Izifundo Ezitholakala Endaweni Yonke
“Angizenzi owazi iNdawo Yonke—inkulu kakhulu kunami.”—UThomas Carlyle, 1795-1881.
EMINYAKENI eyikhulu kamuva, sinomqondo ongcono wokuthi indawo yonke inkulu kangakanani ngempela kunathi. Nakuba izazi zesayensi ziqonda okuningi okwengeziwe kunokuba zaziqonda, isimo sazo sisalokhu, njengoba esinye isazi sezinkanyezi sakuchaza, sinjengaleso “sezazi zesayensi yezitshalo zekhulu lama-18 leminyaka ezithola ehlathini zonke lezozimbali ezintsha.”
Naphezu kolwazi lwethu olulinganiselwe, iziphetho ezithile zingafinyelelwa. Futhi leziphetho zihlangene nemibuzo ebaluleke kunayo yonke—indlela indawo yonke esebenza ngayo, nendlela eyaba khona ngayo lapha kwasekuqaleni.
Ukuhleleka Esikhundleni Sesiphithiphithi
Isifundo semvelo yendawo yonke sibizwa ngokuthi icosmology. Lelogama lisuselwa emagameni amabili esiGreki, elithi kosmos nelithi logos, abonisa ‘isifundo sokuhleleka noma ukuvumelana.’ Leli igama elifanelekayo ngoba ukuhleleka yikho kanye izazi zezinkanyezi ezikutholayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlola ukuhamba kwezindikimba zasezulwini noma lokho okwakha indawo yonke.
Konke endaweni yethu yonke kuyahamba, futhi lokuhamba akukhona okungaqinisekile noma okungabikezeleki. Amaplanethi, izinkanyezi, nemithala kuhamba emkhathini ngokwemithetho yemvelo eqondile, imithetho eyenza izazi zesayensi zikwazi ukubikezela izici ezithile zendawo yonke ngokunemba okungenaphutha. Futhi ngokumangalisayo, amandla amane ayisisekelo alawula iathomu elincane kunawo wonke yiwo futhi abusa imithala enamandla amakhulu.
Ukuhleleka kuyabonakala futhi kulokho kanye okwakha indawo yonke. “Lokho . . . kuhleleke kuzo zonke izilinganiso kusukela kokuncane kuye kokukhulu kakhulu,” kuchaza iCambridge Atlas of Astronomy. Kunokuba kuhlakazeke nje ngokungahleleki, kwakhekhe ngendlela ehlelekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indlela amaelectron ahlangene ngayo namaproton namaneutron omnyombo weathomu noma kuwukudonsana okuhlanganisa ndawonye iqoqo elikhulu lemithala.
Kungani indawo yonke yembula ukuhleleka okunjalo nokuvumelana? Kungani kunemithetho emihle ngokukhethekile eyibusayo? Njengoba lemithetho kumelwe ukuba yayikhona ngaphambi kokuba indawo yonke ibe khona—obekungathi ngaphandle kwalokho ingakwazi ukuyilawula—umbuzo onengqondo uwukuthi: Yavelaphi?
Isazi sesayensi esidumile uIsaac Newton saphetha: “Lesimiso esihle kakhulu selanga, amaplanethi, namacomet sasingavela kuphela eselulekweni nasekubuseni koMuntu ohlakaniphile nonamandla.”
Isazi sesayensi yemvelo uFred Hoyle sathi: “Imvelaphi yeNdawo Yonke, njengekhambi lendida kaRubik, idinga ukuhlakanipha.” Isiphetho sokuthi kumelwe ukuba kunoMniki-mthetho ongaphezu kowemvelo siqinisekiswa ukuqonda kwethu imvelaphi yendawo yonke.
Umbuzo Wokugcina: Indawo Yonke Yaba Khona Kanjani?
Isazi sesayensi yemvelo uHawking siyachaza: “Indawo yonke yokuqala iqukethe impendulo yombuzo wokugcina ngemvelaphi yakho konke esikubonayo namuhla, kuhlanganise nokuphila.” Uyini ngempela umbono wesayensi wanamuhla ngendawo yonke yakuqala?
Ngawo-1960, ososayensi bathola imisebe elufifi esakazekile eyayivela kuzo zonke izingxenye zesibhakabhaka. Lemisebe kuthiwa ukunkeneneza okuvela ekuqhumeni kwasendulo lokho izazi zezinkanyezi eziye zakubiza ngokuthi ukuqhuma okukhulu. Bathi lokho kuqhuma kwakukukhulu kangangokuthi ukunkeneneza kwakho kusengatholakala ezigidini zezigidi zeminyaka kamuva.a
Kodwa uma indawo yonke yaqhuma ngokungazelele yaba khona phakathi kwezigidi zezigidi ezingu-15 nezigidi zezigidi ezingu-20 zeminyaka edlule, njengoba izazi eziningi zesayensi yemvelo zikholelwa kanjalo manje, (nakuba lokho kuphikiswa ngokushubile ezinye) kuphakama umbuzo obucayi. Amandla akuqala avelaphi? Ngamanye amazwi, yini eyeza ngaphambi kokuqhuma okukhulu?
Lona umbuzo izazi eziningi zezinkanyezi ezikhetha ukuwubalekela. Esinye sazo savuma: “Isayensi iye yafakazela ukuthi izwe laba khona ngenxa yamandla abonakala njalo engaphezu kwamandla encazelo engokwesayensi. Lokhu kukhathaza isayensi ngoba kungqubuzana nenkolo engokwesayensi—inkolo yembangela nomphumela, okuyinkolelo yokuthi yonke imiphumela inembangela. Manje sithola ukuthi umphumela omkhulu kunayo yonke, ukuzalwa kwendawo yonke, iphikisana nalesici sokholo.”
Uprofesa waseYunivesithi yaseOxford wabhala ngokungagwegwesi: “Imbangela yokuqala yendawo yonke ishiyelwa kumfundi ukuba azifakele yona. Kodwa indaba yethu ayiphelele ngaphandle kwayo.” Nokho, iBhayibheli liqondisa izindaba, lichaza “imbangela yokuqala” ngokuthi: “Ekuqaleni uNkulunkulu wadala izulu nomhlaba.”—Genesise 1:1.
Ukungabi Yilutho Komuntu
Isifundo esilula kunazo zonke esisifundiswa indawo yonke singesisobala kakhulu, leso indoda yasendulo eziqhenyayo eyayilwela ukungasinaki kodwa esavunywa ngokuzithoba izimbongi zeBhayibheli ezinkulungwaneni ezidlule zeminyaka—leso sokungabi yilutho komuntu.
Okuye kwatholakala muva nje kuqinisa ukulinganisa okungokoqobo kweNkosi uDavide: “Lapho ngibuka izulu lakho, umsebenzi weminwe yakho, inyanga nezinkanyezi ozimisileyo, umuntu uyini ukuba umkhumbule, nendodana yomuntu ukuba uyinake na?”—IHubo 8:3, 4.
Ulwazi lwezinkanyezi luye lwembula ubukhulu nobukhosi bendawo yonke—izinkanyezi ngezilinganiso ezinkulu, amabanga angenakucatshangwa, isikhathi esingenakubalwa nesingenakuqondakala, izithando zomlilo endaweni yonke ezibangela amazinga okushisa ezigidi zamadegree, ukuqhuma kwamandla okungabhuntshisa izigidi zezigidi zamabhomu enuzi. Nokho, konke lokhu kuchazwa kahle encwadini kaJobe: “Bheka, lokhu kungamaphethelo nje ezindlela zakhe, izwi lokunyenyeza nje elizwakalayo ngaye; indumo yamandla akhe, ngubani obeyakuyiqonda na?” (Jobe 26:14) Lapho sifunda okwengeziwe ngendawo yonke, kulapho ulwazi lwethu lubonakala luluncane khona, futhi kulapho indawo yethu kuyo iba yincane khona ngokwengeziwe. Kobukelayo onenjongo, kuyisifundo esihle.
UIsaac Newton wavuma: “Kubonakala sengathi bengifana nje nomfana odlala ogwini lolwandle, ngingena ngiphuma ngifuna itshe elibushelelezi ngokwengeziwe noma igobolondo elihle ngokwengeziwe kunokuvamile, kanti ulwandlekazi olukhulu lweqiniso lulokhu lufihlakele phambi kwami.”
Ukuthobeka okufanele kushukunyiswe ukuqonda okunjalo kithina kuyosisiza ukuba sivume ukuthi kunaLowo owadala indawo yonke, Lowo owamisa imithetho eyibusayo, Lowo omkhulu kakhulu nohlakaniphe kakhulu kunathi. Njengoba incwadi kaJobe isikhumbuza: “KuYena kukhona ukuhlakanipha namandla; unesu nokuqonda.” (Jobe 12:13) Futhi leso isifundo esibaluleke kakhulu kithi sonke.
Njengoba izimfihlakalo eziningi zendawo yonke zidalulwa, kwembulwa ngisho nezimfihlakalo ezinkulu ngokwengeziwe. Isihloko esizayo siyoxoxa ngokunye okuye kwatholakala muva nje manje okudida izazi zezinkanyezi nokuphakamisa imibuzo emisha eshubisa izinkulumo-mpikiswano phakathi kwezazi zendawo yonke.
[Umbhalo waphansi]
a Njengoba itshe elilahlelwe echibini lakha iziyingi emanzini, ngakho lokhu kuqhuma okucatshangwayo kwakha “iziyingi” zemisebe yamaza amancane, okuyilokho izazi zesayensi ezikholelwa ukuthi ziyakuthola ngeziphumputhi ezizwela imisebe, iziyingi ezichazwa omunye umlobi ‘njengokunkeneneza okuhoshozayo kwendalo.’
[Isithombe ekhasini 10]
Ithuluzi lokuthola imisebe esakazekile kulokho okucatshangwa ukuthi ukuqhuma okukhulu
[Umthombo]
Courtesy of the Royal Greenwich Observatory and the Canary Islands Institute of Astrophysics