Kasi Yerusalemu Wakale Wakabwangandulika Pawuli?​—Cigaŵa Cakwamba

Cifukwa Wuli Nchakuzirwa Kumanya?; Ivyo Ukaboni Ukulongora

Nkhani iyi njakwamba pa nkhani ziŵiri zakulondezgana za mu Gongwe la Mulinda izo zikuzgora mafumbo agho nkhwantha zikufumba ghakukhwaskana na kubwangandulika kwa Yerusalemu. Nkhani ziŵiri izi zikuzgora mafumbo agho ŵaŵazgi ŵakutindikika nagho. Mazgoro ghake ghasandika makora ndiposo ghafuma mu Baibolo.

“Ŵakusanda mdauko na ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 586 B.C.E. panji 587 B.C.E.a Cifukwa wuli Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakuti wakabwangandulika mu 607 B.C.E.? Kasi deti ili mukulitora nkhu?”

FUMBO ili ndilo yumoza wa ŵaŵazgi ŵithu wakafumba. Kweni cifukwa wuli tikwenera kumanya cilimika ceneko ico Themba Nebukadinezara II wa ku Babuloni wakabwangandulira msumba wa Yerusalemu? Cifukwa cakwamba nchakuti kubwangandulika kwa Yerusalemu kukasintha comene mdauko wa ŵanthu ŵa Ciuta. Wakusanda mdauko munyake wakati kubwangandulika uku kukapangiska kuti paŵe “soka, enya soka likuru.” Mu cilimika ici, tempele ilo ŵakasoperangapo Ciuta Wankhongonozose kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 400 likabwangandulika. Uyo wakalemba Salmo wakalira kuti: “A Ciuta, . . . ŵakazuzga tempele linu lituŵa; ŵapasula Yerusalemu.”—Salmo 79:1.b

Caciŵiri, tiŵenge na cipulikano mu Mazgu gha Ciuta cifukwa ca kumanya cilimika ceneko ico soka likuru ili likambira ndiposo umo ucimi wa mu Baibolo wakukhwaskana na kuwezgekerapo kwa kusopa kwaunenesko mu Yerusalemu ukafiskikira. Ipo cifukwa wuli Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakuyowoya kuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 607 B.C.E., uku ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuti wakabwangandulika mu 587 B.C.E.? Mwakudumura nchifukwa ca ukaboni uwo Baibolo leneko likuyowoya.

“Vilimika Makumi Ghankhondi na Ghaŵiri” vya Njani?

Vilimika vinandi pambere Yerusalemu wandabwangandulike, Yeremiya, uyo wakaŵa nchimi Yaciyuda, wakayowoya ico cingatovwira kumanya vilimika 70 ivyo vikuzunulika mu Baibolo. Wakacenjezga “awo ŵakukhala mu Yerusalemu,” kuti: “Caru cino cose ciŵenge phasulo na cipalamba, ndipo mitundu iyi yamkuteŵetera themba la Babuloni vilimika makumi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri.” (Yeremiya 25:1, 2, 11) Nchimi iyi yikazakayowoyaso kuti: “Wakuti ntheura Yehova; ‘Para vyamara vilimika makumi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ku Babuloni, nditi ndimwendereni imwe, na kufiska mazgu ghane ghawemi pa imwe kumuwezgerani ku malo ghano.’” (Yeremiya 29:10) Cifukwa wuli nchakuzirwa kumanya “vilimika makumi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri”? Kasi vilimika ivi vikutovwira wuli kumanya cilimika ceneko ico Yerusalemu wakabwangandulikira?

M’malo mwa kuyowoya kuti vilimika 70 “ku Babuloni,” Mabaibolo ghanyake ghakuti “vya Babuloni.” Ntheura ŵakusanda mdauko ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti vilimika 70 ni nyengo iyo Ŵababuloni ŵakawusira. Mwakuyana na mabuku gha mdauko, Ŵababuloni ŵakawusa caru ca Yuda na Yerusalemu kwa vilimika 70 kufuma mu 609 B.C.E. mpaka mu 539 B.C.E., apo msumba ukuru wa Babuloni ukapokeka.

Ndipouli, Baibolo likulongora kuti vilimika 70 yikaŵa nyengo ya cilango ca Ciuta, ndipo cilango ici cikapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Yuda na Yerusalemu awo wakacita nawo phangano lakuti ŵamupulikirenge. (Exodus 19:3-6) Pakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakana kuleka nthowa zawo ziheni, Ciuta wakati: “Nditi ndiceme . . . Nebukadinezara, themba la Babuloni, . . . nditi ndize [nayo] ku caru cino na ku ŵanthu ŵake, na ku mafuko ghose zingilizge.” (Yeremiya 25:4, 5, 8, 9) Nangauli mitundu yinyake nayo yikasuzgika na ukali wa Ŵababuloni, kweni Yeremiya wakati kubwangandulika kwa Yerusalemu na vilimika 70 vya kukakhala ku wuzga cikaŵa cilango ca ŵanthu ŵa Ciuta, pakuti ‘Yerusalemu wakananga comene.’—Citengero ca Yeremiya 1:8; 3:42; 4:6.

Mwakuyana na ivyo Baibolo likuyowoya, vilimika 70 yikaŵa nyengo ya cilango cikuru pa Ŵayuda, ndipo Ciuta wakagwiliskira nchito Ŵababuloni kuti waŵalange. Kweni Ciuta wakaphalira Ŵayuda kuti: “Para vyamara vilimika makumi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri . . . nditi [ndimuwezgerani] ku malo ghano,” panji kuti ku Yuda na ku Yerusalemu.—Yeremiya 29:10.

Kasi “Vilimika Makumi Ghankhondi na Ghaŵiri” Vikamba Pawuli?

Wakulemba mdauko, zina lake Ezra uyo wakaŵako pakati pajumpha vilimika 70 ivyo wakacima Yeremiya, wakalemba vya Themba Nebukadinezara kuti: “Ŵeneawo ŵakaphokwa ku lupanga wakaluta nawo ku Babuloni, ŵakazgoka ŵazga ŵake na ŵa ŵana ŵake kufikira kuwusa kwa ufumu wa ku Persia, kufiska mazgu gha Yehova mu mulomo wa Yeremiya, cikasuka caru casekelera na masabata ghake. Nyengo yose iyo cikakhalira phasulo cikasunga sabata, kufiska vilimika makumi ghankhondi pacanya ghaŵiri.”—2 Midauko 36:20, 21.

Ntheura, vilimika 70 yikaŵa nyengo iyo caru ca Yuda na Yerusalemu cikenera ‘kusunga sabata.’ Ici cikung’anamura kuti caru cikeneranga kulimika yayi, kupanda mbuto panji kuphatilira minda ya mpheska. (Leviticus 25:1-5) Ŵanthu ŵa Ciuta ŵakaleka kumupulikira ndipo zakwananga zawo zinyake zikaŵa zakuti ŵakatondeka kusunga vilimika vya Sabata. Ntheura cilango cawo cikaŵa cakuti caru cawo ciŵenge mapopa ndiposo cambura kulimika kwa vilimika 70.—Leviticus 26:27, 32-35, 42, 43.

Kasi mphawuli apo caru ca Yuda cikaŵa mapopa ndiposo kwambura kulimika? Ŵababuloni ŵakawukira Yerusalemu kaŵiri mwakulongozgeka na Nebukadinezara, ndipo vilimika vikajumphapo kufuma pa kuwukira kwakwamba kufika pa kuwukira kwaciŵiri. Kasi vilimika 70 vikamba pawuli? Kuti vikamba apo Nebukadinezara wakazingilizga Yerusalemu kakwamba yayi. Cifukwa wuli? Nangauli pa nyengo iyi Nebukadinezara wakatora ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Yerusalemu na kuluta nawo ku Babuloni kuti ŵakaŵe ŵazga, kweni ŵanyake wakaŵaleka kuko. Kweniso wakabwangandura yayi msumba. Kwa vilimika vinandi, “ŵanthu ŵakavu comene” awo ŵakakhala ku Yuda ŵakalimanga minda yawo. (2 Mathemba 24:8-17) Kweni pamanyuma vinthu vikasintha mwamabuci.

Cifukwa ca kugaluka kwa Ŵayuda, Ŵababuloni ŵakizaso ku Yerusalemu. (2 Mathemba 24:20; 25:8-10) Ŵakabwangandula msumba na tempele lake lakupatulika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵatolera ku wuzga ku Babuloni. Mu myezi yiŵiri, “ŵanthu wose, [awo ŵakaŵasida ku Yerusalemu] ŵakuru na ŵacoko, na ŵacilongozgi ŵa nkhondo, ŵakaluta ku Egypt, pakuti ŵakopa Ŵakalidi” panji kuti Ŵababuloni. (2 Mathemba 25:25, 26) Kweni kuzakafika mu mwezi Waciyuda wacinkhondi na ciŵiri, wakucemeka Tishri (Seputembala/Okutobala) mu cilimika ici ndipo tingati caru cikamba kupumura Sabata, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵakafumamo ndipo cikalimikanga yayi. Kwizira mwa Yeremiya, Ciuta wakaphalira Ŵayuda awo ŵakacimbilira ku Eguputo kuti: “Mwawona uheni wose uwo ndaukhizga pa Yerusalemu, na pa mizi yose ya kwa Yuda; ndipo wonani, muhanya uno ndi phasulo, mulije munthu wakukhala mwenemumo.” (Yeremiya 44:1, 2) Ntheura vikuwoneka kuti vilimika 70 vikamba pa nyengo iyi. Kasi cikaŵa cilimika wuli? Kuti timanye zgoro, tikwenera kumanya apo nyengo iyi yikamalira.

Kasi “Vilimika Makumi Ghankhondi na Ghaŵiri” Vikamara Pawuli?

Nchimi Daniyeli, iyo yikaŵako mpaka apo Ufumu wa Peresiya ukamba kuwusa, yikaŵa ku Babuloni ndipo yikapendesera apo vilimika 70 vimalirenge. Nchimi iyi yikalemba kuti: “Ine, Daniel, nkhasambira mu mabuku unandi wa vilimika ivyo, kwakulingana na mazgu gha Yehova agho ghakizira Yeremiya nchimi, vyamkujumpha wacali wandapasuke Yerusalemu, . . . vilimika makumi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri.”—Daniel 9:1, 2.

Ezra wakaghanaghanirapo pa maucimi gha Yeremiya ndipo wakayaniska umaliro wa “vilimika makumi ghankhondi pacanya ghaŵiri” na nyengo iyo “Yehova wakawuska mzimu wa Syrus (Sayirasi) fumu ya Persia kuti wapharazge mazgu.” (2 Midauko 36:21, 22) Kasi Ŵayuda ŵakawerako pawuli ku wuzga? Languro lakuti Ŵayuda ŵawereko ku wuzga likapelekeka “mu cilimika cakudanga ca Syrus fumu ya Persia.” (Wonani bokosi lakuti “Cilimika Cakuzirwa Comene mu Mdauko.”) Ntheura mu cilimika ca 537 B.C.E., Ŵayuda ŵakawelera ku Yerusalemu kuti ŵakawezgerepo kusopa kwaunenesko.—Ezra 1:1-5; 2:1; 3:1-5.

Mwakuyana na mdauko wa mu Baibolo, ipo vilimika 70 vikamara mu 537 B.C.E. Para tingapendesera kuwelera kumanyuma, vilimika 70 vikambira mu 607 B.C.E.

Usange ukaboni wa mu Baibolo ukulongora kuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 607 B.C.E., cifukwa wuli ŵakusanda mdauko ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵakuti wakabwangandulika mu 587 B.C.E.? Ŵakugomezga vinthu viŵiri, cakwamba ni ivyo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakale ŵakalemba ndiposo ivyo Ptolemy wakalemba. Kasi ivyo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalemba ni vyakugomezgeka comene kuluska Baibolo? Tiyeni tiwone.

Kasi Ŵakusanda Mdauko Ŵakale Ŵakaneneskanga Vyose?

Ŵakusanda mdauko awo ŵakaŵako kufupi na nyengo iyo Yerusalemu wakabwangandulikanga, ŵakayowoya vinthu vyakupambana vyakukhwaskana na mathemba gha Babuloni.c (Wonani bokosi lakuti “Mathemba Ghakale gha Babuloni.”) Nyengo izo ŵakuzunura mwakuyana na mdauko wawo zikupambana na izo Baibolo likuyowoya. Kweni kasi ivyo ŵakalemba ni vyakugomezgeka?

Yumoza wa ŵakusanda mdauko uyo wakaŵako kufupi na nyengo ya mathemba gha Babuloni wakaŵa Berossus, “wasembe wa Bel” wa ku Babuloni. Buku lake la mdauko lakucemeka Babyloniaca, ilo wakalemba mu 281 B.C.E. lili kuzgeŵa, ndipo ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵa mdauko ŵali kukopera vinyake ivyo vikaŵa mu buku ili. Berossus wakayowoya kuti wakasanda “mabuku agho ghakasungika makora ku Babuloni.”¹ Kasi Berossus wakaŵa nadi wakusanda mdauko wakugomezgeka? Wonani ciyelezgero ici.

Berossus wakalemba kuti Themba Senakeribu la Asiriya “likanjira m’malo mwa mukuru” wake ndipo “pamanyuma mwana wake [Esarhaddon wakawusa] vilimika 8, ndipo pamanyuma pa uyu pakaŵa Sammuges [Shamash-shuma-ukin] uyo wakawusa vilimika 21.” (III, 2.1, 4) Ndipouli, mabuku ghakulongosora mdauko wa Ŵababuloni agho ghakalembeka pambere Berossus wandaŵeko ghakuti Senakeribu wakanjira m’malo gha dada wake, Sargon II, wakanjira m’malo gha mukuru wake yayi. Esarhaddon wakawusa kwa vilimika 12, vilimika 8 yayi ndipo Shamash-shuma-ukin wakawusa kwa vilimika 20, vilimika 21 yayi. Nkhwantha yinyake ya mdauko, R. J. van der Spek, yikazomerezga kuti Berossus wakasanda mabuku gha mdauko gha ku Babuloni, kweni wakalemba kuti: “Ici cikamutondeska yayi kusazgirako panji kulemba maghanoghano ghake.”²

Kasi nkhwantha zinyake za mdauko zikumuwona wuli Berossus? S.M. Burstein uyo wakasanda makora ivyo Berossus wakalemba, wakati: “Mu nyengo yakale ŵanji ŵakawonanga kuti Berossus ngwakusanda mdauko.” Ndipouli Burstein wakalutilizga kuti: “Ivyo wakalemba ni vyakukwana yayi kuti wacemekenge kuti ngwakusanda mdauko. Nanga ni mu vigaŵa vinyake vya buku lake la Babyloniaca ivyo ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵa mdauko ŵali kukopera mukusangika vyakubudika vinandi. Nchakwenelera yayi kuti wakusanda mdauko wabudiskenge vinthu vyanthena, kweni cilato ca Berossus cikaŵa ca kusanda mdauko yayi.”³

Pa ivyo tawona, kasi imwe mukuwona wuli? Kasi vilimika ivyo Berossus wakapendesera tikwenera kuviwona kuti vyose vikaŵa vyaunenesko? Wuli pakuyowoya za ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakale awo pakulemba mdauko wawo ŵakawonanga ivyo Berossus wakalemba? Kasi mdauko wawo ungaŵa nadi wakugomezgeka?

Ivyo Ptolemy Wakalemba

Ivyo wakalemba Claudius Ptolemy, uyo wakaŵa wakusanda vya ku mtambo uyo wakaŵako mu vilimika vya m’ma 100 C.E., navyo ŵakuvigwiliskira nchito pakukhozgera deti la 587 B.C.E. Ndondomeko ya mathemba iyo Ptolemy wakalemba ndiyo ŵakuyiwona kuti pajintha mdauko wose wakale, kusazgapo wa mathemba ghakale gha Babuloni.

Ptolemy wakalemba ndondomeko yake pakati pajumpha vilimika 600 kufuma apo mathemba ghakale gha Babuloni ghakalekera kuwusa. Kasi wakamanya wuli cilimika ico themba lakwamba pa ndondomeko yake likambira kuwusa? Ptolemy wakalongosora kuti wakapendesera nyengo iyo themba Nabonassar, ilo lili pakwamba pa ndondomeko yake, likawusira mwa kuwona kakhaliro ka dazi na mapulaneti, ndiposo umo mwezi ukenderanga.⁴ Christopher Walder wa ku British Museum wakati ivyo Ptolemy wakalemba vikaŵa “vyakovwira kwa ŵakusanda vya ku mtambo kuti ŵaŵe na mdauko wakuyana,” kweni “kuti vikaŵa vyakuti viwovwire ŵakusanda mdauko kuti ŵamanyenge nyengo iyo mathemba ghakambira kuwusa na kufwira yayi.”⁵

Leo Depuydt yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakubakira comene Ptolemy wakati: “Kwamba kale, ivyo wakalemba Ptolemy ni vyakovwira ku awo ŵakusanda vinthu vya ku mtambo, kweni ici cikung’anamura kuti ŵakusanda mdauko nawo ŵakwenera kuvigomezga yayi.” Mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya mathemba iyi, Purofesa Depuydt wakasazgirapo kuti: “Pakuyowoya za ŵawusi ŵakwambilira [kusazgapo mathemba ghakale gha Babuloni], ndondomeko iyo Ptolemy wakalemba yikwenera kuyaniskika na viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene kuti timanye makora nyengo iyo themba lililose likawusira.”⁶

Kasi “viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene” ni vici? Viphapha ivi vingatovwira kumanya usange ivyo wakalemba Ptolemy ni vyaunenesko. Viphapha ivi vikaŵa vyakukhwaskana na mdauko wa Ŵababuloni, ndondomeko ya mathemba na kendero ka cuma, ndipo vikalembeka na ŵalembi awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya mathemba ghakale gha Ŵababuloni, panji kufupi na nyengo iyi.⁷

Kasi ivyo Ptolemy wakalemba vikupambana wuli na viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene? Bokosi lakuti “Kasi Ivyo Ptolemy Wakalemba Vikupambana Wuli na Ivyo Vili mu Viphapha Vyakale?” ilo lili pasi apa likulongora vinyake ivyo Ptolemy wakalemba ivyo vikupambana na viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene. Wonani kuti Ptolemy wakalemba mathemba ghanayi pera gha Ŵababuloni agho ghakawusa pakati pa Kandalanu na Nabonidus. Ndipouli, Ndondomeko ya Mathemba gha ku Babuloni, iyo nchigaŵa ca viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene, yikulongora kuti mathemba ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakawusa pakati pa Kandalanu na Nabonidus. Kasi ndikuti mathemba agha ghakawusa kwa nyengo yicoko comene? Mwakuyana na ivyo vili mu viphapha vyakale vya kendero ka cuma, limoza mwa mathemba agha likawusa kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri.⁸

Paliso ukaboni wakukwana wakufuma mu viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene uwo ukulongora kuti pambere Nabopolassar wandambe kuwusa (themba lakwamba pa mathemba ghakale gha Babuloni), themba linyake (Ashur-etel-ilani) likawusa kwa vilimika vinayi mu Babuloni. Kweniso kwa cilimika cakujumpha cimoza mukaŵavya themba mu Babuloni.⁹ Kweni Ptolemy wakalembapo yayi vyose ivi.

Cifukwa wuli Ptolemy wakaleka kulemba mathemba ghanyake? Panji wakawona kuti ghakaŵa mathemba ghambura kuzomerezgeka na dango.¹⁰ Mwaciyelezgero wakalembapo yayi Labashi-Marduk, uyo nayo wakaŵa themba lakale la Babuloni. Kweni mwakuyana na viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene, mathemba agho Ptolemy wakaghaleka ghakawusapo Babuloni.

Ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ivyo Ptolemy wakalemba ni vyaunenesko. Pakuti vinyake wakajwanthira, kasi ivyo wakalemba ndivyo vingapeleka mdauko wakugomezgeka?

Fundo Yaumaliro Pakuwona Maukaboni

Mwakudumura, Baibolo likuyowoya mwakupulikikwa makora kuti pakaŵa vilimika 70 ivyo Ŵayuda ŵakaŵa ku wuzga. Pali ukaboni wakukwana, uwo nkhwantha zinandi zakusanda mdauko zikukolerana nawo, wakuti Ŵayuda awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga ŵakawelera ku caru cawo mu 537 B.C.E. Para tingapendesera vilimika 70 kufuma mu cilimika ici, tikuwona kuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 607 B.C.E. Nangauli ivyo ŵakalemba ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakale ŵakumanyikwa na ivyo wakalemba Ptolemy vikususka deti ili, kweni navyo ni vyakubudika pa malo ghanyake. Maukaboni ghaŵiri agho tasanda ngakukwana yayi kususka mdauko wa mu Baibolo.

Ndipouli, pacali mafumbo ghanyake agho ghandazgoreke. Kasi palije ukaboni unyake wa mdauko uwo ukukhozgera cilimika ca 607 B.C.E.? Kasi viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene ivyo vikalembeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakawonanga ivyo vikacitikanga vili na ukaboni wuli? Tizamudumbiskana mafumbo agha mu Gongwe la Mulinda lakulondezgapo.

[Mazgu ghamusi]

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Cilimika Cakuzirwa Mu Mdauko

Cilimika ca 539 B.C.E. ico Sayirasi II wakathereskera Babuloni ŵakacisanga mwakuwona:

▪ Mabuku gha mdauko ghakale ndiposo viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene: Diodurus wa ku Sicily (c. 80-20 B.C.E.) wakalemba kuti Sayirasi wakaŵa themba la Peresiya mu “cilimika cakujulira ciphalizgano ca maseŵero gha pa caru cose gha nambara 55. (Historical Library, Book IX, 21) Cilimika ici cikaŵa ca 560 B.C.E. Wakusanda mdauko Wacigiriki Heroditus (c. 485-425 B.C.E.) wakati Sayirasi wakakomeka “wakati wawusa kwa vilimika 29.” Ici cikulongora kuti wakakomeka mu cilimika ca 30 ca kuwusa kwake, mu 530 B.C.E. (Histories, Book I, Clio, 214) Viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene vikulongora kuti Sayirasi wakawusa ku Babuloni kwa vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi pambere wandafwe. Ntheura para tingasazgako vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi ku cilimika ico wakafwira ca 530 B.C.E., vikulongora kuti Sayirasi wakathereska Babuloni mu cilimika ca 539 B.C.E.

Ukaboni wa pa ciphapha ico cikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene: Ciphapha ca dongo ca ku Babuloni ico cikulongosora za vinthu vya ku mtambo (BM 33066) cikulongora kuti Sayirasi wakafwa mu 530 B.C.E. Nangauli ciphapha ici cili kubudiska pakukhwaskana na kakhaliro ka vinthu vya ku mtambo, kweni cikulongosora kuti dazi likajanda mwezi kaŵiri mu cilimika cacinkhondi na ciŵiri ca kuwusa kwa Cambyses II uyo wakaŵa mwana wa Sayirasi ndipo ndiyo wakahara ufumu. Pa Julayi 16, 523 B.C.E na pa Janyuwale 10, 522 B.C.E, Ŵababuloni ŵakawona kuti dazi likajanda mwezi, kulongora kuti cilimika cacinkhondi na ciŵiri ca muwuso wa Cambyses cikamba kukwambilira kwa 523 B.C.E. Ici cikulongora kuti Cambyses wakamba kuwusa mu 529 B.C.E. Ntheura Sayirasi wakawusa kaumaliro mu 530 B.C.E., kulongora kuti wakamba kuwusa Babuloni mu 539 B.C.E.

[Credit line]

Ciphapha: © The Trustees of the British Museum

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MWAKUDUMURA

▪ Ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakumanyikwa kanandi ŵakuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 587 B.C.E.

▪ Mdauko wa mu Baibolo ukulongora kuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 607 B.C.E.

▪ Ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakutolera ivyo ŵakalemba ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakale ŵakumanyikwa na ivyo wakalemba Ptolemy.

▪ Ivyo ŵakalemba ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakale ŵakumanyikwa ni vyakubudika pa malo ghanyake ndipo nyengo zinyake vikususkana na ivyo vili kulembeka pa viphapha vyadongo.

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Fundo Zakusazgikira

 1. Babyloniaca (Chaldaeorum Historiae), Book One, 1.1.

 2. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern World View and Society, peji 295.

 3. The Babyloniaca of Berossus, peji 8.

 4. Almagest, III, 7, lakung’anamurika na G. J. Toomer, mu Ptolemy’s Almagest, likasindikizgika mu 1998, peji 166. Ptolemy wakamanyanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakusanda vyakucanya ŵa ku Babuloni ŵakacitanga masamu kuti ŵamanye nyengo iyo vinthu vinyake vyakale vikacitikira ndiposo iyo vinthu vinyake vizamucitikira munthazi cifukwa ŵakabowozga kuti mwezi ukukumana na dazi para pajumpha vilimika 18.—Almagest, IV, 2.

 5. Mesopotamia and Iran in the Persian Period, peji 17-18.

 6. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volume 47, 1995, peji 06-107.

 7. Kale ku Babuloni pakulemba ŵakapanganga viphapha vya dongo liŵisi ndipo ŵakagwarangapo vimanyikwiro vyakupambanapambana mwakugwiliskira nchito kanthu kakuthwa kunthazi.

 8. Sin-sharra-ishkun wakawusa kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo viphapha 57 vyakulongosora kendero ka cuma mu nyengo iyo themba ili likawusanga ni vya mu cilimika cakwamba mpaka caumaliro ca kuwusa kwake. Wonani Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volume 35, 1983, peji 54-59.

 9. Ciphapha cakulongosora kendero ka cuma cakucemeka C.B.M. 2152 ncha mu cilimika cacinayi ca kuwusa kwa Ashur-etel-ilani. (Legal and Commercial Transactions Dated in the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods—Chiefly From Nippur, na A.T. Clay, 1908, peji 74.) Kweniso pa ciphapha cakulongosora za Nabonidus ca ku Harran, (H1B), I, mzere 30, cikulongora kuti Nabopolassar wakiza pamanyuma pake. (Anatolian Studies, Vol. VIII 1958, peji 35, 47.) Kuti mumanye vinandi pakukhwaskana na nyengo iyo pakaŵavya themba, wonani Chronicle 2, mzere 14, mu buku la Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, peji 87-88.

10. Nkhwantha zinyake za mdauko zikuti Ptolemy wakalembapo yayi mathemba ghanyake pa ndondomeko iyo wakalemba cifukwa ghakacemekanga kuti “Themba la Asiriya.” Ndipouli, nga umo muwonerenge pa bokosi ilo liri pa peji 30, mathemba ghanandi agho ghali pa ndondomeko iyo wakalemba Ptolemy nagho ghakacemekanga kuti “Themba la Asiriya.” Viphapha ivyo pakalembeka kendero ka cuma, viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene vya ku Babuloni, na vinthu vinyake vya mdauko vikulongora kuti Ashur-etel-ilani, Sin-shumu-lishir, na Sin-sharra-ishkun ŵakawusapo Babuloni.

[Chati/Cithuzithuzi pa peji 29]

(Mu magazini yakusindikizga ndimo vikuwoneka makora)

MATHEMBA GHAKALE GHA BABULONI

Usange ŵakusanda mdauko aŵa ŵakuneneska, cifukwa wuli ŵakususkana?

Mathemba

Utali wa nyengo (mu vilimika) iyo themba likawusira mwakuyana na ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakumanyikwa

[Kulongosora Cithuzithuzi]

Cithuzithuzi cakufuma ku British Museum

[Chati/Vithuzithuzi pa peji 30]

(Mu magazini yakusindikizga ndimo vikuwoneka makora)

KASI IVYO PTOLEMY WAKALEMBA VIKUPAMBANA WULI NA IVYO VILI MU VIPHAPHA VYAKALE?

Ptolemy wakalembapo yayi mathemba ghanyake pa ndondomeko yake. Cifukwa wuli?

NDONDOMEKO IYO WAKALEMBA PTOLEMY

Nabonassar

Nabu-nadin-zeri (Nadinu)

Mukin-zeri and Pul

Merodach-baladan

Sargon II “Themba la Asiriya”

First Kingless Period

Bel-ibni

Ashur-nadin-shumi

Nergal-ushezib

Mushezib-Marduk

Esarhaddon “Themba la Asiriya” GHA BABULONI IYO

Shamash-shuma-ukin YIKAŴA PA VIPHAPHA

VYAKALE COMENE

Kandalanu Kandalanu

Sin-shumu-lishir

Sin-sharra-ishkun

Nabopolassar Nabopolassar

Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar

Amel-Marduk Amel-Marduk

Neriglissar Neriglissar

Labashi-Marduk

Nabonidus Nabonidus

Cyrus

Cambyses

[Cithuzithuzi]

Pa vinyake mwa viphapha ivyo vikaŵa na vilembo vyakale comene pali mdauko wa Ŵababuloni uwo ukutovwira kumanya usange ivyo Ptolemy wakalemba ni vyaunenesko.

[Kulongosora Cithuzithuzi]

Cithuzithuzi cakufuma ku British Museum

[Kulongosora Cithuzithuzi pa peji 31]

Cithuzithuzi cakufuma ku British Museum