Tuʻungafulufulú—Ko e Kaumeʻa mo e Fili!
MEI HE TOKOTAHA-TOHI ʻĀ HAKE! ʻI SUĒTENI
Ko e tuʻungafulufulu ʻe niʻihi ʻoku nau fakahaofi moʻui; ko e niʻihi ʻoku fakatupu mate. Ko e niʻihi ʻoku nau fakaifo ʻa e sīsí mo e uainé; ko e niʻihi ʻoku nau fakakonahi ʻa e meʻakaí. Ko e niʻihi ʻoku tupu ʻi he ngaahi kupuʻi ʻakaú; ko e niʻihi ʻoku nau ngaeve ʻi he ngaahi fale-kaukaú mo e ʻū tohí. Ko hono moʻoní, ko e tuʻungafulufulú ʻoku ʻi he feituʻu kotoa—naʻa mo hoʻo lau hifo ʻa e foʻi sētesi ko ení mahalo ko hono ngaahi tenga efuefú ʻokú ke lolotonga mānavaʻaki.
KAPAU ʻokú ke veiveiua ʻi he pehē ʻoku takatakai ʻiate kitautolu kotoa ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú, kiʻi tukunoa angé ha konga mā, naʻa mo e ʻi he ʻaisí. Heʻikai fuoloa kuo kāpui ia ʻe ha kiʻi kofukofu fulufulua—ʻa ia ko e tuʻungafulufulú!
Ko e Hā ʻa e Tuʻungafulufulu?
Ko e tuʻungafulufulú ʻoku kau ia ki he kulupu ʻo e fangakasí, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi ai hono ngaahi faʻahinga laka hake he 100,000, ʻo kau ai ʻa e tōtōsia, fakamalu-ʻa-tēvolo, lau ʻumeʻumea ʻo e ʻakaú, pea mo e ʻīsité. Ko e kalasi pē ʻe 100 ʻo e fangakasí ʻoku ʻiloʻi ʻokú ne fakatupunga ʻa e mahaki ki he tangatá mo e fanga manú. Ko e faʻahinga kehe lahi ʻoku ʻi ai honau ngafa mātuʻaki mahuʻinga ʻi he sēini meʻakaí—ko hono fakaʻauʻaunga ʻo e ngaahi ʻelemēniti fakanatula kuo ʻosi maté ʻo tokoni ai ki he feviloʻaki ʻa e ngaahi ʻelemēniti tefito ʻi ha faʻahinga tuʻunga ʻa ia ʻe lava ai ʻe he ʻakaú ke ngāueʻaki. ʻOku aʻu ʻa e niʻihi ʻo maʻu ha vā feʻaongaʻaki mo e ʻakaú, ʻo tokoniʻi kinautolu ke mimisi hake ʻa e meʻakai mei he kelekelé. Pea ko e niʻihi ʻoku nau kainikavea.
ʻOku kamata ʻa e moʻui ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú ko ha kiʻi tenga efuefu ʻa ia ʻoku ʻave holo ʻe he fepūhiaki ʻo e ʻeá. Kapau ʻe tō ʻa e kiʻi tenga efuefú ʻi ha maʻuʻanga meʻakai feʻungamālie ʻoku maʻu ai, tuku kehe ʻa e ngaahi meʻa kehé, ʻa e māfana mo e tuʻunga hauhau totonú, ʻe fanafanau leva ai ʻa e kiʻi tenga efuefú, ʻo ne faʻu ʻa e fanga kiʻi sela hangē ha filó ʻoku ui ko e haifī. ʻI he taimi ʻoku tupu ai ʻa e haifií ʻo pupungá, ʻoku ui leva ʻa e pupunga fihi fepikiʻaki fulufulua ko iá ko e maisīliami, ʻa ia ko e tuʻungafulufulu ia ʻoku lava ke sio ki aí. ʻOku toe lava foki ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú ʻo hangē ha ʻulí pe ko ha toiʻi meʻa, ʻo hangē ko ia ko e taimi ʻoku nau tupu ai ʻi he sima fakafonu ʻi he ngaahi vahavahaʻa taila he fale-kaukaú.
Ko e tuʻungafulufulú ko ha mataotao ia ʻi he fanafanaú. ʻI he tuʻungafulufulu anga-maheni ʻoku tupu he maá, ʻa e Rhizopus stolonifer, ko e fanga kiʻi totitoti ʻuliʻulí ko e fanga kiʻi foʻi tenga efuefú ia. ʻI he kiʻi foʻi toti pē ʻe taha ʻokú ne maʻu ʻo aʻu ki he fanga kiʻi tenga efuefu ʻe 50,000, ʻa ia ʻoku lava ke fakatupu ʻe he kiʻi toti taki taha ʻa e fanga kiʻi tenga efuefu foʻou ʻe laui teau miliona ʻi ha ngaahi ʻaho siʻi pē! Pea kapau te ne maʻu ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga totonú, ʻe lava foki ʻo moʻuingofua ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú ia ʻi ha tohi, ʻi ha sū-puti pe ko ha pepa teuteu holisi ʻo hangē pē ko haʻane tupu ʻi ha kupuʻi ʻakau ʻi he vaotaá.
ʻOku anga-fēfē ʻa e “kai” ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú? ʻI he ʻikai hangē ko e fanga manú mo e tangatá, ʻa ia ʻoku nau ʻuluaki kai pea toki mimisi leva ʻenau meʻakaí ʻo fakafou ʻi hono fakamoluú, ko e tuʻungafulufulú ʻoku nau faʻa fakaholomui ʻe kinautolu ʻa e founga ko iá. ʻI he taimi ʻoku fuʻu lahi pe fihi ai ʻa e ngaahi molekula fakanatulá ke kai ʻe he tuʻungafulufulú, ʻoku nau tukuange māmālie ai ʻa e ngaahi ʻenisaime fakamolū ʻokú ne veteki ʻa e ngaahi molekulá ki he ngaahi ʻiuniti faingofua ange, ʻo nau toki mimisi leva. ʻIkai ko ia pē, koeʻuhi ko e ʻikai lava ke ngaue holo ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú ke kumi ʻene meʻakaí, kuo pau ke nau tupu pē ʻi heʻenau meʻakaí.
ʻOku lava ʻe he tuʻungafulufulú ke fakatupu ʻa e ngaahi meʻa kona ʻoku ui ko e maikotokisini, ʻa ia ʻe lava ke fakatupu puke fakatouʻosi ki he tangatá mo e fanga manú. ʻE lava ke te maʻu ia fou ʻi he mānavaʻaki, kai pe ko e pā ki ai ʻa e kilí. Ka ʻoku ʻikai ke kovi pehē maʻu ai pē, he ko e tuʻungafulufulú ʻoku ʻi ai hono ngaahi tafaʻaki ʻaonga ʻaupito ʻe niʻihi.
Ngaahi Tafaʻaki ʻAonga ʻo e Tuʻungafulufulú
ʻI he 1928 naʻe ʻiloʻi fāinoa ai ʻe he faisaienisi ko Alexander Fleming ʻa e mālohi tāmate siemu ʻo e tuʻungafulufulu lanu matá. ʻI hono toki fakapapauʻi ki mui ko e Penicillium notatum, ko e tuʻungafulufulu ko ení kuo fakamoʻoniʻi ʻokú ne lava ke tāmateʻi ʻa e pekitīliá kae ʻikai fakatuʻutāmaki ki he tangatá mo e fanga manú. Naʻe taki atu ʻa e ʻilo ko ʻení ki he fakalakalaka ko ia ʻo e penisiliní, ʻa ia ʻoku ui ko e “meʻa fakahaofi moʻui lahi taha ʻo e faitoʻo ʻi onopōní.” ʻI heʻenau ngāué, ko Fleming mo hono ongo kaungā fakatotolo ko Howard Florey mo Ernst Chain naʻe foaki kiate kinautolu ʻa e Pale Nobel ʻi he faitoʻó he 1945. Talu mei ai, kuo tokonaki ʻe he tuʻungafulufulú ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakafaitoʻo kehe lahi, ʻo kau ai ʻa e faitoʻo ki he fatu ʻa e totó, langa ʻulu lahí mo e mahaki ʻa Pākinisoní.
Kuo toe hoko foki ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú ko ha tāpuaki ki he fakaifo meʻakaí. Ko e fakatātaá, fakakaukau atu ki he sīsí. Naʻá ke ʻiloʻi ko e siisi Brie, Camembert, Danish blue, Gorgonzola, Roquefort mo e Stilton ʻoku maʻu honau ifo makehé mei he ngaahi kalasi pau ʻo e tuʻungafulufulu Penicillium? ʻI he founga tatau, ko e sōsisi salamí, soosi soiá mo e piá ʻoku ngaohiʻaki ʻa e ngaahi kalasi pau ʻo e tuʻungafulufulú.
ʻOku pehē pē mo e uainé. ʻI he taimi ʻoku toli ai ʻa e kalasi kālepi ʻe niʻihi ʻi he taimi totonú fakataha mo ha fangakasi feʻunga kuo tupu ʻi he fuhinga taki taha, ʻe lava ke ngāueʻaki kinautolu ke ngaohiʻaki ʻa e ngaahi uaine mātuʻaki ifo moʻoni ke inu he ʻosi ʻa e kaí. Ko e tuʻungafulufulu ko ia ko e Botrytis cinerea, ʻoku ngāue ia ki he suka ʻi he kālepí, ʻo fakalahi hono fakaifó. ʻI he tukuʻanga uainé, ko e tuʻungafulufulu ko ia ko e Cladosporium cellare ʻokú ne toe tānaki fakaʻosi atu hono fakaifó lolotonga hono fakatoká. Ko e toe fakalea ʻe taha ʻo ha lea ʻoku taka ʻi he kau tō kālepi Hungalí: ‘Ko ha tuʻungafulufulu kalasi ʻuluaki ʻoku iku atu ia ki ha uaine lelei.’
Taimi ʻOku Hoko Ai e Tuʻungafulufulú ko ha Filí
Ko e ngaahi tafaʻaki fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo e ngaahi tuʻungafulufulu ʻe niʻihi kuo fuoloa pē ʻene ʻi ai. ʻI he senituli hono ono K.M., naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻe he kau ʻAsīliá ʻa e tuʻungafulufulu ko ia ko e Claviceps purpurea ke fakakonahiʻaki ʻa e ngaahi vai tupu ʻo honau filí—ko ha faʻahinga founga-tau fakakemikale fakakuongamuʻa. ʻI he Kuonga Lotolotó, ko e tuʻungafulufulu tatau ko ʻení, ʻa ia ʻoku tupu he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻi he laí, naʻá ne ʻai ʻa e kakaí ke nau puke he mahaki-moá, ngaahi ongo langa vevela, mate ʻa e kakanó mo e ngaahi ongo-halá. Ko e mahaki ʻoku ui he taimí ni ko e kona vela, naʻe ui ia ko e afi ʻa Sā ʻAnitoní, koeʻuhi ko e tokolahi ʻo e kau puké, ʻi heʻenau ʻamanaki ki ha faitoʻo fakaemaná, ne nau fononga fakapilikimi ai ki he faʻitoka ʻo Sā ʻAnitoní ʻi Falanisē.
Ko e meʻa fakatupunga kanisā mālohi tahá ʻoku ʻiloa ia ko e ʻafeletakiseni—ko ha meʻa kona ʻoku fakatupu ʻe he tuʻungafulufulú. ʻI ha fonua ʻĒsia ʻe taha, ʻoku pehē ʻoku fakatupunga ʻe he ʻafeletakisení ʻa e mate ʻe 20,000 ʻi he taʻu. Ko e komipauni fakatupu mate ko ʻení kuo ngāueʻaki ia ʻi he ngaahi meʻatau siemu fakaonopōní.
Kae kehe, ʻi he moʻui fakaʻahó, ko e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻo e lave ki he ngaahi tuʻungafulufulu anga-mahení ʻoku lahi ange ʻene fakatupu ʻitá ʻana ʻi heʻene fakamanamana lahi ki he moʻuí. “Ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi tuʻungafulufulú, ʻo aʻu kapau ʻoku lava ke ke nāmuʻi kinautolu, ʻoku ʻikai ke fakatuʻutāmaki ia,” ko e lau ia ʻa e UC Berkeley Wellness Letter. Ko e kakai ʻoku faʻa fakatupu puke kiate kinautolú ʻoku kau ai ʻa e faʻahinga ʻoku mahamahaki honau maʻamaʻá, ʻo hangē ko e mahaki helá; ko e faʻahinga ʻoku ʻikai sai ke pā ki ai, uesiangofua ʻe he kemikalé, pe ko ha sisitemi maluʻi vaivai; pea mo e kau faama ʻoku nau pā nai ki he tuʻunga lahi ʻaupito ʻo e tuʻungafulufulú. Ko e faʻahinga valevalé mo e kau taʻumotuʻá ʻe lava foki ke nau hoko ʻo uesiangofua ange ʻi he ngaahi nunuʻa ʻo e pā ki he tuʻungafulufulú.
Fakatatau ki he Potungāue ʻo e Ngaahi Sēvesi ki he Moʻuí ʻi Kalefōnia ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté, ʻe lava ke fakatupunga ʻe he tuʻungafulufulú ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ko ʻení: ‘Ngaahi palopalema ʻi he mānavá, hangē ko e sisī ʻa e mānavá, mānavatamakí, mo e nounou ʻa e mānavá; mapuni ʻa e avaʻi ihú mo e lotoʻi ihú; mamahi ʻo e matá (vevela, hafu mo e kula ʻo e matá); taletale pakupakú; mamahi ʻo e ihú pe mongá; petepete pe mamahi ʻa e kilí.’
Tuʻungafulufulú mo e ʻŪ Falé
ʻI he ngaahi fonua ʻe niʻihi ʻoku anga-maheniʻaki ke fanongo ʻo fekauʻaki mo hono tāpuni ʻa e ngaahi akó pe ko e pau ke mavahe ʻa e kakaí mei honau ngaahi ʻapí pe ʻōfisí koeʻuhi kae fakamaʻa ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú. ʻI he kamataʻanga ʻo e 2002, ko e Misiume ʻo e Ngaahi ʻAati ʻi Onopōní ʻi Stockholm, Suēteni, naʻe pau ke tāpuni ia koeʻuhi ko e tuʻungafulufulú. Ko hono toʻo ʻo e tuʻungafulufulú ʻoku fakafuofua naʻe feʻunga ia mo e paʻanga U.S. ʻe nima miliona! Ko e hā kuo hoko ai ʻa e palopalema ko ʻení ʻo lahi ange ʻi he ngaahi taimi ki muí ni maí?
Ko e talí ʻoku kau ki ai ʻa e ongo tafaʻaki tefito ʻe ua: ko e naunau langá mo e tisainí. ʻI he ngaahi hongofuluʻi taʻu ki muí ni maí kuo fakakau ai ʻi he ngaahi naunau langá ʻa e ngaahi koloa ʻoku tupungofua ai ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú. Ko ha fakatātā ko e papa holisi ngaohi mei he pepá mo e faipá, pe papa sioká, ʻa ia ʻoku faʻa ngaohiʻaki ʻa e ngaahi lauʻi pepa ʻoku fakapipiki ki ha uho palasitā kuo ʻosi fakafefekaʻi. ʻOku puke ʻe he uhó ʻa e hauhaú. Ko ia kapau ʻe viku ai pē ʻa e meʻa ko ʻení ʻi ha ngaahi vahaʻa taimi lahi ange, ʻe lava ai ʻa e fanga kiʻi tenga efuefu ʻo e tuʻungafulufulú ke fanafanau pea tupu, ʻo nau maʻu meʻakai pē ʻi he pepa he papa holisi sioká.
Ko e ngaahi tisaini langá kuo liliu foki mo ia. Ki muʻa ʻi he 1970 tupú, ne lahi ʻa e ʻū langa ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté pea mo e ngaahi fonua kehe lahi naʻe siʻi ange hono kofu malu mei he momokó mo e ʻeá ʻi he ngaahi tisaini ki mui maí. Ko e ngaahi liliú ko e tupu ia mei ha holi ke ʻai ʻa e ʻū langá ke fakaʻekonōmika ange hono ngāueʻaki ʻo e ngaahi maʻuʻanga iví ʻaki hono fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e mole ki tuʻa mo e mama ki loto ʻo e ʻea mafaná pea ʻi hono fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e fepūhiaki holo ʻo e ʻeá. Ko ia he taimí ni ʻi he hū ʻa e vaí ki lotó, ʻoku nofo fuoloa ange ai, ʻo ʻai ai ke faingofua e tupu ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú. ʻOku ʻi ai ha fakaleleiʻanga ki he palopalema ko ʻení?
Ko e founga fakaleleiʻanga ola lelei tahá pe ko hono fakasiʻisiʻi pē ʻo e ngaahi palopalema ʻo e tuʻungafulufulú, ko e tauhi ke maʻa mo mōmoa ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē ʻi lotó pea ke tauhi ke siʻisiʻi ʻa e hauhaú. Kapau ʻoku fakautuutu ʻa e hauhaú ʻi ha feituʻu, fakamātuʻu ia he vave tahá pea ʻai ʻa e ngaahi feliliuaki pe monomono ʻoku fiemaʻú ke ʻoua ʻe lava ai ʻo toe lahi ʻa e vaí. Ko e fakatātaá, tauhi ʻa e ʻató mo e fakatalí ke maʻa pea ʻi ha tuʻunga lelei. Pea fakapapauʻi ʻoku tahifo mamaʻo ʻa e kelekelé mei he falé koeʻuhi ke ʻoua ʻe lahi takatakai ʻa e vaí ʻi he fakavaʻe ʻo e falé. Kapau ʻoku lele ha mīsini fakamokomoko-ʻea, tauhi ke maʻa ʻa e fakataliʻanga vaí mo tauhi ke ʻoua ʻe mapuni ʻa e fakatafengá.
“Ko e mapuleʻi ʻo e hauhaú ko e kī ia ki he mapuleʻi ʻo e tuʻungafulufulú,” ko e lau ia ʻa e kautaha ʻe taha. ʻE fakahaofiʻaki nai koe mo ho fāmilí ʻi he ngaahi founga faingofua mei he tofanga ʻi he ngaahi tafaʻaki fakafili ʻo e tuʻungafulufulú. ʻI he ngaahi founga ʻe niʻihi, ʻoku hangē ai ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú ha afí. ʻE lava ke ne fai ʻa e maumau, ka ʻe toe lava foki ke hoko ʻo mātuʻaki ʻaonga. ʻOku fakatuʻunga lahi pē ia ʻi he founga ʻoku tau ngāueʻaki mo mapuleʻi iá. Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku kei ʻi ai pē ʻa e meʻa lahi ke tau ako ʻo fekauʻaki mo e tuʻungafulufulú. Ka ko e ʻilo fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi fakatupu fakaofo ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻe lava ke hoko pē ia ko e lelei maʻatautolu.
[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 12, 13]
TUʻUNGAFULUFULU ʻI HE KUONGA ʻO E TOHI TAPÚ?
ʻOku lave ʻa e Tohi Tapú ki he “mala ko e kilia ki ha fale,” ʻo ʻuhinga ki he falé tonu. (Livitiko 14:34-48) Kuo fai ʻa e fakahuʻuhuʻu ʻo pehē ko e meʻa ngalikehe ko ʻení, ʻa ia naʻe toe ui ko e “kilia fakapopo,” ko ha faʻahinga ia ʻo e tōtōsiá pe tuʻungafulufulú, ka ʻi he fekauʻaki mo ʻení ʻoku ʻikai fakapapauʻi ia. Pe ko e hā ʻa e tuʻungá, naʻe fakahinohinoʻi ʻe he Lao ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻa e kau maʻu ʻapí ke toʻo ʻa e ngaahi maka ne uesiá, pea vau kotoa ʻa loto ʻi he falé, pea laku kotoa ʻa e meʻa kuo mahaloʻi ne uesiá ki he tuʻa koló ki he “potu ʻoku taʻemaʻa.” Kapau naʻe foki ʻa e malá, naʻe talaki ai kuo taʻemaʻa ʻa e falé kotoa, holoki pea liʻaki. Ko e ngaahi fakahinohino kuo fakaikiiki ʻa Sihová naʻe tapua atu ai ʻa ʻene ʻofa loloto ki hono kakaí pea mo ʻenau lelei fakaesinó.
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 11]
Ngaahi faitoʻo kuo ngaohi mei he tuʻungafulufulú kuó ne fakahaofi ʻa e ngaahi moʻui lahi
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 13]
Ko e papa holisi sioká mo e vainoló ʻe lava ke ne puke ʻa e hauhaú, ʻa ia ʻoku tokoni ki he tupu ʻa e tuʻungafulufulú