Abangenamakhaya—Ziyini Izimbangela?
KWAKUWUBUSUKU obubandayo basebusika. ULouise nabomkhaya wakhe bavuswa ngonya ukuhayiza kokuklabalasa. Kwakuqubuke umlilo endlini kamakhelwane. Isikhwishi somoya obandayo wasebusika sabhebhetha amalangabi sawaqhubekisela esakhiweni esinezitezi eziyisithupha. Ngokwesaba nangokukhungatheka bezama ukuphuma ekamelweni labo elisesitezi sesihlanu, umama kaLouise wawa wafa ebalekela umlilo. Esikhathini esithile kamuva, amalangabi asishisa saba umlotha isakhiwo, futhi wonke amakhaya aqothulwa.
Ukulahlekelwa unina nekhaya lakubo ngobusuku obubodwa kwakuyigalelo elinzima kuLouise. Ngokujabulisayo, wayenezihlobo nabangane abamthatha kwaze kwaba yilapho esekwazi ukuhlela izinto. Lokhu yilokho izazi zezenhlalakahle ezikubiza ngokuthi isimiso sokusekelana komphakathi, lokho ezizukulwaneni eziningi okuye kwasebenza njengendlela eyisivikelo ezikhathini ezibucayi.
Khona-ke kungani wonke amadolobha amakhulu enabantu bawo basemgwaqweni kanye nezindawo zawo zokukhoselisa abantu abangenamakhaya? Kungani kunemijondolo, izindawo eziminyene zabampofu kanye nezindawo ezingamaxhokovana? Futhi, empeleni, kungani kunesimo sezindlu nenkinga yokungabi namakhaya?
Lapho Isimiso Sokusizana Sehluleka
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, ilungiselelo lokusizana kwezihlobo nabangane liphumelela kahle kakhulu ekulungiseleleni usizo oludingekayo phakathi nanoma iyiphi inhlekelele yomuntu siqu. Nokho, lelilungiselelo libucayi. Kuthiwani uma isidingo sisikhulu noma sibiza kangangokuthi singaphezu kwalokho lelilungiselelo lokusizana elingakunikeza? Noma kuthiwani uma umonakalo othile engokwenhlalo omkhulu wonakalisa lona lelilungiselelo ngokwalo? Lapho ilungiselelo lokuvikela lehluleka, abantu babhekana nobunzima obukhulu.
Lokhu yilokho okwenzekayo emazweni amaningi asathuthuka. Ngokwesibonelo, eminyakeni ethile eyedlule, eNdiya izimvula ezibangelwa isiphepho sasolwandle ziye zabonakala zingenele. Ehlobo lika-1987, umuntu waseNdiya oyedwa kwabathathu wayentula amanzi anele okuphuza. Ukuntuleka kwamanzi kwasho futhi ukungakhuli kwezitshalo, futhi imfuyo ayizange isinde. Njengoba isivuno sasingekho, izisebenzi zasemasimini zazingenawo umsebenzi futhi yayingekho indlela yokondla imikhaya yazo. Okuwukuphela kwendlela ezazingenza ngayo kwakuwukushiya izigodi futhi ziye emadolobheni lapho kwakusengatholakala khona umsebenzi.
Umphumela walokhu kuthutha ubonakala uwumthwalo wangempela emadolobheni, lawo kakade asekhathazwa ukwanda okusheshayo kwenani labantu. Bengenayo imali noma umsebenzi, laba bathuthi abakwazi ukubhekana nezindleko ngisho zekamelo elincane ezindaweni zabampofu. Futhi njengoba beye bazibeka ngokwabo endaweni entsha ngokuphelele, bambalwa abanomuntu abangaphenduleka kuye. Khona-ke kumelwe bafane nabanye abaningi abahlala eceleni kwemigwaqo bese inkinga yezindlu yanda.
Ezinye izizwe ezisathuthuka zibhekene nezinkinga ezifanayo. Incwadi iAfrica in Crisis ithi: “Ngo-1950, kwakunedolobha elilodwa kuphela eAfrika elalinabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi. Ngo-1980, kwakunamadolobha ayi-19 ayenabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi. Ngonyaka ka-2000, kulindeleke ukuba kube namadolobha anjalo angaphezu kwangama-60.” Inani elikhulu labantu basemaphandleni lithuthekela emadolobheni linethemba lokuthola ukuphila okungcono. Kodwa okuye kwaba umphumela kube izindawo zokuhlala eziphansi nokwehla kwezinga lokuphila, ngokuvamile okubi kakhulu kunalokho abakushiye ngemuva.
Izindleko Ezandayo Nomkhiqizo Onciphayo
Ezizweni ezicebe ngokwengeziwe noma ezithuthukile, izimbangela zokungabi namakhaya zingase zehluke kakhulu. Abameleli balabo abangenamakhaya ngokuvamile bakhomba isimo sezomnotho njengesici esiyinhloko. Ngokwesibonelo, eCanada, “nakuba eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, izindleko zokwakha ezandayo ziye zenyusa imali yezindlu ezintsha,” kubika umagazini wezindaba waseCanada iMaclean’s “ukufika kwemikhaya enamalungu amabili athola umholo ebhizinisini lezindlu eminyakeni yamuva kuye kwayenyusa ngokwengeziwe imali—kwamanye amadolobha angomakhelwane ngamaphesenti angama-50 ngonyaka owedlule kuphela.”
Emadolobheni amaningi okwenezela ekunyukeni kwezindleko zezindlu isimiso esibizwa ngokuthi ukuthuthela ezindaweni eziphucuzekile. Ngokwandayo, izindlu ezindala ezibiza imali ephansi phakathi edolobheni ziyavuselelwa noma zenziwe izindlu ezibiza imali ephakeme ngazo zonke izinto zesimanje ezanelisa abantu abasanda kuceba noma intsha eyizifundiswa ekhetha ukuhlala edolobheni kunempilo yasezindaweni ezingaphandle. Lokhu akwenyusi nje kuphela izindleko kodwa futhi kunciphisa kakhulu inani lezindlu ezibiza ngokusesilinganisweni zemikhaya ethola imiholo ephansi noma ephakathi.
Ngokwesibonelo, edolobheni laseNew York, ukuhlola kwamuva kwathola ukuthi umkhaya kumelwe uhole amaR116 000 ngonyaka ukuze ufinyelele izindlu ezinekamelo elilodwa lokulala elibiza ngokusesilinganisweni. Ukuhlolwa kwesizwe kubonisa ukuthi iManhattan nayo iphuma phambili emadolobheni esizwe ngentela. Indlu engamamitha sikwele ayi-130, enamakamelo amabili isendaweni enentela ekahle, ngokwesilinganiso engamaR3 110 ngenyanga, futhi umkhaya kudingeka uhole amaR146 000 ngonyaka ukuze uyifinyelele, uzimisele ukusebenzisa amaphesenti angaphezu kwama-40 omholo wawo ngendlu nje kuphela.
Kwamanye amadolobha izintela zezindlu zingase zibe phansi, kodwa kuyefana nesilinganiso somholo wezisebenzi. Njengoba izindlu zokuhlala zidla isamba esikhulu kangaka somholo womkhaya, noma isiphi isimo esingesihle sezimali kalula singaphumela enhlekeleleni. Lokho kwenzeka kuJohn, eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule owathutha umkhaya wakhe enamalungu ayisihlanu usuka eChicago, eIllinois, uya eHouston eTexas, eyofuna umsebenzi. Okwesikhashana umkhaya wakhe wawondla ngenzalo ayeyithola ngokuba umdayisi wezimoto zezokuzilibazisa. Khona-ke, ngenxa yokucindezeleka kwezomnotho, ezinyangeni ezimbili akadayisanga lutho. Engakwazi ukukhokha intela yendlu engamaR1 190 ngenyanga, yena nomkhaya wakhe bakhishwa endlini. Kungekho muntu ababengaphendukela kuye, baya endaweni yemikhaya engenakhaya. Nakuba ayeqiniseka ngendawo yokukhosela, uJohn wayecabanga ngendlela ayengabuye asimame ngayo, njengoba bembalwa abaqashi abayoqasha umuntu ongenalo ikheli lendawo ahlala kuyo.
Nakuba abantu abaningi emadolobheni amakhulu benawo amakhaya, izindawo abahlala kuzo ziyenyanyeka. Ukuhlola kwembula ukuthi ngisho nasemadolobheni aphucuke njengeNew York, amaphesenti ayi-10 ezindlu zokuhlala ayilokho okubizwa ngokuthi “izindlu eziqashisayo zomthetho omdala,” izindlu ezazicatshangelwa njengezingafanelekile ngisho nasekuqaleni kwalelikhulu ngenxa yokungabikho kwamalungiselelo anele omoya, ukukhanya , nenhlanzeko. Amanye amaphesenti angama-30, “ayizindlu zomthetho omusha,” ezithuthukisiwe ngandlelathile, kodwa ezingaphansi kwezinga lezango-1929. Unyaka ngamunye, abantu abayizi-30 000 bakhishwa ngenkani ezindlini zabo lapho izakhiwo zabo eziwohlokayo ekugcineni zichithwa noma zishiywa.
Isici Esingokwengqondo
Okwenza izimo zibe zimbi kakhulu, izingcweti eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi ezomnotho zingase zibe ngenye yezimbangela zokungabi nakhaya. Baphikisa ngokuthi amaphesenti aphakeme abantu abangenamakhaya abangelwa ukuthi bagula ngengqondo futhi abasakwazi ukuzinakekela.
Kusukela phakathi nawo-1960 izinhlangano zesizwe eziningi zezifo zengqondo, emzamweni wokunciphisa izindleko, ziye zasungula lokho okubizwa ngokuthi indlela yomphakathi yokwelapha ingqondo. Abagula ngengqondo belashwa ngemilaliso ethile emisha eshukumisa ingqondo bese bededelwa. Injongo yayiwukuba uma izimpawu zesifo ezingathi sína ngokwengeziwe zilawulwa ngemilaliso, abagulayo bayolulamiswa ukuhlala nomphakathi futhi uzisekele. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokomphumela eCanada, ingqikithi yabantu abasezinhlanganweni zezifo zengqondo iye yancipha isuka emibhedeni eyizi-47 600 ngo-1960 kuye ngaphansi kwezi-10 000 manje, futhi inani labantu abasezibhedlela zengqondo eUnited States lingaphansi kwengxenye yesine yenani eliphakeme eliyizi-559 000 ngo-1955.
“Kodwa ukudedelwa kwabagula ngengqondo ngezinga elikhulu kuye kwabhuntshiswa ukwehluleka kwezifunda ukulungiselela umphakathi izinto ezanele, noma izindawo zokuhlala, zalabo ababenezifo zengqondo,” kubika iMaclean’s. Abaningi babo baphoqelelwa ukuba bahlale emahositela anukubezekile nasezindlini ezihlukaniswe ngokwamakamelo. Abanye, bengakwazi ukulawula ukuphila kwabo, bagcina emaxhokovaneni noma emgwaqweni. Emadolobheni amaningi aseCanada izikhulu zezenhlalakahle zilinganisela ukuthi abantu abangenamakhaya abayingxenye yesithathu bakhathazwa ukungahleleki okuthile kwengqondo. Ukuhlolwa okwenziwa uEllen Bassuk Wesikole Sezokwelapha SaseHarvard kwathola “amaphesenti angama-90 ezifo zengqondo ezingelapheki” phakathi kwezakhamizi zamaxhokovana avamile abantu abangenamakhaya eBoston.
Isimo semikhaya engenamakhaya ebekwe emahositela ezenhlalakahle nokunye asingcono neze. Nakuba bengebaningi kubo abaye bahlushwa isifo sengqondo, izimo zokucinana nezokungahlanzeki, kuhlangene nesithukuthezi nokungabi nathemba, ngokuvamile kuholela ekubeni nobudlova nasekukhathazekeni okungokomzwelo komkhaya, ikakhulukazi ngezingane.
Ingqinamba Ekufuneni Ikhambi
Nakuba izingcweti zingavumelani ngokuthi ukungabi namakhaya kubangelwa ukucindezeleka ngokomnotho, amanani aphakeme ezindlu, izinkinga ezingokwengqondo, noma okunye okuthile, izici eziningana zenkinga zisalokhu zishaqisa. Okokuqala, kusobala ukuthi, inkinga yezindlu iyanda ezweni lonke. Okwesibili, ngokuqhubekayo, akubona nje kuphela abantu abangashadile kodwa imikhaya, eba ngengenamakhaya. Futhi ekugcineni, inani labangenamakhaya lingabantu abasha ngeminyaka yobudala. Lamaphuzu adabukisayo afuna amakhambi. Yini eyenziwayo ukuze kuxazululwe lenkinga? Iphumelela kangakanani? Futhi ingabe ziyoke zibe khona izindlu ezanele zabo bonke?
[Isithombe ekhasini 9]
Amaxhokovana okubambisa eduze nezindlu zikanokusho zokunethezeka
[Umthombo]
Mark Edwards/UNCHS