Ubani Ongaletha Ukuthula Okuhlala Njalo?
“Bayakukhanda izinkemba zabo zibe-ngamakhuba, nemikhonto yabo ibe-ngocelemba; isizwe asiyikuphakamisela isizwe inkemba, zingabe zisafunda ukulwa.”
LOMBHALO ongenhla uthathwe ku-Isaya isahluko 2, ivesi 4, eBhayibhelini lesiZulu Elivamile. I-Human Development Report 1994, eyanyatheliswa i-United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), yacaphuna lamazwi yase inezela: “Kwabonakala sengathi sase sifikile isikhathi salesi siprofetho lapho kuphela impi yomshoshaphansi [ngo-1990]. Kodwa kuze kube manje lokhu kuye kwabonakala kunjengokubamba utalagu.”
Ukunciphisa Ezempi
Isici esifiphaza amathemba okuthula siwukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke akuhambisani nokuncishiswa okukhulu kwezindleko zempi. Yiqiniso, kuye kwancishiswa kwezinye izindawo. Ngokwezibalo ze-UN, izindleko zempi zembulunga yonke zehla zisuka enanini eliphakeme lamaRandi ayizigidi zezigidi ezingu-3,6 ngo-1987 zaya emaRandini ayizigidi zezigidi ezingu-2,96 ngo-1992. Nakuba kunjalo, amaRandi ayizigidi zezigidi ezingu-2,96 ayinani elikhulu. Cishe lilingana neholo elihlanganisiwe lengxenye yabantu basemhlabeni!
Esinye isici esithiya ukuncishiswa kwezikhali umbono wokuthi amandla ezempi aletha ukulondeka. Ngakho, nakuba iMpi Yomshoshaphansi isiphelile, abaningi emazweni ezezimboni babonisa ukuthi izindleko zokulondeka kwezwe kufanele zihlale ziphakeme. UJames Woolsey, lapho esengumqondisi we-U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, watshela iSishaya-mthetho ngo-February 1993: “Siye sabulala udrako omkhulu [i-U.S.S.R.], kodwa manje siphila ehlathini eligcwele izinhlobonhlobo ezisabekayo zezinyoka ezinesihlungu.”
Emazweni asathuthuka izindleko eziphakeme zempi zibhekwa futhi njengendlela yokuthikameza ukuhlasela kwamazwe abhekwa njengezinyoka ezinkulu nezinyoka ezinesihlungu. Kodwa i-UNDP yaphawula ukuthi eqinisweni “amazwe asathuthuka aye alwa izimpi ezimbalwa zamazwe ngamazwe, futhi amaningi aye asebenzisa amabutho awo ahlomile ukuze acindezele abantu bawo.” Eqinisweni, lombiko we-UNDP wachaza: “Emazweni asathuthuka, amathuba okufa ngenxa yokunganakekelwa kwezimo zenhlalo (ukungondleki nezifo ezingase zivinjelwe) maningi ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-33 kunamathuba okufa empini yokuhlasela kwangaphandle. Nokho, ngokwesilinganiso, udokotela ngamunye ubhekene namasosha angu-20. Nganoma iyiphi indlela, cishe amasosha ayokunciphisa ukulondeka kwabantu kunokuba akwandise.”
Ukuhweba Ngezikhali Emhlabeni Wonke
Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, imibuso emibili emikhulu emhlabeni yayithengisela abasekeli bayo izikhali ukuze iqinise izibopho, ithole izizinda zezikhali zempi, futhi ilondoloze amandla. Amabutho amazwe amaningi aba namandla. Ngokwesibonelo, okwamanje amazwe angu-33 anezinqola zempi ezingaphezu kuka-1000 ngalinye.
Njengoba iMpi Yomshoshaphansi isiphelile, ukufaneleka ngokwezombangazwe nangokwezempi kokuthengiswa kwezikhali akusekho. Nokho, izisusa ezingokomnotho zisaqinile. Kunethuba lokwenza imali! Ngakho, njengoba kuncipha isidingo sezikhali ngaphakathi ezweni, abenzi bezikhali bagqugquzela ohulumeni babo ukuthi indlela yokulondoloza imisebenzi nokugcina umnotho usimeme iwukuthengisa izikhali kwamanye amazwe.
Umagazini i-World Watch uyaphawula: “Ngokuyindida, njengoba imibuso emikhulu ihoxisa imicibisholo yayo emikhulu yenuzi, ifuna ngokuphuthumayo ukuthengisa amabhomu nezibhamu zawo ezivamile cishe kunoma ubani ongathenga.” Ngenani elingakanani? Ngokwe-Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, intengo yezikhali ezivamile ezathengiswa emhlabeni wonke phakathi nonyaka ka-1988 kuya ku-1992 kwakungamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-548. Izwe elaliwathengisela kakhulu amazwe angaphandle kwakuyi-United States, ilandelwe amazwe ayeyiSoviet Union.
Lusekhona Usongo Lwenuzi
Kuthiwani ngosongo lwenuzi? I-United States neSoviet Union (noma izifundazwe ezavela ngemva kwayo) zasayina i-Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ngo-1987 nezivumelwano ezimbili ze-Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) ngonyaka ka-1991 no-1993.
Izivumelwano ze-START zazinqabela imicibisholo ecitshwa phansi eneziqhumane ezingaphezu kwesisodwa futhi zafuna ukuba ngonyaka ka-2003, kube sekuqedwe izingxenye ezingaba zintathu kwezine zeziqhumane zenuzi ezikuwo wonke amabhomu. Kodwa nakuba usongo lweMpi Yezwe III yenuzi lungasekho, kusenezinqolobane ezinkulu zezikhali zenuzi—ezanele ukubhubhisa konke okuphilayo emhlabeni izikhathi eziningana.
Ukuqhaqha lezi zikhali kwandisa amathuba okwebiwa kwezinto zenuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, iRussia iqhaqha futhi igcine iziqhumane ezingaba ngu-2000 ngonyaka, ikhipha kuzo izigaxa ze-plutonium ezingangesandla ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-pit. I-pit yesiqhumane, okudingeka izindleko ezinkulu nobuchwepheshe ukuyenza, iyisakhi esiyinhloko sebhomu lenuzi. Njengoba ngokuvamile ama-pit embozwe ngongqimba lwensimbi oluvimbela ukukhishwa kwemisebe, mhlawumbe isela belingeba eyodwa liyifake ekhukhwini. Iphekula elithola i-pit esilungisiwe belingase nje liyifake esiqhumaneni ukuze lakhe ibhomu elinamandla amangalisayo.
Okunye okukhathazayo usongo lokusakazeka kwezikhali zenuzi emazweni amaningi ngokwandayo. Mahlanu amazwe abhekwa njengemibuso enezikhali zempi—iChina, iFrance, iRussia, i-United Kingdom, ne-United States—namanye amazwe ambalwa okucatshangwa ukuthi angakwazi ukusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi ngokushesha.
Njengoba amazwe engeziwe ethola izikhali zenuzi, liyanda ithuba lokuba othile azisebenzise. Yingakho ngokuqondakalayo abantu besaba ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zikhali ezisabekayo. Njengoba incwadi ethi The Transformation of War ikubeka, “zinamandla amakhulu kangangokuba izikhali ezivamile ziwubala nje.”
Ukulahlwa Kwezikhali Nokuthula
Kodwa kuthiwani uma amazwe abengazilahla izikhali zawo zembubhiso eziyinkimbinkimbi? Ingabe lokho bekuyoletha izwe elinokuthula? Lutho neze. Isazi-mlando sezempi uJohn Keegan siyaphawula: “Kusukela ngo-9 August 1945, izikhali zenuzi azikabulali muntu. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, abangu-50 000 000 abaye bafa empini kusukela ngalolo suku baye babulawa izikhali ezishibhile, ezikhiqizwa ngobuningi nezikhali ezincane, ezingabizi ngaphezu komsakazo namabhethri okuye kwagcwala ezweni phakathi nenkathi efanayo.”
Isibonelo samuva nje sokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zobuchwepheshe obuphansi ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi eRwanda, izwe i-World Book Encyclopedia (1994) ethi ngalo: “Iningi labantu bangamaRoma Katolika. . . . Amasonto amaRoma Katolika namanye obuKristu aphethe iningi lezikole zabaqalayo neziphakeme.” Nokho, eRwanda abangafinyelela engxenyeni yesigidi babulawa abantu ababehlome ngocelemba. Ngokusobala, ukuze kube khona ukuthula ezweni, kudingeka okungaphezu kokuncishiswa kwezikhali ezivamile nezenuzi. Futhi, kudingeka okuthile kunezimfundiso ezinikezwa izinkolo zezwe.
Kuyanda Ukuvukelana Kwezinhlanga
USadako Ogata, ukhomishane we-UN ophethe ezababaleki, wathi muva nje: “Ngemva nje kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, sasicabanga ukuthi zonke izinkinga zaziyoxazululeka. Asizange siqaphele ukuthi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yayinesinye isici—ukuthi imibuso emikhulu yayigcina ukuhleleka noma iphoqelele ukuhleleka ezindaweni ezithile enethonya kuzo. . . . Ngakho manje, ngemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, sibona ukuqubuka kwezingxabano zobuhlanga ezinobuzwe, ezifihlekile, mhlawumbe ezifana nezandulela iMpi Yezwe I.”
U-Arthur Schlesinger, isazi-mlando nomlobi owazuza umklomelo kaPulitzer, uveza iphuzu elifanayo: “Uhlobo oluthile lwenzondo luthatha isikhundla solunye. Ukususa ukucindezela kwemibono enamandla eMpumalanga Yurophu nasezweni elaliyiSoviet Union kuveza ubutha obabunqandiwe obungokohlanga, bobuzwe, obungokwenkolo, nobezilimi obugxile ngokujulile emlandweni nasenkumbulweni. . . . Uma ikhulu lama-20 beliyikhulu leminyaka lokungqubuzana kwemibono, ikhulu lama-21 liyoqala liyikhulu leminyaka lokungqubuzana kwezinhlanga.”
Ngokokulinganisa kweZizwe Ezihlangene, phakathi kuka-1989 no-1992 kwakunezimpi zezikhali ezingu-82, eziningi zazo ezazilwiwa emazweni asathuthuka. Phakathi no-1993, amazwe angu-42 aba nezimpi ezinkulu futhi amanye amazwe angu-37 abhekana nodlame lwezombangazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iZizwe Ezihlangene—ziphelelwe imithombo yemali—zashikashikeka ngeze ekuletheni ukuthula ngemikhankaso engu-17 kuphela. Ngokusobala, isintu kumelwe siphendukele kwenye indawo ukuze sithole ukuthula kwezwe.
Izinkinga Ezisongelayo
Kunokuba babheke esikhathini esizayo ngethemba, abaningi bazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokwandayo. Isembozo se-Atlantic Monthly ka-February 1994 sifingqa esinye isibikezelo samashumi eminyaka ezayo: “Amazwe ayahlukana ngenxa yokuthutheleka okukhulu kwababaleki bezinhlekelele zendawo ezungezile nezingokwenhlalo. . . . Kulwelwa izinto eziyivelakancane, ikakhulukazi amanzi, futhi impi ngokwayo ihambisana nobugebengu, njengoba amaqembu ahlomile abaphangi abayimizulane elwa namabutho emibuso ephethe.”
Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuthula okuhlala njalo akunakufinyelelwa? Lutho neze! Isihloko esilandelayo sibonisa izizathu zokuba sibheke esikhathini esizayo ngethemba.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 5]
Inkolo—Ingabe Iyithonya Lokuthula?
Lapho izizwe ziya empini, izinkolo zezwe ziyakulahla ukufundisa ngokuthula nobuzalwane. Ngokuqondene nesimo phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, umkhuzi-jikelele wamabutho aseBrithani uFrank P. Crozier wathi: “AmaSonto obuKristu angabagqugquzeli abakhulu bokuchitha igazi esinabo, futhi siye sawasebenzisa kakhulu.”
Indima yenkolo empini ayishintshanga phakathi nomlando. Isazi-mlando esingumKatolika u-E. I. Watkin savuma: “Nakuba kubuhlungu ukuvuma, asinakuthi ngenxa yemfundiso yamanga noma ukungathembeki siliphike noma silishaye indiva iqiniso elingokomlando lokuthi abaBhishobhi ngokungaguquki baye basekela zonke izimpi ezilwiwa uhulumeni wezwe labo.” Futhi ingosi yomhleli kuyi-Sun yaseVancouver, eCanada, yaphawula: “Mhlawumbe kuwubuthakathaka bazo zonke izinkolo ezihleliwe ukuba isonto lilandele ifulege elithile . . . Iyiphi impi eyake yalwiwa kwangashiwo ukuthi uNkulunkulu usohlangothini ngalunye lwayo?”
Ngokusobala, kunokuba zibe ithonya lokuthula, izinkolo zezwe ziye zakhuthaza izimpi nokubulala—njengoba kwaboniswa ngokucacile ngokubulawa kwabantu abaningi eRwanda.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 6]
Ubuze Bempi
Encwadini ethi I Found No Peace, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1936, umlobeli wamazwe angaphandle uWebb Miller wabhala: “Ngokumangalisayo, inhlekelele esabekayo [yeMpi Yezwe I] ayizange ingimangaze ngokunengeka okushaqisayo nobuze bayo kwaze kwaba ngemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yenzekile.” Ngaleso sikhathi waphinde wavakashela enkundleni yempi yaseVerdun, lapho athi kwakufele khona amadoda angu-1050 000.
“Phakathi nempi ngangikhohlisiwe, kanye nabanye abayizigidi,” kubhala uMiller. “IMpi Yezwe yayiphumelele kuphela ekudaleni izimpi ezintsha. Amadoda ayizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili nengxenye ayefele ize, amashumi ezigidi ayebhekene nezenzakalo ezinyantisayo ezingachazeki, futhi amakhulu ezigidi ayebhekene nosizi, ukulahlekelwa, nokungajabuli. Konke lokhu kwakubangelwe ukukhohliswa okukhulu.”
Eminyakeni emithathu ngemva kokunyatheliswa kwalencwadi, kwaqala iMpi Yezwe II. I-Washington Post yaphawula: “Izimpi zekhulu lethu lama-20 ziye zaba ‘izimpi ngokuphelele’ kubantu ababuthiwe nabangabuthiwe. . . . Izimpi zobuqaba zamakhulu eminyaka adlule zazingelutho uma kuqhathaniswa.” Ngokokulinganisela kwesinye isikhulu, kuye kwafa abayizigidi ezingu-197 kusukela ngo-1914 ezimpini nasekuvukeleni umbuso komphakathi.
Nokho, zonke lezi zimpi nokuvukela kwabantu umbuso akuzange kulethe ukuthula noma injabulo. Njengoba kwasho i-Washington Post, “kuze kube manje kuleli khulu leminyaka asikho isimiso sezombangazwe noma sezomnotho esiye sagculisa noma sanelisa izigidi eziyaluzayo.”
[Isithombe ekhasini 7]
Lomama ungomunye wamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu ababulawa eRwanda—abaningi bebulawa abantu benkolo yabo siqu
[Umthombo]
Albert Facelly/Sipa Press