mangolo a Bakreste a Segerike a lumellana le Mangolo a Seheberu ka hore na moea [soul] ke eng.) (Ho latela molao oa ho ngoloa hoa puo oa Segerike o sebelisitsoeng mona lentsoe le fetoletsoeng mona e le “moea [soul]” ke psy·kheʹ, NW, KJ, AS, Dy, JB, NAB le Kx le tsona li re “moea [soul].” RS, NE, le TEV li re “boleng.”)
1 Pet. 3:20: ‘Mehleng ea Noe, . . . batho [“meea (souls),” NW] ba seng bakae, e leng ba robileng meno e le ’meli ba pholositsoe . . . metsing.’ (Lentsoe la Segerike le fetoletsoeng mona e le “batho” ke psy·khaiʹ, souls ka Senyesemane, psy·kheʹ ka bongateng. NW, KJ, AS, Dy, le Kx le tsona li re “meea.” JB, TEV, RS, NE le NAB li sebelisa “batho.”)
Gen. 9:5: “Ke tla batla mali a lōna, e leng bophelo [kapa, “meea (souls),” NW; neʹphesh ka Seheberu].” (Mona ho boleloa hore moea [soul] o na le mali [NW].)
Josh. 11:11: “Ba bolaea le batho [“moea (soul) o mong le o mong,” NW, neʹphesh ka Seheberu] bohle ba teng ka bohale ba lerumo.” (Mona ho bontšoa hore moea [soul] ke ntho e ’ngoe e ka angoang ke lerumo, ka hona meea ena e ne e ke ke ea e-ba meea e sa tšoareheng [spirits].)
Ke hokae moo Bibele e reng liphoofolo ke meea (“souls”)?
Gen. 1:20, 21, 24, 25: “Molimo oa re: Metsi ha a hlahise ka bongata libopuoa [“meea (souls),”* NW] tse nyekenyehang . . . Molimo oa etsa lihlapi tsa litonana, le libopuoa [“meea (souls),” NW] tsohle tse phelang, tse nyekenyehang, tse hlahisitsoeng ke metsi ka bongata ka mefuta ea tsona, le tse rurang tsohle ka mefuta ea tsona. . . . Joale Molimo oa re: Lefatše ha le hlahise libopuoa [“meea (souls),” NW] tse phelang ka mefuta ea tsona, . . . Molimo oa etsa liphoofolo tsa lefatše ka mefuta ea tsona, le makhomo ka mefuta ea ’ona, le lihahabi tsohle tsa lefatše ka mefuta ea tsona.” (*Ka Seheberu lentsoe mona ke neʹphesh. Ro e re “moea [soul].” Liphetolelo tse ling li sebelisa “li[se]bopuoa.”)
Lev. 24:17, 18: “Mang le mang ea bolaeang motho [neʹphesh ka Seheberu, soul ka Senyesemane], o tla bolaoa. Mang le mang ea bolaeang khomo [“moea (soul) oa pelesa,” NW, neʹphesh ka Seheberu], o tla bea e ’ngoe bakeng sa eona: bophelo [soul] bo lefuoe ka bophelo [soul].” (Hlokomela hore lentsoe le tšoanang la Seheberu bakeng sa moea le sebelisetsoa batho le liphoofolo. Ho Pesaleme ea 74:19 lentsoe lena la Seheberu, neʹphesh le ngotsoe e le ‘moea [soul].’)
Tšen. 16:3: “Leoatle la fetoha mali a kang mali a motho ea shoeleng, ’me tse phelang [“moea (soul)* o mong le o mong,” NW] leoatleng kaofela tsa e-shoa.” (Ka hona Mangolo a Bakreste a Segerike le oona a bontša hore liphoofolo ke meea [souls].) (*Ka Segerike lentsoe mona ke psy·kheʹ. NW, KJ, AS, le Dy li re “moea [soul].” Liphetolelo tse ling li sebelisa “sebopuoa” kapa “ntho.”)
Na liithuti tse ling tseo e seng Lipaki tsa Jehova li lumela hore ke sona se boleloang ke Bibele ka moea (“soul”)?
“Ka T[estamenteng ea] K[hale] ha ho moo ho arohanngoang ’mele le moea [soul]. Moiseraele o ne a bona lintho e le ntho e le ’ngoe, ntho e feletseng, ’me kahoo o ne a nka batho e le batho e seng e le likarolo. Lentsoe nepeš [neʹphesh], le hoja le fetoletsoe ka lentsoe la rōna moea [soul], ha ho mohla le bolelang moea [soul] joalokaha o khethollehile ho ’mele kapa motho. . . . Lentsoe [psy·kheʹ] ke lentsoe la T[estamente e] N[cha] le lumellanang le nepeš. Le ka bolela mohloli oa bophelo, bophelo ka bobona, kapa motho ea phelang.”—New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), Moq. XIII, maq. 449, 450.
“Lentsoe la Seheberu bakeng sa ‘moea [soul]’ (nefesh, se phefumolohang) le ile la sebelisoa ke Moshe . . . , a hlalosa ‘motho ea phelang’ ’me le sebetsa ka ho lekanang ho batho ba sa pheleng. . . . Tšebeliso ea Testamente e Ncha ea psychē (‘moea [soul],’) e ne e tšoana le ea nefesh.”—The New Encyclopædia Britannica (1976), Macropædia, Moq. 15, leq. 152.
“Tumelo ea hore moea [soul] o tsoela pele ho phela kamor’a ho shoa hoa ’mele ke khopolo-taba kapa boinahanelo ba thuto ea bolumeli ho e-na le ho ba tumelo e bonolo, ’me ka hona ha ho moo e rutoang ka Lengolong le Halalelang.”—The Jewish Encyclopedia (1910), Moq. VI, leq. 564.
Na moea (soul) oa motho o ka shoa?
Ezek. 18:4: “Bonang, meea [souls] eohle ke ea ka; moea [soul] oa ngoana le moea [soul] oa ntat’ae ke ea ka hammoho; moea [soul]* o etsang sebe ke oona o tla shoa.” (*Seheberu se re “neʹphesh.” NW, KJ, AS, RS, NE, le Dy li e ngola e le “moea [soul].” Liphetolelo tse ling li re “motho.”)
Matt. 10:28: “Le se ke la tšaba ba bolaeang ’mele, ba mpa ba se na matla a ho bolaea moea [soul] [kapa, “bophelo”]; le mpe le tšabe ea nang le matla a ho bolaela moea [soul]* le ’mele liheleng.” (*Segerike se na le sebopeho sa moetsuoa sa psy·kheʹ. NW, KJ, AS, RS, NE, TEV, Dy, JB, le NAB kaofela li e ngola e le “moea [soul].”)
Lik. 3:23: “’Me e mong le e mong [psy·kheʹ ka Segerike, ‘moea (soul,)’ NW] ea hanang ho utloa moprofeta eo, o tla tlosoa har’a sechaba.”
Na ho bonolo hore meea (“souls”) (batho) e phele ka ho sa feleng?
Bona maqephe 83-87, tlas’a sehlooho “Bophelo.”
Na moea (soul) le moea (spirit) ke ntho e le ’ngoe?
Moek. 12:7: “Lerōle le e-so ho khutlele lerōleng, moo le tsoileng teng, moea [spirit] [kapa, matla a bophelo; ruʹach ka Seheberu] o e-so ho khutlele ho Molimo o nong o o nee.” (Hlokomela hore lentsoe la Seheberu bakeng sa moea [spirit] ke ruʹach; empa lentsoe le fetoletsoeng e le moea [soul] ke neʹphesh. Temana ha e bolele hore lefung moea [spirit] o nka leeto le khutlelang moo Molimo o leng teng; ho e-na le hoo, tebello leha e le efe bakeng sa hore motho a phele hape e itšetlehile ka Molimo. Ha le sebelisoa ka ho tšoanang, re ka ’na ra re, haeba motho ea rekang setša a sa se lefelle kamoo ho hlokahalang, setša se “khutlela” ho mong a sona.) (NW, KJ, AS, RS, NE, le Dy, kaofela mona li ngola ruʹach e le moea [spirit].” NAB e re “phefumoloho ea bophelo.”)
Moek. 3:19: “Kotsi e hlahelang bana ba batho, e joalo e hlahela le liphoofolo: bobeli ba bona bo hlaheloa ke kotsi e le ’ngoe. Mokhoa oo motho a shoang ka oona, le eona phoofolo e shoa joalo; moea [spirit, ruʹach ka Seheberu] oa bohle o mong.” (Ka hona ho bontšoa hore batho le liphoofolo ba na le ruʹach, kapa moea [spirit], o le mong. Bakeng sa litlhaloso litemaneng tsa 20, 21, bona leqephe 320.)
Ba-Heb. 4:12: “Lentsoe la Molimo ke Lentsoe le phelang, le matla, ’me le fetisa ka bohale lisabole tsohle tse leolitsoeng ka nģa tse peli; ’me lea hlaba, le ee ho kena le likhaohanong tsa pelo [moea (soul), NW; psy·khesʹ ka Segerike; “bophelo,” NE] le moea [spirit ka Senyesemane, pneuʹma·tos ka Segerike], le manonyellong le mokong; ’me le ahlola maikutlo le mehopolo ea pelo.” (Hlokomela hore lentsoe la Segerike bakeng sa “moea [spirit]” ha le tšoane le lentsoe la “moea [soul]”.)
Na motho o tsoela pele ho phela a ikutloa kamor’a hore moea (“spirit”) o tsoe ’meleng?
Pes. 146:4: “Phefumoloho [ruʹach ka Seheberu, spirit ka Senyesemane] ea bona ha e fela, ba khutlela lerōleng la bona; ka tsatsi lona leo, merero ea bona e felile.” (NW, NAB, Ro, Yg, le Dy [145:4] mona li ngola ruʹach e le “moea [spirit].” Liphetolelo tse ling li re “phefumoloho.”) (Le Pesaleme ea 104:29)
Tšimoloho ea tumelo ea Bokreste-’mōtoana ea moea (soul) o se nang sebopeho, o sa shoeng, ke efe?
“Maikutlo a Bokreste a motho oa moea ea bōpiloeng ke Molimo eaba o kenngoa ka ’meleng ha a emoloa hore motho e be boleng bo feletseng bo phelang ke tholoana ea khopolo ea Bokreste e hōlisitsoeng ka nako e telele. Ebile feela ka Origen [ea shoeleng hoo e ka bang ka 254 C.E.] ka Bochabela le ka Mohalaleli Augustine [ea shoeleng ka 430 C.E.] ka Bophirima ho ileng hoa tiisoa hore moea [soul] ke ntho ea sebele ea moea [spirit] ’me hoa qaptjoa le maikutlo a hore na boleng ba oona ke bofe. . . . Thuto ea hae [Augustine] . . . e ne e theiloe haholo (ho akarelletsa le mefokolo eitseng) ho tšehetseng Plato.”—New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), Moq. XIII, maq. 452, 454.
“Maikutlo a hore moea [soul] ha o shoe ke tholoana ea monahano oa Bagerike, ha tšepo ea tsoho e le mohopolo oa Bajode. . . . Hoba Alexandere a hape [linaha], Bojode ba ’na ba nyanya maikutlo a Bagerike.”—Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la Bible (Valence, France; 1935), e hlophisitsoeng ke Alexandre Westphal, Moq. 2, leq. 557.
“Ke maikutlo a Segerike a qapiloeng litumelong tsa mehlolo tsa boholo-holo hore moea ha o shoe ’me a nontšoa ke mohlalefi Plato.”—Presbyterian Life, May 1, 1970, leq. 35.
“Na re lumela hore ho na le ntho e kang lefu? . . . Na hase karohano ea moea [soul] le ’mele? ’Me sena se phethoa ka ho shoa; ha moea [soul] o setse o le mong, ’me o lokolloa ’meleng le ’mele o lokolloa ho moea [soul], ekaba eng ha e se lefu? . . . Hona na moea [soul] o lumela ho shoa? Che. Ka hona moea [soul] ha o shoe? E.”—“Phaedo” ea Plato, Likar. 64, 105, joalokaha e hatisitsoe ho Great Books of the Western World (1952), e hlophisitsoeng ke R. M. Hutchins, Moq. 7, maq. 223, 245, 246.
“Bothata ba ho se shoe, kamoo re boneng, bo ne bo hapile tlhokomelo e khōlō ea baruti ba bolumeli ba Babylona. . . . Batho kapa bona baeta-pele ba bolumeli ba ne ba thatafalloa ke ho tobana le hore ntho e kileng ea phelisoa e ka bolaoa. Lefu e ne e le phohla e fetelang bophelong ba mofuta o mong.”—The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898), M. Jastrow, e monyenyane, leq. 556.
Bona le maqephe 219-221, tlas’a sehlooho “Lefu.”