Ukulunga Okungengokwamasiko Adluliselwa Ngomlomo
“Uma ukulunga kwenu kungadluli okwababhali nokwabaFarisi, anisoze nangena embusweni wezulu.”—MATHEWU 5:20.
1, 2. Yini eyenzeka ngokushesha nje ngaphambi kokuba uJesu anikeze iNtshumayelo yakhe yaseNtabeni?
UJESU wayechithe ubusuku esentabeni. Amazulu agcwele izinkanyezi ayemboze yonke indawo. Izilwane ezincane zasebusuku zazihwashaza emahlozini. Ngasempumalanga amanzi oLwandle LwaseGalile ayeshayeka ngokuthula ogwini. Kodwa uJesu kungenzeka wayebuphawula kancane lobobuhle obunokuthula nobududuzayo obabumzungezile. Wayechithe lobobusuku ethandaza kuYise osezulwini, uJehova. Wayedinga isiqondiso sikaYise. Usuku olwaluzolandela lwalubalulekile.
2 Ngasempumalanga isibhakabhaka sakhanya. Izinyoni zaqala ukuhambahamba, zitshiyoza kamtoti. Izimbali zasendle zazintengantengiswa umoya. Njengoba imisebe yokuqala yelanga yayiqhamuka emkhathizwe, uJesu wabiza abafundi bakhe wayesekhetha abangu-12 phakathi kwabo ukuba babe ngabaphostoli bakhe. Khona-ke, ekanye nabo bonke, wehla entabeni. Kakade izixuku zase zibonakala zitheleka zivela eGalile, eTire naseSidoni, eJudiya naseJerusalema. Zazizele ukuzophulukiswa ekuguleni kwazo. Amandla avela kuJehova ayephuma kuJesu njengoba abaningi babemthinta futhi bephiliswa. Babezele futhi ukuzokuzwa amazwi akhe ayenjengawomuthi owelaphayo emiphefumulweni yabo ekhathazekile.—Mathewu 4:25; Luka 6:12-19.
3. Kungani abafundi nezixuku babenokulangazelela lapho uJesu eqala ukukhuluma?
3 Ezimisweni zabo zokufundisa ezihleliwe, orabi babevame ukuhlala phansi, futhi ngalokhu kusa kwasentwasahlobo ngo-31 C.E., yilokho uJesu akwenza, ngokusobala endaweni ehlelembekile phezulu eqeleni. Lapho abafundi bakhe nezixuku bebona lokhu, baqaphela ukuthi kwakunokuthile okukhethekile okwakuzokwenzeka, ngakho baqoqana ngakuye ngokulindela okuthile. Lapho eqala ukukhuluma, babewalangazelela amazwi akhe; lapho ephetha esikhathini esithile kamuva, basala bemangele ngalokho ababekuzwile. Ake sibone ukuthi kungani.—Mathewu 7:28.
Izinhlobo Ezimbili Zokulunga
4. (a) Yiziphi izinhlobo ezimbili zokulunga okwakukhulunywa ngazo? (b) Yayiyini injongo yamasiko adluliselwa ngomlomo, futhi ingabe yafezeka?
4 ENtshumayelweni yakhe yaseNtabeni, ebikwe kokubili kuMathewu 5:1–7:29 nakuLuka 6:17-49, uJesu wawuveza ngokucacile umehluko phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili: ababhali nabaFarisi kanye nabantu abavamile ababebacindezela. Wakhuluma ngezinhlobo ezimbili zokulunga, ukulunga kwabaFarisi kokuzenzisa nokulunga kweqiniso kukaNkulunkulu. (Mathewu 5:6, 20) Ukuzibona kwabaFarisi belungile kwakusekelwe emasikweni adluliselwa ngomlomo. Lawa ayeqaliswe ekhulwini lesibili leminyaka B.C.E. ‘njengothango olubiyele uMthetho’ ukuze luwuvikele ungangenwa ubuHellenic (isiko lamaGreki). Ayeye abhekwa njengengxenye yoMthetho. Eqinisweni, ababhali babeze babeka ngisho namasiko adluliselwa ngomlomo ezingeni eliphakeme kunoMthetho obhaliwe. IMishnah (iqoqo lamasiko amaJuda) ithi: “Umthetho uqine kakhulu ngokuqondene nokugcinwa kwamazwi abaBhali [amasiko abo adluliselwa ngomlomo] kunokugcinwa kwamazwi oMthetho obhaliwe.” Ngakho, esikhundleni sokuba abe “uthango olubiyele uMthetho” ukuze awuvikele, amasiko abo awululaza uMthetho futhi awenza ize, njengoba uJesu asho: “Nichitha umyalo kaNkulunkulu ukuba nigcine isiko lenu.”—Marku 7:5-9; Mathewu 15:1-9.
5. (a) Sasiyini isimo sabantu abavamile abeza bezolalela uJesu, futhi ababhali nabaFarisi bababheka kanjani? (b) Yini eyayenza amasiko adluliselwa ngomlomo abe umthwalo osinda kangaka emahlombe abantu abasebenzayo?
5 Abantu abavamile ababebuthanele ukuzolalela uJesu babempofu ngokomoya, ‘bekhathazekile futhi behlakazeke njengezimvu ezingenamalusi.’ (Mathewu 9:36) Ngokuqhosha ababhali nabaFarisi babebeyisa, bebabiza ngokuthi ama-ʽam ha·ʼaʹrets (abantu basezweni), futhi bebadelela ngokubabiza ngezoni ezingazi lutho neziqalekisiwe ezingakufanelekele ukuvuswa ngoba bengazange bawagcine amasiko adluliselwa ngomlomo. Ngesikhathi sikaJesu lawomasiko ayesemaningi kakhulu futhi ewubishi olucindezelayo lokugxeka ngokungafanele okungokomthetho—egcwele imikhuba yokukhulekela echitha isikhathi—kangangokuthi akukho muntu osebenzayo owayengase akwazi ukuwagcina. Akumangalisi ukuthi uJesu wawalahla lamasiko ewabiza ngokuthi ‘imithwalo enzima ebekwe emahlombe abantu.’—Mathewu 23:4; Johane 7:45-49.
6. Yini eyayimangaza kangaka ngamazwi kaJesu esethulo, futhi yiluphi ushintsho alubonisa ngabafundi bakhe nangababhali nabaFarisi?
6 Ngakho lapho uJesu ehlala phansi eqeleni, labo abasondela ukuzolalela kwakungabafundi bakhe nezixuku ezazilambile ngokomoya. Laba kumelwe ukuba bathola amazwi akhe esethulo emangalisa. ‘Bayajabula abampofu, bayajabula abalambile, bayajabula abakhalayo, bayajabula abazondwayo.’ Kodwa ubani ongajabula lapho empofu, elambile, ekhala futhi ezondwa? Futhi omaye babhekiselwa kwabacebile, abasuthayo, abahlekayo nabatuswayo! (Luka 6:20-26, qhathanisa neNW.) Ngamazwi ambalwa nje, uJesu wazishintsha zonke izimiselo zabo ezingokwesiko nezindinganiso zabantu ezamukelwayo. Kwakuwushintsho olukhulu lwezikhundla, ngokuvumelana namazwi kaJesu akamuva: “Yilowo nalowo oziphakamisayo uzakuthotshiswa, kodwa ozithobayo uzakuphakanyiswa.”—Luka 18:9-14.
7. Amazwi kaJesu esethulo kumelwe ukuba aba namuphi umphumela esixukwini esasilambile ngokomoya esasilalele uJesu?
7 Ngokuphambene nababhali nabaFarisi ababenelisekile, labo ababeza kuJesu ngalokhu kusa babesiqaphela isimo sabo esidabukisayo esingokomoya. Amazwi akhe esethulo kumelwe ukuba abanika ithemba: “Bayajabula abaqaphela isidingo sabo esingokomoya, ngoba umbuso wamazulu ungowabo.” Futhi yeka ukuthi kumelwe ukuba baphuphuma kanjani injabulo lapho enezela: “[Bayajabula] abalambele bomele ukulunga, ngokuba bayakusuthiswa”! (Mathewu 5:3, 6, NW; Johane 6:35; IsAmbulo 7:16, 17) Yebo, babeyosuthiswa ngokulunga, kodwa hhayi okohlobo lwabaFarisi.
Akwanele Ukuba “Abalungileyo Emehlweni Abantu”
8. Kungani abanye babengazibuza ukuthi ukulunga kwabo kungakudlula kanjani okwababhali nabaFarisi, nokho kungani kumelwe kube njalo?
8 UJesu wathi: “Uma ukulunga kwenu kungadluli okwababhali nokwabaFarisi, anisoze nangena embusweni wezulu.” (Mathewu 5:17-20; bheka uMarku 2:23-28; 3:1-6; 7:1-13.) Kumelwe ukuba abanye bacabanga: ‘Ukulunga ngaphezu kwabaFarisi? Bazila ukudla, bathandaze bakhiphe okweshumi banikele izipho futhi bachitha ukuphila kwabo befunda uMthetho. Ukulunga kwethu kungakudlula kanjani okwabo?’ Kodwa kwakumelwe kukudlule kude lé. AbaFarisi kungenzeka ukuthi babehlonishwa kakhulu abantu, kodwa hhayi uNkulunkulu. Kwesinye isehlakalo uJesu wathi kulabaFarisi: “Nina ningabazishaya abalungileyo emehlweni abantu; kepha uNkulunkulu uyazazi izinhliziyo zenu, ngokuba lokho okuphakemeyo phakathi kwabantu kuyisinengiso emehlweni kaNkulunkulu.”—Luka 16:15.
9-11. (a) Iyiphi enye indlela ababhali nabaFarisi ababecabanga ukuthi bayothola ngayo ukuma okuhle phambi kukaNkulunkulu? (b) Iyiphi indlela yesibili ababelindele ukukuzuza ngayo ukulunga? (c) Iyiphi indlela yesithathu ababeqiniseka ngayo, futhi yini umphostoli uPawulu ayisho eyabonisa ukuthi lokhu kwakuzohluleka?
9 Orabi babesungule eyabo imithetho yokuzuza ukulunga. Omunye wawuwukufaneleka ngenxa yokuba inzalo ka-Abrahama: “Abafundi baka-Abrahama ubaba wethu bajabulela lelizwe futhi bayodla ifa lezwe elizayo.” (Mishnah) Ngokunokwenzeka wayephikisana nalelisiko uJohane uMbhapathizi lapho exwayisa abaFarisi ababeze kuye ngokuthi: “Vezani izithelo ezifanele ukuphenduka. Ningacabangi ukuba ningasho phakathi kwenu ukuthi: Sinobaba uAbrahama [sengathi lokho kwanele].”—Mathewu 3:7-9; bheka futhi uJohane 8:33, 39.
10 Bathi, indlela yesibili yokuzuza ukulunga yayiwukunikela izipho. Izincwadi ezimbili zeApocrypha [Izincwadi ezingeyona ingxenye yeBhayibheli] ezabhalwa amaJuda azinikele phakathi nekhulu lesibili leminyaka B.C.E. zibonisa umbono ongokwesiko. Enye inkulumo evela encwadini kaTobit ithi: “Ukunikela izipho kusindisa umuntu ekufeni futhi kuhlangula zonke izono.” (12:9, The New American Bible) Incwadi kaSirach (iEcclesiasticus) iyavuma: “Amanzi acisha umlilo olangukayo, kanti izipho zihlangula izono.”—3:29, NAB.
11 Indlela yesithathu ababefuna ngayo ukulunga kwakuyimisebenzi yoMthetho. Amasiko abo adluliselwa ngomlomo ayefundisa ukuthi uma eziningi zezenzo zomuntu zizinhle, wayeyosindiswa. Ukwahlulela “kuxhomeke ebuningini bemisebenzi emihle noma emibi.” (Mishnah) Ukuze bangalahlwa ekwahlulelweni, babekhathalela “ukufinyelela izimfanelo ezazizoba ngaphezu kwezono.” Uma imisebenzi yomuntu emihle idlula imisebenzi yakhe emibi ngowodwa, wayeyosindiswa—njengokungathi uNkulunkulu wayehlulela ngokubala imisebenzi yabo emincane! (Mathewu 23:23, 24) Eveza umqondo ofanele, uPawulu wabhala: “Ngemisebenzi yomthetho akukho-nyama [okungathiwa ilungile, NW] phambi [kukaNkulunkulu].” (Roma 3:20) Ngokuqinisekile, ukulunga kwamaKristu kumelwe kukudlule kude lé okwababhali nabaFarisi!
“Nizwile Kwathiwa”
12. (a) Yiluphi ushintsho endleleni yakhe evamile yokwethula ukubhekisela kwakhe emiBhalweni yesiHeberu uJesu alwenza eNtshumayelweni yakhe yaseNtabeni, futhi ngani? (b) Yini esiyifundayo ekusetshenzisweni kwesithupha kwenkulumo ethi “Kwashiwo ukuthi”?
12 Lapho uJesu ngaphambili ecaphuna emiBhalweni yesiHeberu, wathi: “Kulotshiwe.” (Mathewu 4:4, 7, 10) Kodwa izikhathi eziyisithupha eNtshumayelweni yakhe yaseNtabeni, wethula okwazwakala njengezinkulumo ezivela emiBhalweni yesiHeberu ngamazwi athi: “Kwathiwa.” (Mathewu 5:21, 27, 31, 33, 38, 43) Ngani? Ngoba wayebhekisela emiBhalweni njengoba ichazwa ngokwamasiko abaFarisi ayephikisana nemiyalo kaNkulunkulu. (Duteronomi 4:2; Mathewu 15:3) Lokhu kwenziwe kwaba sobala ekubhekiseleni kukaJesu kwesithupha nokokugcina kuloluchungechunge: “Nizwile kwathiwa: Wothanda umakhelwane wakho, uzonde isitha sakho.” Kodwa akukho mthetho kaMose owawuthi, “Uzonde isitha sakho.” Ababhali nabaFarisi abakusho. Kwakuyincazelo yabo yoMthetho wokuthanda umakhelwane wakho—umakhelwane wakho ongumJuda, hhayi abanye.
13. UJesu uxwayisa kanjani ngisho nangokuqala kokuziphatha okungaholela ekubulaleni?
13 Manje cabangela eyokuqala kuloluchungechunge lwezinkulumo eziyisithupha. UJesu wathi: “Nizwile kwathiwa kwabasendulo: Ungabulali; yilowo nalowo obulalayo uyakuba-necala lokwahlulelwa. Kepha mina ngithi kini: Yilowo nalowo othukuthelela umfowabo uyakuba-necala lokwahlulelwa.” (Mathewu 5:21, 22) Intukuthelo esenhliziyweni ingaholela ekukhulumeni kabi futhi ukusuka lapho iholele ekwahlulelweni kokulahlwa, futhi ekugcineni ingase iholele ekubulaleni ngokwakho. Intukuthelo eyekwayo yondliwe enhliziyweni ingaba ebulalayo: “Lowo ozonda umzalwane wakhe ungumbulali.”—1 Johane 3:15.
14. UJesu useluleka kanjani ukuba singayiqalisi ngisho nokuyiqalisa indlela eholela ekuphingeni?
14 UJesu ngokulandelayo wathi: “Nizwile kwathiwa: Ungaphingi. Kepha mina ngithi kini: Yilowo nalowo obuka owesifazane, amkhanuke, usephingile naye enhliziyweni yakhe.” (Mathewu 5:27, 28) Ngeke uphinge, akunjalo? Khona-ke ungayiqalisi ngisho nokuyiqalisa leyondlela ngokucabanga ngakho. Gcina inhliziyo yakho, lapho kuvela khona izinto ezinjalo. (IzAga 4:23; Mathewu 15:18, 19) UJakobe 1:14, 15 uyaxwayisa: “Kepha yilowo nalowo uyengwa ehuhwa ngezakhe izinkanuko, ehungwa; uma inkanuko isithathile, ibeletha isono; nesono sesiphelelisiwe sizala ukufa.” Abantu ngezinye izikhathi bathi: ‘Ungayiqali into ongeke uyiqede.’ Kodwa kulendaba kufanele sithi: ‘Ungakuqali ongeke ukwazi ukukuyeka.’ Abanye abaye bathembeka ngisho nalapho besongelwa ngokufa phambi kwebutho elidubulayo kamuva baye bawa ngenxa yokuheha okuyingozi kokuziphatha okubi kobulili.
15. Isimo sikaJesu ngokwahlukanisa sihluke kanjani ngokuphelele kuleso esilandiswe emasikweni amaJuda adluliselwa ngomlomo?
15 Manje siza enkulumweni yesithathu kaJesu. Wathi: “Kwathiwa: Yilowo nalowo olahla umkakhe kamnike incwadi yesahlukaniso. Kepha mina ngithi kini: Yilowo nalowo olahla umkakhe kungengenxa yokuphinga umenza aphinge, noganwa ngolahliweyo [okungukuthi, lowo ohlukanisile kungengezizathu zokuziphatha okubi kobulili] uyaphinga.” (Mathewu 5:31, 32) Amanye amaJuda ayebakhohlisa omkawo futhi ahlukanisa nabo ngezizathu eziwubala. (Malaki 2:13-16; Mathewu 19:3-9) Amasiko adluliselwa ngomlomo ayevumela indoda ukuba ihlukane nomkayo “ngisho noma eyonele ukudla” noma “uma isithole omuhle kunaye.”—Mishnah.
16. Imuphi umkhuba wamaJuda owenza ukufunga izifungo kungabi nanjongo, futhi isiphi isimo uJesu asithatha?
16 Ngomqondo ofanayo, uJesu waqhubeka: “Nizwile futhi kwathiwa kwabasendulo: Ungafungi amanga . . . Kepha mina ngithi kini: Ningafungi nakanye.” Ngalesikhathi amaJuda ayesebenzisa kabi ukufunga futhi ayefunga izifungo eziningi ngezinto ezingabalulekile futhi angazigcini. Kodwa uJesu wathi: “Ningafungi nakanye . . . Kepha izwi lenu malibe-ngelokuthi: Yebo, yebo; qhabo, qhabo.” Umthetho wakhe wawulula: Khuluma iqiniso ngazo zonke izikhathi, kungadingeki ukuba uqinise izwi lakho ngesifungo. Fungani ezindabeni ezibalulekile.—Mathewu 5:33-37; qhathanisa no–23:16-22.
17. Iyiphi indlela engcono ‘kuneyeso ngeso nezinyo ngezinyo’ uJesu ayifundisa?
17 UJesu ngokulandelayo wathi: “Nizwile kwathiwa: “Iso ngeso, izinyo ngezinyo. Kepha mina ngithi kini: Ningamelani nokubi, kodwa uma umuntu ekumukula esihlathini sokunene, mphendulele nesinye.” (Mathewu 5:38-42) UJesu lapha akabhekiseli egalelweni okuqondwe ukuba likulimaze kodwa ekumukuleni kokwedelelwa. Ungazehlisi ngokuphindisela ukwedelela. Kwenqabe ukuphindisela okubi ngokubi. Kunalokho, buyisela ngokuhle futhi kanjalo ‘unqobe okubi ngokuhle.’—Roma 12:17-21.
18. (a) AmaJuda awushintsha kanjani umthetho oqondene nokuthanda umakhelwane wakho, kodwa uJesu wakuqeda kanjani lokhu? (b) UJesu wamphendula wathini ummeli owayefuna ukukubekela imingcele ukusebenza kwegama elithi “makhelwane”?
18 Esibonelweni sesithupha nesokugcina, uJesu wayibonisa ngokucacile indlela uMthetho kaMose owalulazwa ngayo isiko lorabi: “Nizwile kwathiwa: Wothanda umakhelwane wakho, uzonde isitha sakho. Kepha mina ngithi kini: Thandani izitha zenu, nibabusise abaniqalekisayo, nibaphathe kahle abanizondayo, nibakhulekele abanizingelayo.” (Mathewu 5:43, 44) UMthetho kaMose obhaliwe awuzange ubeke mingcele othandweni: “Wothanda umakhelwane wakho njengalokhu uzithanda wena.” (Levitikusi 19:18) KwakungabaFarisi abawenqaba lomyalo, futhi ukuze bawubalekele benza leligama elithi “umakhelwane” lasebenza kuphela kulabo abagcina amasiko. Isimo sasinjalo kangangokuthi lapho uJesu kamuva ekhumbuza ummeli othile ngomyalo ‘wokuthanda umakhelwane wakho njengoba uzithanda,’ lendoda yabuza sakugxeka: “Umakhelwane wami ngubani na?” UJesu waphendula ngomfanekiso womSamariya olungileyo—zenze umakhelwane kulowomuntu okudingayo.—Luka 10:25-37.
19. Yisiphi isenzo uJehova asenzela ababi uJesu atusa ukuba sisilandele?
19 Eqhubeka nentshumayelo yakhe, uJesu wathi ‘uNkulunkulu wabonisa uthando kwababi. Wabangela ukuba ilanga libakhanyisele wabanisela nemvula. Akukho lutho olungavamile ekuthandeni labo abakuthandayo. Ababi bayakwenza lokho. Asikho isizathu sokuvuzwa ngalokho. Yibani ngamadodana kaNkulunkulu. Mlingiseni. Yiba umakhelwane wabo bonke abantu futhi uthande umakhelwane wakho. Kanjalo ‘ube-ngophelele, njengoba uYihlo wasezulwini ephelele.’ (Mathewu 5:45-48) Yeka indinganiso ebeka inselele okumelwe kuphilwe ngayo! Futhi yeka ukuthi ikubonisa kungenele kanjani ukulunga kwababhali nabaFarisi!
20. Esikhundleni sokuwubeka eceleni uMthetho kaMose, uJesu wawenabisa futhi wawujulisa kanjani umphumela wawo futhi wawuphakamisa kanjani ngisho nangaphezulu?
20 Ngakho lapho uJesu ebhekisela ezingxenyeni ezithile zoMthetho futhi enezela ukuthi, “Kepha mina ngithi kini,” wayengawubekeli eceleni uMthetho kaMose futhi emisa okunye endaweni yawo. Cha, kodwa wayejulisa futhi enabisa amandla awo ngokubonisa lokho okushoyo ngempela. Umthetho waphezulu wobuzalwane wahlulela inzondo eqhubekayo njengokubulala. Umthetho waphezulu wobumsulwa ulahla ukucabanga kokufisa okuqhubekayo njengokuphinga. Umthetho waphezulu womshado ulahla ukwahlukanisa okungenasizathu njengenkambo eholela emishadweni yokuphinga. Umthetho waphezulu weqiniso ubonisa ukuthi izifungo eziphindwaphindwayo azidingekile. Umthetho waphezulu wobumnene ukubekela eceleni ukuziphindiselela. Isimiso somthetho waphezulu sothando sidinga uthando lokwesaba uNkulunkulu olungenamingcele.
21. Iziyalo zikaJesu zembulani ngokuqondene nokuzisho korabi ukuthi balungile, futhi yini enye izixuku ezazizoyifunda?
21 Yeka umphumela omkhulu iziyalo ezinjalo ezazingakaze zizwiwe okumelwe ukuba zaba nawo lapho zizwiwa yilabo ababezizwa okokuqala! Yeka ukuthi zakwenza kwaba yize kangakanani ukuzibona abalungile kokuzenzisa okwakubangelwa ukuba izigqila zamasiko orabi! Kodwa njengoba uJesu ayeqhubeka neNtshumayelo yakhe yaseNtabeni, izixuku ezazilambele futhi zomele ukulunga kukaNkulunkulu kwakumelwe zifunde kahle ukuthi zingakufinyelela kanjani, njengoba isihloko esilandelayo sibonisa.
Imibuzo Yokubukeza
◻ Kungani amaJuda azenzela amasiko awo adluliselwa ngomlomo?
◻ Yiluphi ushintsho oluphawulekayo uJesu alwenza olwaluthinta ababhali nabaFarisi kanye nabantu abavamile?
◻ Ababhali nabaFarisi babekulindele kanjani ukuzuza ukuma okulungileyo noNkulunkulu?
◻ UJesu wabonisa ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokugwema ubufebe nokuphinga?
◻ Ngokubonisa okwakushiwo uMthetho kaMose ngempela, yiziphi izindinganiso eziphakeme uJesu azimisa?