Bible Mmere Mu Yerusalem—Dɛn na Fam a Wotutu Hwehwɛ Tetefo Nneɛma mu Da no Adi?

EFI 1967 mu titiriw no, fam a wotutu hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu ho dwumadi a ɛyɛ anigye akɔ so titiriw wɔ Yerusalem. Mprempren, wɔma nkurɔfo kwan ma wotumi kɔ mmeae a wɔatutu no, enti momma yɛnkɔsra emu bi nhwɛ sɛnea tetefo nneɛma a wotutu hwehwɛ mu no ne Bible abakɔsɛm hyia.

Ɔhene Dawid Yerusalem

Ɛte sɛ nea baabi a Bible frɛ hɔ Bepɔw Sion a wɔkyekyee tete Dawid Kurow no nni mu biara wɔ nnɛyi Yerusalem kuropɔn no mu. Dawid Kurow a ɔbenfo Yigal Shiloh a waka baabi no dii anim ma wotutui wɔ 1978-85 mu no, maa ɔbo atrapoe kɛse anaa adum fasu bi a na ɛwɔ bepɔw no apuei fam, daa adi.

Ɔbenfo Shiloh kyerɛe sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ Yebusifo (nkurɔfo a na wɔte hɔ ansa na Dawid reko afa) no fasu kɛse bi a atrapoe wɔ so a wosii abankɛse wɔ so no dansin. Ɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ ɔbo ntrapoe a ohui wɔ ɔfasu a wɔtra akyi yi so no yɛ nea Dawid sii wɔ baabi a Yebusifo too abankɛse no. Yɛkenkan wɔ 2 Samuel 5:9 sɛ: “Dawid traa aban no mu, na ɔfrɛɛ no Dawid kurow, na Dawid totoo ho ɔfasu hyiae fi Milo ne emu fam.”

Kurow no tete nsuka a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ n’afã bi nso fi Dawid bere so tɔnn no bɛn aban yi. Bible mu nsɛm bi a ɛfa Yerusalem nsuka ho no nso ma nsɛmmisa sɔre. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Dawid ka kyerɛɛ ne mmarima no sɛ “obiara a obekum Yebusifo no nkodu nsuka no ho.” (2 Samuel 5:8) Dawid sahene Yoab yɛɛ eyi. Dɛn ankasa na asɛm “nsuka” no kyerɛ?

Nsɛmmisa foforo asɔre wɔ Siloam Nsuka a agye din a ɛda adi sɛ Ɔhene Hesekia adwumayɛfo tui wɔ afeha a ɛto so awotwe A.Y.B. mu, na wɔkaa ho asɛm wɔ 2 Ahene 20:20 ne 2 Beresosɛm 32:30 no ho. Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na adwumayɛfo akuw abien a wotuu suka no fii ti ne ti no tumi hyiaam? Dɛn nti na wotu kontɔn no maa nsuka no yɛɛ tenten sen sɛ anka wobetu no tẽẽ? Wɔyɛɛ dɛn nyaa mframa a ɛfata homee, bere a ɛda adi titiriw sɛ ngo akanea na na wɔde bedi dwuma no?

Biblical Archaeology Review nsɛmma nhoma no de nea ebetumi abua nsɛmmisa a ɛte saa no ma. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ bere a na wɔretutu fam no, Dan Gill a ɔyɛ abo ho ɔbenfo no kae sɛ: “Karst asubɔnka kɛse bi wɔ Dawid Kurow no mu. ‘Karst’ yɛ abo ho nimdeɛ mu asɛmfua bi a ɛkyerɛ baabi a nsu fifi abo mu nenam ma ɛhɔ yɛ mmonkyemmɔnka. . . . Abo mu nhwehwɛmu a yɛayɛ wɔ asase ase nsuka mu wɔ Dawid Kurow no ase no kyerɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔn ho akokwaw na wɔtrɛw (karst) nsubɔnka a ɛpae fii abotan mu ne nkoron a wotui, de emu nsu dii dwuma no mu.”

Eyi betumi aboa ma yɛakyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea wotuu Siloam Nsuka no mu. Anka ebetumi afa nsubɔnka a akontɔn afa mmepɔw ase no mu. Anka adwumayɛfo a wɔretu fi ti ne ti no betumi atu nsuka bi wɔ nkyɛn ansa, denam nsubɔnka no ani a wɔbɛdan so. Afei wotuu suka bi a esian na ama nsu asen afi Gihon asuten no mu akogu Siloam Ɔtare a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na ɛwɔ kurow no afasu mu no mu. Ná eyi yɛ mfiridwuma mu adeyɛ a ɛyɛ nwonwa ankasa, esiane sɛ na nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ ntofereho no mu korɔn yɛ sɛntimita 32 pɛ, ɛmfa ho sɛ ne tenten yɛ mita 533 no.

Nhomanimfo fi tete ahu sɛ baabi a na tete kurow no nya ne nsu ne Gihon nsuti no. Ná ɛda kurow no fasu akyi, nanso na ɛbɛn yiye a na ɛbɛma wɔatumi atwa nsuka ne nkoron a emu tenten yɛ mita 11 atom na ama wɔn a wɔte hɔ no atumi asaw mu nsu bere a wɔnkɔ ɔfasu a atwa wɔn ho ahyia no akyi. Wɔde eyi a wɔfrɛ no Warren Nkoron no too Charles Warren a ohuu dwumadi yi wɔ 1867 mu no. Nanso bere bɛn na wɔyɛɛ nsuka ne nkoron no? So na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ Dawid bere so? So eyi ne nsuka a Yoab de dii dwuma no? Dan Gill bua sɛ: “Nea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu ahu sɛ nokwarem no, na Warren Nkoron no yɛ nsuka a ɛnyɛ nnipa na etui no, yɛhwehwɛɛ carbon-14 wɔ dɔte bi a yɛte fii ne fasu a akontɔnkontɔn mu no mu. Ná ebi nnim, a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ na dɔte no adi bɛboro mfirihyia 40,000: Eyi de adanse pefee a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛnyɛ nnipa na etuu nkoron no ma.”

Adanse a Efi Hesekia Bere So

Ɔhene Hesekia traa ase bere a na Asiria man no retwiw fa biribiara so no. N’ahenni afe a ɛto so asia no, Asiriafo dii Samaria, mmusuakuw du no ahemman no so nkonim. Mfirihyia awotwe akyi (732 A.Y.B.) no, Asiriafo no san bae behunahunaa Yuda ne Yerusalem. Beresosɛm Nhoma a Ɛto so Abien ti 32:1-8 ka Hesekia ahobammɔ nhyehyɛe ho asɛm. So saa bere yi ho adanse pefee bi wɔ hɔ?

Yiw, wɔ 1969 mu no, Ɔbenfo Nahman Avigad huu saa bere yi mu nkaede bi. Fam tutu maa wohuu ɔfasu kɛse bi a ɔfã a edi kan no tenten yɛ mita 40, ne trɛw yɛ mita 7, na sɛnea nkontaabu kyerɛ no, ne korɔn yɛ mita 8. Ɔfasu no fã si ɔbotan so, na ɔfã foforo si adan a wosii nkyɛe so. Hena na ɔtoo ɔfasu no, na bere bɛn? Fam a wotutu hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu ho nsɛmma nhoma bi bɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Bible mu nsɛm abien na ɛboaa Avigad ma ɔkyerɛɛ bere pɔtee ne nea enti a wɔtoo ɔfasu no.” Nsɛm no kenkan sɛ: “Na ɔhyɛɛ ne ho den, na ɔtoo ɔfasu a abubu no nyinaa, na ɔma ɛkorɔn kosii aban atenten no ho, na ɔtoo ɔfasu foforo, kurow no akyi.” (2 Beresosɛm 32:5) ‘Mobedwiriw adan no, sɛ mode rewowaw fasu no.’ (Yesaia 22:10) Ɛnnɛ, nsrahwɛfo betumi ahu nea wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ Ɔfasu Tɛtrɛtɛ no fã bi wɔ Yudafo Mantam a ɛwɔ Kurow Dedaw no mu mu.

Fam a wotutu nso ma ɛda adi sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ saa bere no, na Yerusalem yɛ kɛse sen sɛnea na wosusuw no, esiane aguanfo a wofi kusuu fam ahenni no mu baa hɔ, bere a Asiriafo dii wɔn so nkonim no nti. Ɔbenfo Shiloh buu akontaa sɛ na Yebusifo kurow no kɛse bɛyɛ hɛkta 6. Salomo bere so no, na ne kɛse reyɛ adu hɛkta 16. Ebeduu Ɔhene Hesekia bere so wɔ mfirihyia 300 akyi no, na kurow no fã a wɔato ho fasu no atrɛw akodu hɛkta 60.

Asɔrefie a Edi Kan Bere so Amusiei Horow

Amusiei horow a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ Asɔrefie a Edi Kan no bere so, kyerɛ sɛ, ansa na Babilonfo bɛsɛee Yerusalem wɔ afe 607 A.Y.B. no nso ayɛ baabi a wonya nsɛm foforo. Wohuu nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa bere a wotutuu aboda ahorow bi wɔ Hinom Bon no nsiane so wɔ 1979/80 mu no. Gabriel Barkay a otutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no ka sɛ: “Wɔ Yerusalem fam tutu mu nhwehwɛmu ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, eyi ne Asɔrefie a Edi Kan no adekorabea kakraa bi a yɛahu a emu nneɛma nyinaa wom. Ná nneɛma bɛboro apem na ɛwom.” Ɔtoa so sɛ: “Ade titiriw a obiara a otutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu, a ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ Israel, ne ne titiriw no, Yerusalem, hwɛ kwan ne sɛ obenya nkyerɛwde bi.” Wonyaa dwetɛ nhoma mmobɔwee abien, ná dɛn na ɛwom?

Barkay kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Bere a mihuu dwetɛ nhoma mmobɔwee a wɔabue mu, na mede hyɛɛ ahwehwɛ a wɔde hwɛ ade ma ɛyɛ kɛse ase no, mitumi hui sɛ wɔde kyerɛwdua bi a ano yɛ nam akyerɛw nkyerɛwde bi a ne hu yɛ den agu dwetɛ krataa hatahata no so. . . . Wɔde Hebri nkyerɛwde anan na na akyerɛw Onyankopɔn Din yod-he-waw-he a ɛda adi pefee wɔ tete Hebri nkyerɛwee no mu no.” Barkay toaa so wɔ nhoma bi mu akyiri yi sɛ: “Nea ɛyɛɛ yɛn nwonwa ne sɛ na wɔakyerɛw nhyira nsɛm a na ɛreyɛ ayɛ te sɛ Asɔfo Nhyira nsɛm a ɛwɔ Bible mu no ara pɛ.” (Numeri 6:24-26) Ná eyi ne bere a edi kan a wɔahu Yehowa din wɔ nkyerɛwee bi mu wɔ Yerusalem.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na nhomanimfo kyerɛɛ mfe a dwetɛ nhoma mmobɔwee yi adi? Egyina nneɛma a wotutuu fam hui a na ɛwom no so titiriw. Wohuu nkuku bɛboro 300 a na wobetumi akyerɛ mfe pɔtee a adi wɔ adekorabea hɔ, a na ɛtwe adwene si mfeha a ɛto so ason ne asia A.Y.B. so. Sɛ wɔde nkyerɛwee no toto nkyerɛwde foforo a adi mfe pɔtee bi no ho a, ɛdan adwene kɔ bere koro no ara so. Wɔde nhoma mmobɔwee horow no agu Israel Tete Nneɛma Akorae wɔ Yerusalem.

Yerusalem Sɛe a Ɛbae Wɔ 607 A.Y.B. Mu

Bible ka Yerusalem sɛe a ɛbae wɔ afe 607 A.Y.B. mu ho asɛm wɔ 2 Ahene ti 25, 2 Beresosɛm ti 36, ne Yeremia ti 39, na ɛbɔ amanneɛ sɛ Nebukadnesar asraafo na ɛhyew kurow no. So fam a wɔatutu nnansa yi no adi abakɔsɛm mu asɛm yi ho adanse? Sɛnea Ɔbenfo Yigal Shiloh kyerɛ no, “fam a wotutu hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu a emu da hɔ no boa . . . [ɔsɛe a Babilon de bae ho] adanse a ɛwɔ Bible mu no; emu nneɛma a wɔsɛee no pasaa, ne ogyaframa a ɛhyew afie no mu nnua nyinaa no.” Ɔka kaa ho sɛ: “Wɔahu ɔsɛe yi ho nneɛma bi wɔ fam tutu a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Yerusalem no mu.”

Nsrahwɛfo betumi ahu ɔsɛe a esii bɛboro mfe 2,500 ni no ase. Israelfo Aban Tenten, Ɔdan a Ahyew, ne Bullae Fie no yɛ mmeae a wɔatutu a wɔakora so a amanfo tumi kɔhwɛ no bi din. Jane M. Cahill ne David Tarler a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no bɔɔ nsɛm mua wɔ Ancient Jerusalem Revealed nhoma no mu sɛ: “Ɛnyɛ nneɛma a ahyew ayɛ tumm a wotui wɔ Ɔdan a Ahyew no ne Bullae Fie no mu no nko na ɛma wohu Yerusalem a Babilonfo sɛee no pasaa no, na mmom, adan a adwiriw afabo a wohui sɛ ɛsam apuei fam nsiane so no nso. Sɛnea Bible ka kurow no sɛe ho asɛm no . . . foa wɔn a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma no adanse no so.”

Enti, fam a wotutu hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no a akɔ so mfe 25 a atwam ni no di sɛnea Bible ka Yerusalem ho asɛm fi Dawid bere so de besi ne sɛe so wɔ afe 607 A.Y.B. mu no ho adanse. Na afeha a edi kan Y.B. mu Yerusalem nso ɛ?

Yesu Bere so Yerusalem

Fam tutu, Bible no, afeha a edi kan Yudani abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Josephus, ne nhoma horow boa nhomanimfo ma wɔyɛ Yesu bere so Yerusalem a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na Romafo no bɛsɛee no wɔ afe 70 Y.B. mu no ho mfonini. Bere ne bere mu no, wogyina nneɛma a wotutu fi fam no so yɛ nsakrae horow wɔ ɛho mfonini bi a ɛwɔ ahɔhodan kɛse bi akyi wɔ Yerusalem no so. Asɔrefie Bepɔw no a Herode ama ayɛ kɛse mmɔho abien asen Salomo bere so de no ne kurow no mu ade titiriw. Ná ɛyɛ pampa a ɛso sen biara a nnipa ayɛ pɛn wɔ tete wiase no mu, a na ne tenten mu bɛyɛ mita 480 na ne trɛw bɛyɛ 280. Sɛnea nhomanimfo bi kyerɛ no, afabo no bi mu duru yɛ tɔn 50, na ebi mpo reyɛ adu tɔn 400, na na “ne kɛse so bi nni wɔ tete wiase no mu.”

Ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ nkurɔfo bi ho dwiriw wɔn bere a wɔtee sɛ Yesu reka sɛ: “Munnwiriw asɔredan yi, na mede nnansa mɛma so bio” no. Ɛwom sɛ na ɔreka ne “nipadua asɔredan” ho asɛm de, nanso na wosusuw sɛ ɔreka asɔredan kɛse no ho asɛm. Enti wɔkae sɛ: “Mfirihyia aduanan asia na wɔde sii asɔredan yi na wo de, nnansa na wode bɛma so?” (Yohane 2:19-21) Esiane Asɔrefie Bepɔw no ho a wotutui no nti, afei de nsrahwɛfo betumi ahu afasu no fã bi ne Yesu bere so adansi ho nneɛma bi, na mpo wɔanantew ntrapoe a akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɔfaa so foro kɔɔ atɔe fam pon ano no so.

Mmeae abien bi a efi afeha a edi kan Y.B. mu no wɔatutu fam asan ayi ho fɛfɛɛfɛ a wɔfrɛ no Ofie a Ahyew no ne Asɔrefie Bepɔw a ɛwɔ Kurow Dedaw no mu wɔ Yudafo Mantam no mu atɔe fam ɔfasu ho ne Herode Mantam mu no ntam kwan nware koraa. Bere a wohuu Ofie a Ahyew no, Nahman Avigad a otutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no kyerɛwee sɛ: “Afei de ɛda adi pefee sɛ Romafo no na wɔhyew ɔdan yi wɔ afe 70 Y.B. mu, bere a wɔsɛee Yerusalem no. Bere a edi kan koraa wɔ fam tutu ho abakɔsɛm mu wɔ kurow no mu no, kurow no a wɔhyew no no ho adanse ada adi pefee.”—Hwɛ mfonini ahorow no wɔ kratafa 12.

Nneɛma a wɔahu yi mu bi ma yɛte nsɛm a esisii wɔ Yesu asetram no bi ase. Ná adan no sisi Kurow Atifi, baabi a na Yerusalem adefo ne asɔfo mpanyin no tete. Wohuu amanne kwan so aguaree no pii wɔ afie no mu. Nhomanimfo bi ka sɛ: “Amanne kwan so aguaree pii no di sɛnea na nkurɔfo a wɔte Kurow Atifi wɔ Asɔrefie a Ɛto so Abien bere so no mfa amanne kwan so ahotew mmara no nni agoru no ho adanse. (Wɔayɛ mmara horow yi ho kyerɛwtohɔ wɔ Mishnah, a ɛka mikveh no ho nsɛm nkutoo wɔ atiri du mu, no mu.)” Nsɛm yi boa yɛn ma yɛte Yesu nsɛm a ɔka faa amanne horow yi ho kyerɛɛ Farisifo ne akyerɛwfo no ase.—Mateo 15:1-20; Marko 7:1-15.

Wɔahu abo annwene pii nso wɔ Yerusalem ama ɛyɛ nwonwa. Nahman Avigad ka sɛ: “Dɛn nti na afei de wohuu pii prɛko pɛ saa wɔ Yerusalem afie mu yi? Mmuae no wɔ halakhah, Yudafo amanne kwan so ahotew mmara horow no mu. Mishnah no kyerɛ yɛn sɛ abo annwene ka nneɛma a ɛho ntumi ngu fĩ no ho . . . Enti, na ɔbo ho ntumi ngu fĩ wɔ amanne kwan so ɔkwan biara so.” Wɔkyerɛ sɛ eyi nti na wɔkoraa nsu a Yesu ma ɛdan nsã no so wɔ abo annwene mu sen sɛ wɔbɛkora so wɔ nkuku mu no.—Leviticus 11:33; Yohane 2:6.

Sɛ obi kɔsra Israel Tete Nneɛma Akorae hɔ a obehu nnompe nnaka abien bi a ɛyɛ soronko. Biblical Archaeology Review kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Ná wɔde nnompe adaka no di dwuma wɔ bɛyɛ mfe ɔha ansa na Romafo resɛe Yerusalem wɔ afe 70 Y.B. mu. Ná wɔde nea wawu no to tokuru bi a wɔatwa wɔ ɔbodan a wosie amu wom no mu; sɛ honam no porɔw a, wɔsesaw nnompe no de gu nnompe adaka no mu—adaka a wɔde akadobo a ɛyɛ fɛ ayɛ.” Wohuu abien a wɔde kyerɛ baguam no wɔ November 1990 wɔ ɔboda bi mu. Zvi Greenhut a otutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no bɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Asɛmfua . . . ‘Kaiafa’ a ɛwɔ nnompe nnaka abien ho wɔ ɔboda no mu no pue bere a edi kan koraa wɔ fam tutu adwuma no mu. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ edin a wɔde frɛɛ Ɔsɔfo Panyin Kaiafa abusua a wɔbɔɔ din . . . wɔ Apam Foforo no mu no . . . Ɛyɛ ne fie a ɛwɔ Yerusalem no mu na wɔdan Yesu maa Roman amrado Pontio Pilato.” Ɔbarima bi a wadi bɛyɛ mfe 60 nnompe gu nnompe nnaka no biako mu. Nhomanimfo kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ Kaiafa nnompe ankasa. Nhomanimfo bi ka sɛ ade a wohui no fi Yesu bere so: “Herode Agripa na otwaa dwetɛ sika bi a wohuu wɔ nnompe nnaka no biako mu no (37-44 Y.B.). Ebia Kaiafa nnompe nnaka abien no fi afeha yi mfiase pɛɛ.”

Ɔbenfo William G. Dever a ɔwɔ Near Eastern fam tutufo a wɔhwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu wɔ Arizona Sukuupɔn mu no kaa Yerusalem ho asɛm sɛ: “Ɛnyɛ asɛm a wɔka gugu mu sɛ yɛbɛka sɛ yɛasua nneɛma pii afi fam a wotutu hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu wɔ saa beae yi wɔ mfe 15 a atwam yi mu sen mfe 150 a edi ɛno anim no nyinaa mu. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ fam a wotutu hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu dwumadi a akɔ so wɔ Yerusalem wɔ mfe dudu a atwam mu no ama nneɛma a Bible abakɔsɛm ka ho asɛm no mu ada hɔ.

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 9]

Yerusalem Kuro mfonini wɔ Asɔrefie a Ɛto so Abien no bere so – nea na esi Holyland Ahɔhodan a ɛwɔ Yerusalem, asase so

[Kratafa 10 mfonini ahorow]

Atifi: Yerusalem Asɔrefie Bepɔw no kesee fam atɔe ntwea so

Nifa: Yɛresian akɔ Warren Nkoron mu