Izidakamizwa—“Inguculaza Yomdlalo”
“Amasteroid aletha usongo olukhulayo empilweni nasekulondekeni kwesizwe sethu”—Isikhulu soMnyango Wokuqondisa Ukuvinjelwa Kokusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa saseU.S.
IZIGIDI zezibukeli zomdlalo weOlympic, waseSeoul zashaqeka. Iqhawe lazo, umsubathi owagijima ibanga lamamitha ayi-100 ukubedlula bonke emhlabeni, waphucwa imendlela yakhe yegolide, wavinjelwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa izinto ezinqatshelwe.
Ngakho esinye isifo siye sathelela ezemidlalo—ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, okunzima kakhulu ukukuqeda ngokuphelele kangangokuthi kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi “Ingculaza yomdlalo.”
“IOlympics Yemithi”
Kubonakala sengathi ngokuyinhloko abanye abasubathi baqala ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa emidlalweni ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili. Nokho, manje ngokwezazi, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa phakathi kwabadlali kuthe chithi saká kangangokuba kubangela ukuba kube “nezinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi nezibizayo, ngokuvamile ezisungulwa izinhlangano zezemidlalo ngokwazo, ngenjongo esobala yokuthola imiphumela ephambili, ukukhanga abaxhasi, ukwenza imali, ukuzuza amandla.” Lesisenzakalo sithe chithi saká kangangokuthi iCorriere Medico, iphephandaba eliphuma ngezikhathi ezithile lesayensi yezokwelapha laseItaly, labiza imidlalo yango-1984 yaseLos Angeles ngokuthi “iOlympics Yemithi.”
Eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokunye ukwelapha okungekho emthethweni ukuze kuzuzwe ngokungafanele emncintiswaneni kuhlasela imidlalo eminingi kuwo wonke amazwe. Izwe ngalinye lifuna ukwehlula amanye, ngakho alikho elifuna ukuyeka ukunikeza abadlali balo izidakamizwa. Ngendlela esesikhathini, iPhalamende laseYurophu laveza ukuthi “izifiso zokuphuma phambili nezikhathi zemidlalo ezifika ngokuphindaphindiwe zigcina umdlali engaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu okwandisa ukulingeka kokusebenzisa izindlela ezingokomthetho ezengeziwe noma ezingaphansi zokulondoloza isimo esihle esingokomzimba nesingokwengqondo. Ukulingeka kwenziwa futhi kube kukhulu ngokwengeziwe yiqiniso lokuthi abaqeqeshi bezemidlalo banezimiso ezimbalwa zokuziphatha.” Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni kwenziwa ngisho nakubafana abasebancane.
Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zokusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa Ezingekho Emthethweni
Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo:
Amasteroid, izidakamizwa ezasetshenziswa kulokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi “isikhathi esingathi sína emlandweni weOlympic,” ukuvinjelwa komqophi-rekhodi wamamitha ayi-100 uBen Johnson eSeoul. Lezi izidakamizwa okuthi ngokuthonya ukukhiqizwa kwama-amino acid, zihlanganyele ekwandisweni kwesisindo namandla esicubu futhi zandise nokuthukuthela. Ngokwesibonelo, kuthiwa yonke imibhalo egciniwe yezwe yokuphakanyiswa kwezinsimbi eyenziwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yabangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwalezidakamizwa.
Amastimulant, njengecaffeine nestrychnine, asetshenziselwa ukwandisa isililo sokuphaphama nokubangela ukwephuza ukukhathala.
Amanarcotic analgesic, asetshenziselwa ukuqeda ubuhlungu nokudambisa.
Amabeta blocker (izidakamizwa ezivimbela ukusebenza kweadrenaline kumareceptors ezicutshini zenhliziyo), izidakamizwa okuthi ngenxa yokunciphisa kwazo likushaya kwenhliziyo nokuqinisa umzimba, zisetshenziswe ikakhulukazi abanembi abacibayo.
Amadiuretic, awokwehlisa isisindo somzimba ngokushesha nokufihla ubukhona bezinye izidakamizwa ezenqatshelwe ngesikhathi kwenziwa ukuhlola.
Lezi ezinye nje zezidakamizwa ezaziwa kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ngokungemthetho, kodwa iKomiti Yomdlalo WeOlympic Yezizwe Zonke iye yenza uhlu lwezidakamizwa ezenqatshelwe ezilinganiselwa ekhulwini. Inkinga iwukuthi ngokushesha nje lapho esinye sazo senqashelwa ngokomthetho noma kwenziwa izindlela zokubona ubukhona baso, wonke amaqembu odokotela nezazi zemithi yokwelapha azimisela ukusebenza ukuze akhiqize ezinye.
Nokho, kusenezinye izindlela abadlali ngokungethembeki abazama ngazo akuthuthukisa amandla abo.Ukuze zenze-ngcono isimo sazo emanzini, ezinye izinhlambi ziye zagcwalisa amathumbu azo ngehelium gas.
Abadlali abaningi bavuma ukuthi baye amukela ukumpontshelwa igazi ukuze bathuthukise ukubekezela kwabo. Ngokwabanye, lokumpontshelwa izinhlayiyana ezibomvu zegazi labo siqu, ezazikhishwe kubo esikhathini esithile esidlule, ukugeleza komoya-mpilo kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba, kuhlanganise nezicubu kuyathuthukiswa.
Muva nje eminye imithombo yezokunyathelisa iye yaveza ukuthi abanye abadlali besifazane baye basebenzisa ukukhulelwa njengendlela yokuzidaka imizwa ngokungekho emthethweni. Abesifazane abakhulelwe baba negazi eliningi, futhi lokhu kwandisa ukuthunyelwa komoya-mpilo ezicutshini. Abanye abadlali besifazane, ikakhulukazi labo ababa nengxenye emidlalweni lapho kudingeka khona amandla amakhulu angokomzimba, baye basebenzisa ngokunenzuzo izikhathi zokuqala zokukhulelwa ukuze bathuthukise amandla abo. Ngemva kwemidlalo bakhipha isisu.
Inkinga Engathi Sína
Kodwa yande kangakanani lenkinga? Uma sibheka izikhathi ezimbalwa okwenzeka ngazo ukuba abadlali bangavunyelwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa, abanye abalandeli bangase bacabange ukuthi isilinganiso esincane kakhulu sabadlali esiphendukela ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, futhi ngokuqinisekile izithixo zabo azisoze zayenza into efana naleyo. Kodwa labo abajwayelene nezemidlalo bazibona ngokwehlukile izimo.
“Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kuthe chithi saká kakhulu kunokuba kungase kucatshangwe,” kwasho owayewumdlali ojikijela idiscus waseItaly. Futhi ngokukaProfesa Silvio Garattini, owuchwepheshe kwezokuthakwa kwemithi, cishe inkinga yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni ingengathi sína kakhulu kunokuba kuye kwacatshangwa. Ngokweminye imithombo, amaphesenti angama-50 abadlali abanekhono kakhulu ngokomzimba basebenzisa izidakamizwa ezenqatshelwe.
Ingozi Kubadlali
Kodwa inkinga yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni ayixhomekanga nje kuphela ekutheni ukufeza ukuphumelela okungcono kungatholwa ngezindlela ezingafanele. Umdlali wanamuhla, futhi ikakhulukazi lowo odla izidakamizwa, uyingxenye yeqembu elikhulu nokho elifihliwe, elihlanganisa odokotela abakwazi ukugunyaza izidakamizwa ezingavuthiwe uma kudingekile. Nokho, umdlali okhokhela imiphumela—ihlazo lokubanjwa noma ukwenqatshelwa futhi ngokungaphezulu, izingozi ezingathi sína zempilo.
Kukholelwa ukuthi amasteroid okwandisa izicubu abangela ukulimala kwesibindi nenqubo yokusebenza kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi aveze futhi nemiphumela ehlukahlukene engokomzimba eseceleni. Lezidakamizwa futhi ziyimbangela yokulimala kwenqubo yezitho zokukhipha ukungcola nokuzala, nangobuntu bobudlova babanye abadlali.
Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezinye izidakamizwa, njengamastimulant, kuvusa “isimo sokudideka, ukuthembela ezidakamizweni eziwushevu, ukubonwa kwezinto ezingekho kubangelwa ukudungeka kwemizwa.” Ngokuphathelene nokumpontshelwa igazi, uDokotela wephephandaba lesayensi eliphuma njalo ngezikhathi ezithile uveza ukuthi ukufakwa kwezinhlayiyana ezibomvu zegazi lomdlali siqu kunezingozi. Enye yalezi “ukufaka ngokweqile nokunciphisa ukugeleza kwegazi kwezinye izingxenye kubangelwa ukwanda kokushuba kwegazi” nokunqwabelana kokusansimbi “kuveze imiphumela emibi ngezitho ezibucayi (isibindi, izinso, inhliziyo, izindlala ze-endocrine, njll.)”
Izisulu zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, okungenani lezo ezaziwayo, ziningi. Ezimbalwa zalezo eziningi ezaziwa kahle umgibeli webhayisekili uJensen waseDenmark, owafa phakathi nomdlalo weOlympics wango-1960 waseRome; umgibeli webhayisekili uTom Simpson waseBrithani, owafa phakathi noMncintiswano wamabhayisekili waseFrance wango-1967; umsubathi webanga elilinganiselwe waseHolland uAugustinus Jaspers, owafa ngokushesha ngemva kokugijima emdlalweni weOlympics waseLos Angeles ngo-1984; umsubathi wesikhombisa waseNtshonalanga Jalimane uBirgit Dressel, owabulawa ushevu wezidakamizwa azithola ngaphansi kwegunya likadokotela wezemidlalo iminyaka eminingi.
“Umdlalo awuhawukeli,” kwasho uCarl Lewis, owaba umpetha wezeOlympic izikhathi eziningana. “Ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni kuye kwathatha ukuphila kwezisulu zakho kakade. Abagqugquzeli bayazi ngakho futhi abasho lutho.”
Nokho futhi, ngisho nakuba bewaqaphela lamaqiniso aphazamisayo, abadlali bawuphendula kanjani lombuzo: “Uma ngingakunikeza iphilisi eliyokwenza ukuba ube umpetha kwezeOlympic kodwa eliyokubulala ungakapheli nonyaka, ubungalithatha?” Kubadlali baseU.S. ababuzwa, amaphesenti angama-50 athi yebo. Futhi lempendulo efanayo cishe inganikezwa abadlali abaningi bakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
Ingabe kungalindelwa ukuba ukuthatha izinyathelo ezilwisana nokusebenzisa izidakamizwa kuyophumelela ekulwisaneni nalesifo? Nokho, ngokwezazi, zimbalwa kakhulu izikhungo ezinamathuluzi okwenza ukuhlola okufanelekile, futhi ukuhlola ngokwakho kubiza kakhulu. Futhi, ngokuvamile imiphumela yokuhlola iye yaba namaphutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, naphezu kwalokho okwafinyelelwa emdlalweni weOlympic waseKorea wamuva, izinhlobo ezintsha zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni ngaso sonke isikhathi ziyisinyathelo esisodwa ngaphambili sendlela yokuzibona. Nokho, kunesizathu esihle sokuthemba ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni nobudlova kuyophela
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 9]
“Uma ngingakunikeza iphilisi eliyokwenza ukuba ube umpetha kwezeOlympic kodwa eliyokubulala ungakapheli nonyaka ubungalithatha?” Kubadlali baseU.S. ababuzwa, amaphesenti angama-50 athi yebo
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 10]
ESoviet Union, abadlali abangama-290 nabaqeqeshi bajeziswa ngokusebenzisa isidakamizwa phakathi kuka-1986 no-1988.—Leninskoye Znamya, umagazini waseSoviet
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 11]
“Abadlali abasebenzisa amasteroid baba nonya futhi bathukuthele.”—UDkt. uRobert Voy, isikhulu esiphethe sezokwelapha seKomiti YeOlympic yaseU.S.