IIHasmonaean Nelifa Lazo

XA UYESU wayesemhlabeni, ubuYuda babuqhekeke bangamahlelo, yaye onke ayekhuphisana ngokuba negunya phezu kwabantu. Loo nkcazelo siyifumana kwiingxelo zeVangeli nakwimibhalo yombhali-mbali ongumYuda wenkulungwane yokuqala uJosephus.

AbaFarisi nabaSadusi babonakala bengabantu abanempembelelo, abakwaziyo nokweyisela ibutho labantu liphela ukusa kwinqanaba lokugatya uYesu njengoMesiya. (Mateyu 15:1, 2; 16:1; Yohane 11:47, 48; 12:42, 43) Noko ke, la maqela mabini awayephembelela abantu, akakhankanywa kwiZibhalo zesiHebhere.

UJosephus waqala ukukhankanya abaSadusi nabaFarisi ngenkulungwane yesibini ngaphambi Kwexesha Eliqhelekileyo. Ebudeni beli xesha amaYuda amaninzi ayesamkela izithethe zamaGrike, oko kukuthi, impucuko nentanda-bulumko yamaGrike. Imbambano phakathi kwamaGrike namaYuda yafikelela kwincopho yayo xa abalawuli ababengamalandela kaSeleucus bangcolisa itempile yaseYerusalem, beyinikela kuZeyus. Umlawuli ongumYuda owayenamandla, uJudah Maccabee, owayezalwa yintsapho eyayisaziwa ngokuba ziiHasmonaean, wakhokela umkhosi wabavukeli owahlutha iitempile kumaGrike.a

Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo emva kwemvukelo noloyiso lweeMaccabees kwabakho utyekelo lokuqalisa amahlelo nto leyo eyayibangelwa kukwahlukana kweengcamango, hlelo ngalinye likhuphisana nelinye ukuze lamkeleke ngokubanzi kwibutho lamaYuda. Kodwa kwakutheni ukuze kuvele olu tyekelo? Kwakutheni ukuze ubuYuda bahlulelane kangaka? Ukuze sifumane impendulo, makhe sihlolisise imbali yeeHasmonaean.

Ukwanda Kokuzimela-geqe Nokungabikho Komanyano

Emva kokuba elufikelele usukelo lwakhe lokubuyisela unqulo etempileni kaYehova, uJudah Maccabee waphethukela kwezobupolitika. Ngenxa yoko, amaYuda amaninzi ayeka ukumlandela. Sekunjalo, waqhubeka esilwa nabalawuli ababengamalandela kaSeleucus, wenza isivumelwano neRoma, yaye wafuna ukumisela iLizwe lamaYuda elizimeleyo. Emva kokufa kukaJudah edabini, abantakwabo uJonathan noSimon baqhubeka nomzabalazo. Ekuqaleni abalawuli ababengamalandela kaSeleucus bazichasa ngamandla iiMaccabees. Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, aba balawuli benza izivumelwano kwezobupolitika, baza banika iiHasmonaean umlinganiselo othile kazimele-geqe.

Nangona zaziphuma kumnombo wababingeleli, kwakungekho namnye kwiiHasmonaean owayekhe wakhonza njengombingeleli omkhulu. AmaYuda avakalelwa kukuba esi sikhundla sasifanele sinikwe ababingeleli bomnombo kaTsadoki, lowo wayemiselwe nguSolomon njengombingeleli omkhulu. (1 Kumkani 2:35; Hezekile 43:19) Ukuze eyisele abalawuli ababengamalandela kaSeleucus ukuba bammisele njengombingeleli omkhulu, uJonathan walwa waza wasebenzisa nothethathethwano. Kodwa emva kokufa kukaJonathan, umntakwabo uSimon waphumeza okungakumbi. NgoSeptemba we-140 B.C.E., kwawiswa ummiselo obalulekileyo eYerusalem, owalondolozwa ngokubhalwa kumacwecwe obhedu, ngesiGrike: “UKumkani uDemetrius [umlawuli ongumlandeli kaSeleucus ongumGrike] umisele [uSimon] kuluhlu lwababingeleli abakhulu, wamenza omnye wabaHlobo bakhe, waza wamzukisa njengesidwangube. . . . AmaYuda nababingeleli abakhulu baye bagqiba kwelokuba uSimon ufanele abe yinkokeli nombingeleli omkhulu ngonaphakade, de kuvele umprofeti onokuthenjwa.”—1 Maccabees 14:38-41 (incwadi yembali eyafunyanwa kwiiNcwadi Ezingaphefumlelwanga).

Ngaloo ndlela, isikhundla sikaSimon njengomlawuli nombingeleli omkhulu—esasinikwe yena nenzala yakhe—kwavunyelwana ngaso kungekuphela nje ligunya langaphandle labalawuli ababengamalandela kaSeleucus kodwa “neNdibano Enkulu” yabantu bakowabo yavumelana naso. Eli yaba lixesha elibalulekileyo lokuguquka kwezinto. Njengoko umbhali-mbali uEmil Schürer watshoyo, zathi iiHasmonaean zakungena kumnombo wabalawuli bezobupolitika, “zayeka ukuzixhalabisa ngokuphunyezwa kweTorah [uMthetho wamaYuda] kodwa zazixhalabele ukulondoloza nokwandisa igunya lazo kwezobupolitika.” Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba wayelumkele ukucaphukisa amaYuda, uSimon wasebenzisa isibizo esithi “inkokeli yabantu,” kunokuthi “ukumkani.”

Asingabo bonke abantu abavumelanayo nesenzo seeHasmonaean sokurhwaphiliza igunya kwezonqulo nakwezobupolitika. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali abaninzi, ibutho labantu baseQumran lasekwa ebudeni belo xesha. Umbingeleli womnombo kaTsadoki, ekukho inkolelo yokuba imibhalo yeQumran ibhekisela kuye xa ithetha “ngoMfundisi woBulungisa,” wemka eYerusalem waza wakhokela iqela elaliyichasa loo nkqubo ukuya kwiNtlango yakwaYuda kufuphi noLwandle Olufileyo. Omnye weMisongo yoLwandle Olufileyo, ogqabaza ngencwadi kaHabhakuki, uthi “uMbingeleli Ongendawo owayebizwa ngegama lenyaniso ekuqaleni, kodwa wathi akulawula kwaSirayeli wazala likratshi.” Abaphengululi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba phakathi kukaJonathan noSimon ukho onokufanelwa yiloo nkcazelo yanikelwa lelo hlelo xa lalithetha ‘ngoMbingeleli Ongendawo.’

USimon waqhubeka ehlasela ngomkhosi ukuze andise umhlaba owawuphantsi kolawulo lwakhe. Noko ke, ulawulo lwakhe lwaphela ngesiquphe xa uPtolemy, umkhwenyana wakhe wamgwintayo yena noonyana bakhe ababini ngoxa babesesidlweni kufuphi neYeriko. Kodwa eli linge lakhe lokufuna ukulawula lasilela. UJohn Hyrcanus, unyana kaSimon owayesele, walunyukiswa kusithiwa naye usesichengeni sokubulawa. Wababamba abo babenokumbulala waza wangena ezihlangwini zikayise njengenkokeli nombingeleli omkhulu.

Ukwandisa Umhlaba Nengcinezelo

Ekuqaleni, uJohn Hyrcanus wajamelana nezisongelo eziqatha zemikhosi yaseSiriya, kodwa ngowe-129 B.C.E., abalawuli ababengamalandela kaSeleucus boyiswa kwidabi ababelilwa namaParti. Ngokuphathelele umphumo eyaba nawo le mfazwe kubalawuli ababengamalandela kaSeleucus, umbhali-mbali ongumYuda uMenahem Stern wabhala: “Laphantse lawohloka lonke ilungiselelo lobukumkani.” Ngaloo ndlela, uHyrcanus “wakwazi ukuphinda afumane uzimele-geqe wakwaYuda yaye waqalisa ukwandisa umhlaba wakhe kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo.” Eneneni, wawandisa ke umhlaba wakhe.

Ngoku engasathintelwa zizisongelo zamaSiriya, uHyrcanus waqalisa ukuhlasela imimandla engaphandle kwelakwaYuda, eyithabathela phantsi kolawulo lwakhe. Kwafuneka ukuba abemi baloo mimandla baguqukele ebuYudeni kungenjalo izixeko zabo zaziya kutshatyalaliswa. Wawahlasela ngaloo ndlela ke namaIdumeya (amaEdom). Ethetha ngolu hlaselo, okaStern wathi: “Yayisisihlandlo sokuqala ngqa ukuba kuguqulwe abantu ngaloo ndlela kwaguqulwa ngayo abantu baseIdumeya, kuba kwaguqulwa uhlanga luphela kungekhona abantu nje abambalwa.” Phakathi kwemimandla eyoyiswayo yayiyiSamariya, apho uHyrcanus watshabalalisa itempile yamaSamariya eyayikwiNtaba iGerizim. Echaza into ehlekisayo ngale nkqubo yabalawuli bakwaHasmonaean yokuguqula abantu ngenkani, umbhali-mbali uSolomon Grayzel wathi: “Umzukulwana kaMattathias [uyise kaJudah Maccabee] wayevukela umgaqo—wenkululeko yonqulo—lowo wawukhuselwa ngeyona ndlela sisizukulwana esingaphambili.”

Ukuvela KwabaSadusi NabaFarisi

UJosephus uthetha ngokwanda kwempembelelo yabaFarisi nabaSadusi okokuqala xa ebhala ngolawulo lukaHyrcanus. (UJosephus wayekhe wabakhankanya abaFarisi ababephila ebudeni bolawulo lukaJonathan.) Akayichazi imvelaphi yabo. Abanye ababhali-mbali babagqala njengeqela elaliphuma kumaHasidim, ihlelo lonqulo elalizinikele nelalixhasa uJudah Maccabee kusukelo awayenalo ngonqulo kodwa elamshiyayo emva kokuba eye wasukela ukufumana isikhundla kwezobupolitika.

Ngokuqhelekileyo igama elithi abaFarisi linxulunyaniswa negama lesiHebhere elithetha “abahlukileyo,” nangona abanye beligqala njengelinxulumene negama elithi “iitoliki.” AbaFarisi babengabaphengululi ababephuma phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo, ekungekho mnombo ukhethekileyo babevela kuwo. Bazahlukanisa kwizithethe ezazingacocekanga baza bazibonakalisa bengamalungisa athile ngendlela ekhethekileyo, besebenzisa imithetho yasetempileni yobungcwele bababingeleli kubomi bemihla ngemihla. AbaFarisi bavelisa indlela entsha yokutolika iZibhalo nengcamango kamva eyaziwa njengomthetho odluliselwa ngomlomo. Ebudeni bolawulo lukaSimon baba nempembelelo enkulu xa abathile bamiselwa njengamalungu eGerousia (ibhunga lamadoda amakhulu), elo kamva laziwa ngokuba yiSanhedrin.

UJosephus uthi ekuqaleni uJohn Hyrcanus wayengumfundi nomxhasi wabaFarisi. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, abaFarisi bamohlwaya ngenxa yokungavumi ukuyeka isikhundla sokuba ngumbingeleli omkhulu. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ahlukane nabo. UHyrcanus wayigqala imimiselo yonqulo yabaFarisi njengengekho mthethweni. Enye indlela awabohlwaya ngayo ngokubhekele phaya kukuba, wama ngakwicala leqela lonqulo elalibachasa abaFarisi, abaSadusi.

Igama elithi abaSadusi linxulunyaniswa noMbingeleli Omkhulu uTsadoki, lowo inzala yakhe yayikwisikhundla sobubingeleli ukususela ngexesha likaSolomon. Noko ke, asingabo bonke abaSadusi ababephuma kulo mnombo. Ngokutsho kukaJosephus, abaSadusi babezizidwangube nezinhanha zolo hlanga, yaye babengathandwa ngabantu bonke. Unjingalwazi uSchiffman ugqabaza enjenje: “Kuyabonakala ukuba, inkoliso yabo . . . yayingababingeleli okanye yayendiselene neentsapho zababingeleli abakhulu.” Ngaloo ndlela, babesondelelene kakhulu nabo basemagunyeni. Ngoko ke, ukwanda kwempembelelo yabaFarisi ebantwini ngokubanzi nengcamango yabaFarisi yokunika bonke abantu ilungelo elingcwele lobubingeleli, kwakugqalwa njengesisongelo esasinokulisingela phantsi igunya ababenalo abaSadusi. Ngoku, kwiminyaka yokugqibela kaHyrcanus, abaSadusi baphinda babamb’ iintambo.

Ukubalasela Kwezobupolitika Ngaphezu Kokuzinikela Elunqulweni

Unyana omkhulu kaHyrcanus, uAristobulus, walawula nje unyaka wamnye ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Waqhubeka nenkqubo yokuguqula abantu ngenkani eIturaya waza wathabathela iGalili engasentla phantsi kolawulo lweeHasmonaean. Kodwa abalawuli bakwaHasmonaean bafikelela kwincopho yolawulo lwabo kuphela ngexesha lolawulo lomntakwabo, uAlexander Jannaeus, owayelawula ukususela ngowe-103-76 B.C.E.

UAlexander Jannaeus wayigatya inkqubo yangaphambili waza, ngokukhululekileyo nje wazibiza njengombingeleli omkhulu nokumkani. Ungquzulwano olwaluphakathi kweeHasmonaean nabaFarisi lwaqina, lwada lwakhokelela kwimfazwe yamakhaya ekwafa kuyo amaYuda angama-50 000. Emva kokuba iphelile loo mvukelo, njengomfuziselo woko kwenzeka kookumkani ababengabahedeni, uJannaeus wayalela ukuba abavukeli abangama-800 baxhonywe emthini. Xa sele beza kufa, abafazi nabantwana babo babebulawa bejongile, ngoxa uJannaeus wayesesidlweni kunye namashweshwe akhe.b

Nangona wayelutshaba lwabaFarisi, uJannaeus wayenobuchule ngokwenene kwimicimbi yezobupolitika. Wabona ukuba abaFarisi babexhaswa ngabantu abaninzi. Xa wayelele elukhukweni lokufa wayalela umfazi wakhe, uSalome Alexandra, ukuba abafake abaFarisi kwizikhundla zolawulo. UJannaeus wayenyule yena ukuba angene ezihlangwini zakhe kungekhona oonyana bakhe. Wazingqina enobuchule bokulawula, yaye ixesha lokulawula kwakhe labalasela ngokuba noxolo kuyo yonke imbali yokulawula kweeHasmonaean kolo hlanga (76-67 B.C.E.). AbaFarisi babuyiselwa kwizikhundla zolawulo, nemithetho eyayinxamnye nemimiselo yabo yonqulo yarhoxiswa.

Ekufeni kukaSalome, oonyana bakhe uHyrcanus II, owayekhe wakhonza njengombingeleli omkhulu, noAristobulus II balwa, ngamnye kubo efuna ukungena ezihlangwini zakhe. Bobabini babengenabuchule kwezobupolitika nakwezomkhosi njengooyisemkhulu, yaye kubonakala ngathi akukho namnye kubo owayekuqonda kakuhle oko kuthethwa kukwanda kwamaRoma kuloo mmandla emva kokuwohloka kobukumkani booSeleucus. Ngowama-63 B.C.E., bobabini aba bafana baya kumlawuli ongumRoma uPompey ngoxa wayeseDamasko baza bamcela ukuba alamle loo ngxabano yabo. Kwangaloo nyaka, uPompey waya eYerusalem nemikhosi yakhe waza wathabath’ iintambo. Baqalisa ke ukuwa ubukhosi beeHasmonaean. Ngowama-37 B.C.E., iYerusalem yathatyathwa nguKumkani waseIdumeya uHerode Omkhulu, lowo iBhunga likaRhulumente waseRoma lalimmisele “njengoKumkani wakwaYuda,” “owayengumxhasi nomhlobo wabantu baseRoma.” Baba buyaphela ke ubukhosi beeHasmonaean.

Ilifa LeeHasmonaean

Ixesha leeHasmonaean, ukususela kuJudah Maccabee ukusa kuAristobulus II, laba sisiseko sokwahlulelana kwezonqulo okwakukho ngexesha lokuphila kukaYesu emhlabeni. IiHasmonaean zaqalisa ngokuba nenzondelelo yokunqula uThixo, kodwa zagqibela ngokufeza eyazo iminqweno. Ababingeleli bazo, ababenelungelo lokumanyanisa abantu ukuba balandele uMthetho kaThixo, bakhokelela uhlanga kusukuzwano olungapheliyo lwezobupolitika. Ngenxa yale meko, kwabakho iiyantlukwano ezininzi ngokuphathelele iimbono zonqulo. Zazingasekho iiHasmonaean, kodwa kolo hlanga, ngoku olwalulawulwa nguHerode neRoma kwaqhubeka kukho usukuzwano ngezikhundla zonqulo phakathi kwabaSadusi, abaFarisi nabanye.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Isicangca esikwiphepha 30]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Umnombo Wabalawuli BeeHasmonaean

UJudah Maccabee UJonathan Maccabee USimon Maccabee

↓

UJohn Hyrcanus

↓ ↓

USalome Alexandra — watshata — noAlexander Jannaeus UAristobulus

↓ ↓

UHyrcanus II UAristobulus II

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 27]

UJudah Maccabee wafuna uzimele-geqe wamaYuda

[Inkcazelo]

The Doré Bible Illustrations/Dover Publications, Inc.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 29]

IiHasmonaean zalwela ukulawula izixeko ezingakumbi ezazingezozamaYuda

[Inkcazelo]

The Doré Bible Illustrations/Dover Publications, Inc.