Isahluko Seshumi Nanhlanu
Amakhosi Ayizimbangi Angena Ekhulwini Lama-20
1. Isazi-mlando esithile sithi kwakungobani abaholi beYurophu yekhulu le-19?
ISAZI-MLANDO uNorman Davies siyabhala: “Kunento ethile eshukumisayo ngeYurophu yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye eyedlula kude noma yini eyake yaziwa ngaphambili.” Siyenezela: “IYurophu yayinamandla kunanini ngaphambili: inamandla kwezobuchwepheshe, kwezentengiselwano, kwezamasiko, nasekusebenzelaneni namanye amazwe.” Izwe elalihola kule “Yurophu enqobayo ‘yekhulu leminyaka elinamandla’” kusho uDavies, “kwaqale kwaba yiBrithani . . . kwathi emashumini eminyaka alandela kwaba iJalimane.”
‘ZITHAMBEKELE EKWENZENI OKUBI’
2. Njengoba ikhulu le-19 laliphela, imiphi imibuso eyaba sesikhundleni ‘senkosi yasenyakatho’ ‘nesenkosi yaseningizimu’?
2 Njengoba ikhulu le-19 lalisondela ekupheleni, uMbuso WaseJalimane ‘wawuyinkosi yasenyakatho’ futhi iBrithani yayisesikhundleni sokuba “inkosi yaseningizimu.” (Daniyeli 11:14, 15) “Amakhosi-ke omabili,” kusho ingelosi kaJehova, “izinhliziyo zawo [“ziyothambekela ekwenzeni,” NW] okubi; ayakukhuluma amanga esetafuleni linye.” Yaqhubeka: “Kepha akuyikuphumelela, ngokuba ukuphela kusezakuba sesikhathini esimisiwe.”—Daniyeli 11:27.
3, 4. (a) Ubani owaba umbusi wokuqala woMbuso WaseJalimane, futhi imuphi umfelandawonye owabunjwa? (b) UKaiser Wilhelm wasebenzisa yiphi inqubo?
3 Ngo-January 18, 1871, uWilhelm I waba umbusi wokuqala woMbuso WaseJalimane. Wamisa u-Otto von Bismarck waba ungqongqoshe. Njengoba ayegxile ekwakheni umbuso omusha, uBismarck wakugwema ukuxabana nezinye izizwe futhi wakha umfelandawonye ne-Austria-Hungary ne-Italy, obizwa ngokuthi i-Triple Alliance (Umfelandawonye Wamazwe Amathathu). Kodwa izithakazelo zale nkosi entsha yasenyakatho zasheshe zangqubuzana nezenkosi yaseningizimu.
4 Ngemva kokufa kukaWilhelm I nowamlandela uFrederick III, ngo-1888, uWilhelm II owayeneminyaka engu-29 ubudala wahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi. UWilhelm II, noma uKaiser Wilhelm, waphoqa uBismarck ukuba esule esikhundleni, wabe esesebenzisa inqubo yokusakaza ithonya leJalimane emhlabeni wonke. Esinye isazi-mlando sithi: “Ngaphansi kukaWilhelm II [iJalimane] yayizidla futhi inonya.”
5. La makhosi amabili ahlala kanjani “etafuleni linye,” futhi akhulumani lapho?
5 Ngesikhathi uCzar Nicholas II waseRussia ebiza ingqungquthela yokuthula eHague, eNetherlands, ngo-August 24, 1898, isimo sasishubile emhlabeni wonke. Kule ngqungquthela nakwenye eyalandela ngo-1907 kwamiswa inkantolo eyabizwa ngokuthi iPermanent Court of Arbitration (iNkantolo Emi Njalo Yokulamula) eHague. Ngokuba ngamalungu ale nkantolo, uMbuso WaseJalimane kanye nowaseBrithani yashaya sengathi ithanda ukuthula. Le mibuso yahlala “etafuleni linye,” sengathi ingabangane, kodwa ‘izinhliziyo zayo zazithambekele ekwenzeni okubi.’ Amaqhinga ‘okukhuluma amanga etafuleni’ ahluleka ukuletha ukuthula kwangempela. Ngokuqondene nezifiso zayo zezombangazwe, ezentengiselwano nezempi, ‘aziphumelelanga’ ngoba ukuphela kwala makhosi amabili ‘kuzoba sesikhathini esimiswe’ nguJehova uNkulunkulu.
“IMELANE NESIVUMELWANO ESINGCWELE”
6, 7. (a) Inkosi yasenyakatho ‘yabuyela ezweni lakubo’ ngamuphi umqondo? (b) Inkosi yaseningizimu yasabela kanjani ekusabalaleni kwethonya lenkosi yasenyakatho?
6 Iqhubeka, ingelosi kaNkulunkulu yathi: “[Inkosi yasenyakatho] bese ibuyela ezweni lakubo inempahla enkulu, inhliziyo yayo imelane nesivumelwano esingcwele; isikwenzile iyakubuyela ezweni lakubo.”—Daniyeli 11:28.
7 UKaiser Wilhelm wabuyela “ezweni,” noma esimweni sasemhlabeni senkosi yasenyakatho yasendulo. Kanjani? Ngokwakha umbuso owawuklanyelwe ukwandisa uMbuso WaseJalimane futhi usakaze ithonya lawo. UWilhelm II wayejonge ukwakha amakoloni e-Afrika nakwezinye izindawo. Njengoba ayefuna ukuncintisana neBrithani olwandle, waqoqa imikhumbi yempi enamandla. “Imikhumbi yempi yaseJalimane yakhula isuka ezeni yaba ngeyesibili ngemva kweyaseBrithani esikhathini esingaphezudlwana nje kweminyaka eyishumi,” kusho i-New Encyclopædia Britannica. Ukuze izigcine iyingqongqo, iBrithani kwadingeka yandise eyayo imikhumbi yempi. IBrithani yabuye yenza isivumelwano i-entente cordiale (ukuzwana kobungane) neFrance, yasenza futhi neRussia, kwase kwakheka i-Triple Entente (Isivumelwano Sobungane Samazwe Amathathu). Manje iYurophu yayisihlukene yaba amakamu ezempi amabili—i-Triple Alliance ngakolunye uhlangothi ne-Triple Entente ngakolunye.
8. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba uMbuso WaseJalimane ube ‘nempahla enkulu’?
8 UMbuso WaseJalimane wasebenzisa inqubo yokuhlasela amazwe, eyaphumela ekubeni iJalimane ibe ‘nempahla enkulu’ ngoba yayiyingxenye enkulu ye-Triple Alliance. I-Austria-Hungary ne-Italy ayengamaRoma Katolika. Ngakho-ke, nopapa babeyithanda i-Triple Alliance, kanti babengayithandi inkosi yaseningizimu ne-Triple Entente yayo eyayingebona ubuKatolika.
9. Inkosi yasenyakatho ‘yamelana’ kanjani “nesivumelwano soMbuso ongcwele” enhliziyweni?
9 Kuthiwani ngabantu bakaJehova? Kwase kukudala basho ukuthi “izikhathi ezimisiwe zezizwe” zaziyophela ngo-1914.a (Luka 21:24) Ngalowo nyaka, uMbuso kaNkulunkulu ophethwe iNdlalifa yeNkosi uDavide, uJesu Kristu, wamiswa emazulwini. (2 Samuweli 7:12-16; Luka 22:28, 29) Emuva ngo-March 1880, INqabayokulinda (yesiNgisi) yahlanganisa ukubusa koMbuso kaNkulunkulu nokuphela ‘kwezikhathi ezimisiwe zezizwe,’ noma “izikhathi zabezizwe.” (King James Version) Kodwa inhliziyo yenkosi yasenyakatho eJalimane ‘yayimelene nesivumelwano soMbuso ongcwele.’ Esikhundleni sokuqaphela ukubusa koMbuso, uKaiser Wilhelm ‘waphumelela’ ngokuba athuthukise amacebo akhe okubusa umhlaba. Kepha ngokwenza kanjalo, wabangela iMpi Yezwe I.
INKOSI ‘IYADABUKA’ EMPINI
10, 11. Yaqala kanjani iMpi Yezwe I, futhi lokhu kwaba kanjani “ngesikhathi esinqunyiweyo”?
10 “Ngesikhathi esinqunyiweyo [inkosi yasenyakatho] iyakubuya,” kubikezela ingelosi, “iye eningizimu; kepha akuyikuba sekugcineni njengasekuqaleni.” (Daniyeli 11:29) ‘Isikhathi’ sikaNkulunkulu “esinqunyiwe” sokuqeda ukubusa kwabeZizwe umhlaba, safika ngo-1914 ngesikhathi emisa uMbuso wasezulwini. Ngo-June 28 walowo nyaka, inkosana yase-Austria uFrancis Ferdinand nomkakhe babulawa yiphekula laseSerbia eSarajevo, eBosnia. Yileso senzo esathungela iMpi Yezwe I.
11 UKaiser Wilhelm wanxusa i-Austria-Hungary ukuba iziphindiselele eSerbia. Iqiniseka ukuthi izosekelwa iJalimane, i-Austria-Hungary yalwa neSerbia ngo-July 28, 1914. Kodwa iRussia yasiza iSerbia. Lapho iJalimane ilwa neRussia, iFrance (nayo eyayikuyiTriple Entente) yasiza iRussia. IJalimane yabe isilwa neFrance. Ukuze kube lula ukungena eParis, iJalimane yahlasela iBelgium, leyo iBrithani eyayithé ayithathi hlangothi. Ngakho iBrithani yalwa neJalimane. Nezinye izizwe zangenela, i-Italy yabe seyembuka. Phakathi nempi, iBrithani yavikela iGibithe ngenjongo yokunqanda inkosi yasenyakatho ingayivimbi iSuez Canal bese ihlasela iGibithe, izwe lasendulo lenkosi yaseningizimu.
12. Phakathi nempi yezwe yokuqala, kungayiphi indlela izinto zingabanga “njengasekuqaleni”?
12 “Naphezu kobukhulu namandla eBrithani Nabahlobo Bayo,” kusho i-World Book Encyclopedia, “iJalimane yabonakala izoyinqoba impi.” Ekungqubuzaneni okungaphambili kwala makhosi amabili, uMbuso WaseRoma, njengenkosi yasenyakatho, wawulokhu unqoba. Kodwa manje, ‘akubanga njengasekuqaleni.’ Inkosi yasenyakatho yehlulwa. Inikeza isizathu sokuhlulwa, ingelosi yathi: “Imikhumbi yaseKitimi iyakuyisukela; bese idabuka.” (Daniyeli 11:30a) Yayiyini le “mikhumbi yaseKitimi”?
13, 14. (a) Ngokuyinhloko, yayiyini “imikhumbi yaseKitimi” eyamelana nenkosi yasenyakatho? (b) Yafika kanjani imikhumbi yaseKitimi eyengeziwe njengoba impi yezwe yokuqala yayiqhubeka?
13 Ngesikhathi sikaDaniyeli iKitimi kwakuyiKhupro. Ekuqaleni kwempi yezwe yokuqala, iKhupro yaba ngaphansi kweBrithani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwe-Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, igama elithi Kitimi “lisetshenziswa kabanzi ukuze lihlanganise [neNtshonalanga] yonkana, kodwa [ikakhulukazi iNtshonalanga] yemikhumbi.” I-New International Version ihumusha inkulumo ethi “imikhumbi yaseKitimi” ngokuthi “imikhumbi yamazwe asogwini olusentshonalanga.” Phakathi nempi yezwe yokuqala, imikhumbi yaseKitimi ngokuyinhloko kwakuyimikhumbi yaseBrithani, eyayisogwini olusentshonalanga yeYurophu.
14 Njengoba impi yayithatha isikhathi ukuphela, imiKhumbi Yempi yaseBrithani yaqiniswa yimikhumbi eyengeziwe yaseKitimi. Ngo-May 7, 1915, umkhumbi-ngwenya waseJalimane i-U-20 waminzisa umkhumbi othwala abantu i-Lusitania ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Ireland. Phakathi kwabafa kwakunabaseMelika abangu-128. Kamuva, iJalimane yaqhubeka ilwa ngemikhumbi-ngwenya yaze yafika e-Atlantic. Ngemva kwalokho, ngo-April 6, 1917, uMongameli wase-United States uWoodrow Wilson walwa neJalimane. Njengoba kwase kwenezelwe imikhumbi yempi namasosha ase-United States, inkosi yaseningizimu—manje okwase kuwuMbuso Wezwe WamaNgisi NamaMelika—yabambana ngezihluthu nenkosi eyimbangi yayo.
15. ‘Yadabuka’ nini inkosi yasenyakatho?
15 Njengoba yayihlaselwa uMbuso Wezwe WamaNgisi NamaMelika, inkosi yasenyakatho ‘yadabuka’ yavuma ukuthi inqotshiwe ngo-November 1918. UWilhelm II wazidingisela eNetherlands, iJalimane yaba i-republic. Kodwa inkosi yasenyakatho yayingakaqedi.
INKOSI YENZA “NGOKUPHUMELELAYO”
16. Ngokwesiprofetho, inkosi yasenyakatho yayiyosabela kanjani lapho isinqotshiwe?
16 “[Inkosi yasenyakatho] ibuye ithukuthelele isivumelwano esingcwele, [“yenze ngokuphumelelayo,” NW]; iyakubuya, inake abasishiyile isivumelwano esingcwele.” (Daniyeli 11:30b) Yaprofetha kanjalo ingelosi, futhi kwaba njalo.
17. Yini eyaholela ekuphakameni kuka-Adolf Hitler?
17 Ngemva kokuphela kwempi ngo-1918, iBrithani Nabahlobo Bayo ababenqobile bafaka iJalimane esivumelwaneni sokuthula esisasijeziso. AmaJalimane azithola zinzima izimfuno zalesi sivumelwano, kanti ne-republic entsha yayintengantenga nje kwasekuqaleni. IJalimane yayenda iminyaka ethile ingaphansi kobunzima obukhulu futhi yabhekana nokuWohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho okwagcina kushiye abantu abayizigidi eziyisithupha bengenayo imisebenzi. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1930 izimo zase zikulungele ukuphakama kuka-Adolf Hitler. Ngo-January 1933 waba ungqongqoshe omkhulu, ngonyaka olandelayo waba umongameli walokho amaNazi akubiza ngoMbuso Wesithathu.b
18. UHitler ‘waphumelela’ kukuphi?
18 Wathi angazithatha nje izintambo uHitler, waqala ukuhlasela ngonya “isivumelwano esingcwele,” esasimelelwe abafowabo bakaJesu Kristu abagcotshiwe. (Mathewu 25:40) ‘Waphumelela’ ukumelana nala maKristu aqotho, amaningi wawashushisa ngesihluku. UHitler kwamhambela kahle kwezomnotho nasekusebenzelaneni namazwe, ‘waphumelela’ nakule mikhakha. Ngeminyaka embalwa, wenza iJalimane yaba umbuso oqaphelekayo emhlabeni.
19. Njengoba ayefuna usizo, uHitler wasenza nobani isivumelwano?
19 UHitler ‘wanaka abasishiyile isivumelwano esingcwele.’ Kwakungobani laba? Kusobala ukuthi kwakungabaholi beLobukholwa, ababethi basesivumelwaneni noNkulunkulu kodwa bebe beyekile ukuba abafundi bakaJesu Kristu. UHitler wacela labo “abasishiyile isivumelwano esingcwele” ukuba bamsekele futhi bavuma. Ngokwesibonelo, wenza isivumelwano nopapa waseRoma. Ngo-1935, uHitler wamisa uMnyango Wezindaba ZamaSonto. Omunye wemigomo yakhe kwakuwukuba umbuso uphathe amasonto obuVangeli.
“IZINGALO” ZIVELA ENKOSINI
20. Ziyini “izingalo” ezasetshenziswa inkosi yasenyakatho, futhi zazilwa nobani?
20 Ngokushesha uHitler waya empini, njengoba ingelosi yayibikezele ngokunembile: “[Izingalo] ziyakuvela nayo, zingcolise indlu engcwele, inqaba, zisuse umnikelo oshiswa imihla yonke.” (Daniyeli 11:31a) “Izingalo” kwakungamasosha empi ayesetshenziswa inkosi yasenyakatho ukuze ilwe nenkosi yaseningizimu eMpini Yezwe II. Ngo-September 1, 1939 “izingalo” zamaNazi zahlasela iPoland. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, iBrithani neFrance yalwa neJalimane ngenjongo yokusiza iPoland. Yaqala kanjalo iMpi Yezwe II. IPoland yasheshe yagoba uphondo, kwathi masinyane ngemva kwalokho, amabutho aseJalimane athatha iDenmark, iNorway, iNetherlands, iBelgium, iLuxembourg neFrance. “Ekupheleni kuka-1941,” kusho i-World Book Encyclopedia, “iJalimane LobuNazi lase likhonya kuleli zwekazi.”
21. Izinto zayijikela kanjani inkosi yasenyakatho phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, kwaba namuphi umphumela?
21 Nakuba izwe laseJalimane nelaseSoviet Union ayesayine isivumelwano esibizwa ngokuthi i-Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Demarcation (iSivumelwano Sobungane, Esokubambisana Nesemingcele) uHitler wahlasela iSoviet ngo-June 22, 1941. Lesi senzo senza iSoviet Union yaya ohlangothini lweBrithani. Ibutho laseSoviet latibila ngamandla naphezu kokuhlasela kokuqala okumangalisayo kwamabutho aseJalimane. Ngo-December 6, 1941, ibutho laseJalimane lahlulwa eMoscow. Ngakusasa, umlekeleli weJalimane, iJapane, wahlasela ngamabhomu iPearl Harbor, eHawaii. Ezwa ngaloku, uHitler watshela abasizi bakhe: “Manje ngeke sisahlulwa empini.” Ngokuphamazela, wahlasela i-United States ngo-December 11. Kodwa wayeweyile amandla eSoviet Union ne-United States. Njengoba ibutho laseSoviet lalihlasela liqhamuka ngasempumalanga, amabutho aseBrithani nawaseMelika eqhamuka ngasentshonalanga, izinto zasheshe zamjikela uHitler. Amabutho aseJalimane anqotshwa enqotshiwe. Ngemva kokuzibulala kukaHitler, iJalimane yacela umaluju eBrithani Nakubahlobo Bayo ngo-May 7, 1945.
22. Inkosi yasenyakatho ‘yayingcolisa’ kanjani ‘indlu engcwele yasusa nomnikelo oshiswa imihla yonke’?
22 “[Izingalo zamaNazi] zingcolise indlu engcwele, inqaba, zisuse umnikelo oshiswa imihla yonke,” kusho ingelosi. KwaJuda wasendulo indlu engcwele yayiyingxenye yethempeli laseJerusalema. Kodwa lapho amaJuda elahla uJesu, uJehova wawalahla nawo nethempeli lawo. (Mathewu 23:37–24:2) Kusukela ngekhulu lokuqala C.E., ithempeli likaJehova bekulokhu kungelingokomoya, ingcwelengcwele yalo isezulwini, igceke lalo elingokomoya lisemhlabeni, lapho kukhonza khona abafowabo abagcotshiwe bakaJesu, umPristi Ophakeme. Kusukela ngawo-1930 kuqhubeke, “isixuku esikhulu” besikhulekela kanye nensali egcotshiwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthiwa sikhonza ‘ethempelini likaNkulunkulu.’ (IsAmbulo 7:9, 15; 11:1, 2; Heberu 9:11, 12, 24) Emazweni eyayiwabusa, inkosi yasenyakatho yangcolisa igceke lasemhlabeni lethempeli ngokuyishushisa ngokungaphezi insali egcotshiwe nabangane bayo. Ushushiso lwalunzima kangangokuba “umnikelo oshiswa imihla yonke”—umhlatshelo wasobala wokudumisa igama likaJehova—waqedwa. (Heberu 13:15) Kodwa naphezu kokuhlupheka okushaqisayo, amaKristu agcotshiwe athembekile kanye “nezinye izimvu” aqhubeka eshumayela phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.—Johane 10:16.
‘KUMISWA ISINENGISO’
23. Sasiyini “isinengiso” ngekhulu lokuqala?
23 Lapho impi yezwe yesibili isizophela, kwenzeka esinye isigigaba, njengoba nje ingelosi kaNkulunkulu yayibikezele. “Zimise isinengiso esichithayo.” (Daniyeli 11:31b) UJesu naye wayekhulumile ‘ngesinengiso.’ Ngekhulu lokuqala, sasiyibutho lamaRoma elafika eJerusalema ngo-66 C.E. lizoqeda ukuvukela kwamaJuda.c—Mathewu 24:15; Daniyeli 9:27.
24, 25. (a) Siyini “isinengiso” ezikhathini zanamuhla? (b) Lesi ‘sinengiso samiswa’ nini futhi kanjani?
24 Siyini “isinengiso” esiye ‘samiswa’ ezikhathini zanamuhla? Kubonakala ‘kuyisinengiso’ esiwuMbuso-mbumbulu kaNkulunkulu. KwakuyiNhlangano Yezizwe, isilo sasendle esibomvu esaya kwalasha, noma esashabalala njengenhlangano yomhlaba yokuthula lapho kugqashuka iMpi Yezwe II. (IsAmbulo 17:8) Nokho, “isilo sasendle” ‘sasizonyuka siphume kwalasha.’ Sakwenza lokhu lapho ngo-October 24, 1945 kumiswa iZizwe Ezihlangene, nezizwe ezingu-50 ezazingamalungu kuhlanganise nezwe elaliyiSoviet Union. Ngakho “isinengiso” esabikezelwa yingelosi—iZizwe Ezihlangene—samiswa.
25 IJalimane yayilokhu iyisitha esikhulu senkosi yaseningizimu phakathi nazo zombili izimpi zezwe futhi yayisesikhundleni senkosi yasenyakatho. Ubani owayezolandela kuleso sikhundla?
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a Bheka iSahluko 6 sale ncwadi.
b UMbuso WaseRoma Ongcwele wawungumbuso wokuqala, uMbuso WaseJalimane ungowesibili.
c Bheka iSahluko 11 sale ncwadi.
YINI OYIZUZILE?
• Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, imiphi imibuso eyaba sezikhundleni zenkosi yasenyakatho nenkosi yaseningizimu?
• Phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, kwenzeka kanjani ukuba umphumela wokungqubuzana ‘ungabi sekugcineni njengasekuqaleni’ enkosini yasenyakatho?
• Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, uHitler wayenza kanjani iJalimane yaba umbuso owawuqapheleka emhlabeni?
• Waba yini umphumela wombango owawuphakathi kwenkosi yasenyakatho nenkosi yaseningizimu phakathi neMpi Yezwe II?
[Ishadi/Izithombe ekhasini 268]
AMAKHOSI AKUDANIYELI 11:27-31
INkosi YaseNyakatho INkosi YaseNingizimu
Daniyeli 11:27-30a UMbuso WaseJalimane IBrithani,
(IMpi Yezwe I) eyalandelwa uMbuso
Wezwe WamaNgisi
NamaMelika
[Isithombe]
AmaKristu amaningi ashushiswa emakamu okuhlushwa
[Isithombe]
Abaholi beLobukholwa basekela uHitler
[Isithombe]
Umongameli uWoodrow Wilson neNkosi uGeorge V
[Isithombe]
Imoto eyabulawelwa kuyo iNkosana uFerdinand
[Isithombe]
Amasosha aseJalimane, ngeMpi Yezwe I
[Isithombe ekhasini 257]
EYalta ngo-1945, uNdunankulu waseBrithani uWinston Churchill, uMongameli wase-United States uFranklin D. Roosevelt noNdunankulu waseSoviet uJoseph Stalin bavumelana ngamaqhinga okuhlasela iJalimane, ukwakha uhulumeni omusha ePoland nokuqhuba umhlangano wokumisa iZizwe Ezihlangene
[Isithombe ekhasini 258]
1. INkosana uFerdinand 2. Imikhumbi yempi yaseJalimane 3. Imikhumbi yempi yaseBrithani 4. I-“Lusitania” 5. Isivumelwano sempi sase-United States
[Isithombe ekhasini 263]
U-Adolf Hitler wazizwa eqiniseka ukuthi uzonqoba ngemva kokuba umlekeleli weJalimane wesikhathi sempi, iJapane, eqhumise iPearl Harbor ngamabhomu